1. Su Dongpo was demoted
( 1)
Yuan You eight years (1093) in September, the empress dowager died. Zhezong was in charge of state affairs, Zhang Dun was the prime minister, and the new army seized power. All officials who opposed the new law in the past were found guilty and punished. Su Shi is among them. This is the famous "Yuan You Party Disaster" in history. So soon after leaving Dingzhou, Su Shi was accused of "confusing words and pretending mistakes". Shao Shengyuan (1094) was demoted to Jianchang Army Sima in June and placed in Huizhou, where he was not allowed to sign books or do official business.
Su Shi was 59 years old when he was relegated to Huizhou. Being banished to the south in his later years can be described as a narrow escape. But in despair, he had a sincere love for Huizhou, a beautiful fairyland of "half city, half mountain and half lake", and formed an indissoluble bond with Huizhou people. The sincere concern of Huizhou people comforted Su Shi spiritually, and made him regain his confidence in starting a business, and even wanted to be a Lingnan person.
In just two years and seven months, Su Shi was horizontal among the people, with strict self-denial, wide friends, open-minded and unrestrained feelings, scrawled brushwork and few writing styles. What is more commendable is that when he was demoted to Huizhou, he had no right to hold a post. Even if he is not allowed to sign official business, Su Shi still does not forget to "help the world" and care for people everywhere. He has done a lot of good things for Huizhou people within his power.
Su Shi left many valuable cultural treasures for Huizhou people during the period of benefiting the people. After being relegated to Huizhou for more than two years, * * * left behind poems 169 (including 47 original poems by He Tao), words 12, and articles 3 12 (including travel notes, letters, inscriptions, etc. ). Among them, Xijiang Moon Plum Blossom (Yang Yun's Ci Pin) is known as the "First Plum in Ancient and Modern Times", and there are many short and pithy travel notes about mountains and rivers. What is particularly commendable is that although Su Shi has been relegated repeatedly, he still wrote poems denouncing the shortcomings of the times, such as Litchi Tan written the following year:
A fly in ten miles, a fire in five miles.
I know they are plum branches and longan.
Flying over the mountains and seas, the wind leaves as new.
As soon as the beauty in the palace broke her face, she was shocked by heaven and man, and her blood spilled for thousands of years.
Yongyuan Litchi came to Jiaozhou, and Tianbao Niangong took it.
So far, I want to eat Fu Lin's meat, and no one has been there.
I hope god has mercy on the child, I won't get sores.
Rain is good for gold, but people are not hungry or cold.
Don't you see: Millet buds flow away from Wuyi, with Ding in front and Cai Xiang cage behind them.
Strive for new pets, each with his own plans, and strive for official tea this year.
What does my king lack? Why does he have a bad mouth?
Bathing Yang's loyalty and filial piety, pity also entered Yao Huanghua.
When Su Shi ate litchi for the first time, he was not only amazed at its delicacy, but also thought of the endless disaster brought to the people by the local officials who paid tribute to the emperor. As a result, he was filled with emotion and strongly criticized the evil deeds of competing for new pets, drowning people and hurting money. It can be seen that the poet always stood with the people in the harsh environment of being relegated again, risking his life, shouting for the people and placing infinite sympathy on them. After its publication, this poem was widely praised by the people and passed down from generation to generation, becoming a famous epic.
(2)
The appearance of Su Dongpo is a cultural miracle. Su Dongpo's spirit is hard to surpass because of his unparalleled independence. As a cultural creator, he has encyclopedic breadth. As a practitioner of Confucianism, he was influenced by a hundred schools of thought and showed complexity or detachment. As a scholar and poet, his "people's sympathy" is more concrete. As an official, he attaches importance to the practice of official management, but he is too careless to think about it. Su Dongpo is Su Dongpo, and his unique historical wisdom and historical rigidity are accumulated in his personality or life characteristics. (Tian Binge-"Cultural Reflection on Dongpo Spirit") Therefore, to trace the origin of Dongpo spirit and analyze the reasons for the formation of Su Shi's thought of caring for the people, we must analyze and discuss it from a historical perspective with dialectical methods, and we may wish to analyze it one by one from the following aspects:
Good family education (parents teach by example). Su Shi was born in a family with a typical Confucian tradition. His father, Su Xun, is a scholar with rich literary accomplishment and stubborn personality. His articles are magnificent and have a magnificent style. Su Shi's mother, the daughter of Dali Temple Cheng, taught her children to "be diligent and have contemporary aspirations". Before Su Shi became an official, Mrs. Cheng taught her son to read relevant classics and history books extensively. Su Shi was brilliant since he was a child. At the age of seven, he knew how to study. At the age of eight, I went to Tianqing Primary School with Taoist Zhang. At the age of ten, his father Su Xun went to Beijing to study, and his mother Shicheng taught him to study. By the age of sixteen, he had learned a lot about classics and history and could write thousands of words in one day.
In character cultivation, Su Shi also received a good family education from an early age. In the article "Remember the First Lady Can't Idle Birds", he wrote: "When I was a teenager, there were bamboos and cypresses in front of the library, and there were many bird nests on them. Wu Yangjun kills for his life, and children and servants are not allowed to catch bird's nest. For several years, they have built their nests on low branches, from which they can see their wilting. There are four or five hundred auspicious flowers. The feathers of this bird are extremely rare, but it can be disturbed and it is not afraid of people. When you see it in the dark, you think it is different. " He also recorded the same thing in the poem "Different Magpies": "I used to be a gentleman and was filial at home. The family has five acres of days, and the phoenix gathers tung flowers. It's time for birds and magpies, but the nest can be lost. Remember me and my children, feed and watch the group. The people in the village were surprised and surprised, and the wild old man said with a smile. " This caring life has cultivated Su Shi's kind and generous character. Throughout his life, he respected his teachers' sincere enthusiasm for his relatives and friends. Therefore, after he was demoted in his later years, his thought of caring for the people's sufferings not only rose abruptly, but also changed qualitatively (from "courtesy" to unity), that is, in the special situation of CoCo Lee's infinite concern, it melted its deeper connotation-completely CoCo Lee-style life emotion, which became the source of strength for Su Shi's life and creation.
In Huizhou, he "has no clothes to eat and no wine to drink", "morning with birds and magpies, dusk with cattle and sheep" (with Tao Er Lezhang). It's really "barefoot monk, send it to the world." ("The Second Rhyme Poem in the New House" IV) He is handsome and charming, like a typical CoCo Lee villager. This situation is as he wrote in Huizhou:
The new bath feels light, but the new bath feels thin.
The phoenix hangs under the waterfall and returns with a sigh.
Looking up at the river and shaking the mountain, you can see the moon in your clothes.
I dare to break my promise if I listen to my parents. (Return to the Garden with Tao Part III)
Poetry not only shows the adaptability and unrestrained wildness of the poet, but also shows his intimate life interest with Tianfu and Ye Lao. His poems sympathizing with peasants' sufferings are becoming more and more profound and realistic both ideologically and emotionally.
Confucian traditional thought has created his lofty character of loyalty to the monarch and love for the people. Judging from Su Shi's ideal of life, he has the lofty political ideal of "diligent politics with contemporary aspirations" and the grand ambition of "a gentleman is hard to be expensive" (Su Shi's Qinyuanchun). He should take the world as his own responsibility and "stand out from the crowd". (Su Shi's "Policy One" is both knowledgeable and promising; He is a famous "pragmatic" economist, who can sit and talk or walk. In dealing with political affairs, he is "not good at seeking personal gain, benefiting the country and the people", and he knows people who are extremely disgusted with "harmony", "investment" and "use" (Su Shi's Qi Jun Zazi). The history books say that he is "upright and upright, detests evil as enemies", "dares to speak out when something happens" (Li Daochang's edition of "Continuing to govern as a Mirror"), "loyalty and justice are quite big" and "Song History". This biography. " He himself has said many times: In the political struggle, "the nature is rigid and clumsy, and the discussion is not followed" (Su Shi's Begging for a Bachelor's degree to get rid of leisure and delay); "Expertise in remonstrance", "do or die talks and laughs" and "Both misfortune and happiness are lost in creation" (Su Shi's Book with Li Gongze) all reflect Su Shi's political character of loyalty, righteousness and honesty, and become a model admired by scholars and politicians in past dynasties.
In political thought, Su Shi was deeply influenced by the Confucian tradition of running the country and helping the world. When Su Shi was a child, his mother once read the Book of the Later Han Dynasty and the Biography of Fan Pang to him. After reading it, Fan Pang was falsely accused of being a hook party against eunuch dictatorship and wrong country. Before being arrested, his mother said to him, "You must marry Li now. Du Fu was also famous, so why hate him? With your name, can you have it both ways? " Sigh while talking. Su Shi said to his mother, "If a poet is Pang, what will her mother wish for?" Cheng replied: "If you can be a mother, I can't be a mother!" Therefore, Su Shi thinks that we should follow in Fan Pang's footsteps and "strive for contemporary ambition". He wrote in "Qinyuanchun". Michigan left early and sent it to ziyou at once;
There are thousands of words in writing, and there are thousands of volumes in the chest.
What's so hard for you, Yao Shun?
It shows his high-spirited, heroic and confident spirit when he was young, and also reveals his complicated life feelings after his official career setbacks.
Su Shi is a scholar after all. Although it has accepted many traditional cultural factors, Confucianism has always been its foundation and dominance. The ancient Confucian motto of "Three Immortals" of "building morality, making meritorious deeds and making a statement" made him integrate self-perfection, fulfilling social responsibility and achieving cultural creation, which was his original life goal. In addition, at that time, the scholar-officials in the Song Dynasty participated in politics and actively "joined the WTO", which also deeply influenced him and made him unswervingly move toward the ultimate goal of "not being selfish and benefiting the country and the people" pursued by the scholar-officials.
Although setbacks and dilemmas mercilessly opened the curtain of Su Shi's life, which made him deeply aware of the terrible and threatening existence outside himself and deepened his true feelings about the suffering and illusion of life, he would not fall into complete hedonism, mixed life and world-weariness with the radical spirit of traditional Confucianism. Asking the monk to enter the Tao is a reflection of his political frustration and extremely depressed spirit. Once the opportunity to participate in politics came, he showed a happy look. Even at the end of his life, he heard that he was pardoned and reinstated, and sang the song "I have been trapped, but I want to find Yunfei" with great optimism. Throughout Su Shi's life, it is not difficult to find that even in adversity, when he was "not allowed to sign official documents", he still tried to do good things and do practical things for the people with the help of his old friends, and he himself tried his best to care for the people from all aspects, which proved that the Confucian thought of actively entering the WTO had a deep influence on him.
The environment is also one of the indispensable factors that affect Su Shi's love for the people. Su Shi was born in a humble family of Buyi people, but he has not yet embarked on his official career. Since he was a child, he has experienced the life of "young people toiling" (Savage House) and suffered the cold shoulder of "little people" (referring to powerful landlords and bureaucrats) who are self-lenient "(Answering the Han Palace as a teacher), which made Su Shi feel sympathetic and squeezed very early. In Su Shi's political career of pursuing reform in his later period, there is a main line of "loving the people" and "serving the people"-"How can he love and care for the people when he becomes healthy? "Su Shi accepted Confucian education and entered the official career society with the retro fantasy of' Taigong governing Qi and Lu' ('the theory of ideological governance'). Su Shi, who had been exiled and embarrassed for a long time, had more contact with the lower classes and discovered their good character and poverty. As the saying goes, to serve as an official and benefit one side of the people, Su Shi finally linked his misfortune with that of the broad masses of the people, and the bitterness of the peasants became his own bitterness, which was the emotional basis for Su Shi to do a series of good deeds.
(3)
"From Dongpo to the South China Sea, Huizhou's world dare not be small." Su Shi's contribution to Huizhou during his stay in Huizhou cannot be measured by money or other materials. For Huizhou, a "barbarian state", its influence is undoubtedly of epoch-making historical significance.
2. party member, Yuan You
Party member, Yuan You
Also known as "Yuan You Party". In the eighth year of Yuanfeng in the Northern Song Dynasty (1085), Song Shenzong died. At the age of 9, Zhezong succeeded to the throne and Ren Xuan was in charge of military affairs. In the same year, Sima Guang became prime minister, completely abolishing Wang Anshi's political reform and restoring the old system. It lasted nine years. At this time, the political factions that supported the political reform were called "Yuanfeng Party", while those that opposed the political reform were called "Yuan You Party". In the eighth year of Yuan You, Song Zhezong (1093), a philosopher in charge, took Zhang Dun as prime minister, and once again used the reformists to fully restore the New Deal reform policy and severely crack down on Yuan You and party member, which lasted for more than six years. Su Shi, Su Zhe, Huang Tingjian and others were all exiled. In the third year of Fu Yuan (1 100), Song Zhezong died. Song Huizong Evonne succeeded to the throne and obeyed the Queen Mother. During this period, Yuan You party member was used again and the new political reform policy was abolished. Nine months later, Song Huizong returned to the Empress Dowager for illness and formally took power. In the first year of Chong Ning (1 102), Song Huizong took Cai Jing as the phase and worshipped the New Deal of Xi Ning.
In September of the first year of Chongning (1 102), Song Huizong ordered Zhongshu Province to submit a list of ministers who opposed the new law and acted excessively in Fu Yuan. Cai Jing consists of 22 civil servants, including Wen Yanbo, Lv Gongzhu, Sima Guang, Fan Chunren, Han Wei, Su Zhe, Fan Chunli and Lu Dian, 48 officials, including Su Shi, Fan Zuyu, Chao, Huang Tingjian and Cheng Yi, 38 officials, including Qin Guan, 8 officials, including Zhang Shiliang, and 4 officials, including military officials, totaling 120 people. The grandson of the party is not allowed to stay in the capital, to participate in scientific research, and none of the people listed on the tablet can be employed. Later, the number of "Yuan You party member" increased to 309, including Lu Dian, Zhang Dun and Ceng Bu. Cai Jing wrote his own name in calligraphy and sent it to all counties, imitating the monument erected in Beijing to "promote evil". See Yuan You Party Monument.
Party member, Yuan You
Cai Jing rose from an ordinary official who was repeatedly relegated to a very high official position, and he couldn't help feeling proud. However, as a cunning man, his political ambition is endless. Shortly after Cai Jing took office, he once again challenged power with great ambition.
Cai Jing said to Song Huizong, "Your Majesty wants to inherit the ambition of his father and brother. I implore your Majesty to set up a provincial council department according to the Xining system to fulfill his wish."
Cai Jing's proposal is to gain more political capital for himself. During the reign of Xining in Song Shenzong, in order to meet the needs of political reform, a new institution, the "Three Divisions Planning Division", was set up, which was responsible for political reform and had great authority, even above the Prime Minister. Cai Jing invited the establishment of "Provincial Council Department", which has the same power as "Three Division Regulations Department". He made this proposal in order to gain more power. However, Song Huizong did not see through Cai Jing's evil intentions. He read the paper and praised Cai Jing as "the near-re-embodiment of Wang Anshi"! Therefore, Song Huizong set up the "Provincial Council Department" by imperial edict, and put Cha Jing in charge of this matter.
After the establishment of the Ministry of Provincial Capital Division, Cai Jing placed cronies Wu Juhou, Wang Hanzhi and others to take full control of state affairs. From then on, the appointment and removal of North Korean officials, the national financial revenue and expenditure, and imperial clan affairs were all decided by the "Ministry and Provincial Councils" first, and then approved by Song Huizong. In addition, under the guise of "provincial council", Cai Jing claimed not only to restore Ning Law, but also to implement in advance what he wanted to change but had not yet implemented. As a result, the new Xining law was completely unrecognizable by Cai Jing, just as later generations commented: "The new Xining law is called, and none of it conforms to the new law." In fact, the so-called new law, for Cai Jing. It's just a means to use it. His bones are full of evil and intrigue. Sun Xin, the foreign minister of Tunli, is a good friend of Cai Jing. He knows Cai Jing very well. On one occasion, Sun Xin said to Cai Jing: "Cai Xianggong, you are indeed a rich and expensive person, but your virtue is not as good as your talent, and I am afraid it will delay the world."
Cai Jing disapprovingly said; "I am now being reused by the holy one. You are the prime minister. I am willing to help me! " Seeing that Cha Jing didn't take his advice to heart, Sun Xin sighed and said hopefully, "If Xianggong can really abide by the laws of his ancestors, help the people with correct remarks, and let all officials advocate thrift and never mention war, it will be the luck of the Song Dynasty." Cai Jing was not angry at Sun Xin's outspoken remarks, but never said anything, and the two broke up in discord.
Cai Jing, who was in power, had always held a grudge against conservative ministers, although most of the conservatives who opposed Wang Anshi's political reform at that time were dead. As Sun Xin said, Cai Jing was brilliant and virtuous. He used his strength as a sword and cut it in the old school, hoping to put it to death. As early as September of the first year of Chongning (1 102), less than two months after Cai Jing worshiped power, he played Hui Zong and said, "Your Majesty, Sima Guang and others should treat them as traitors, and only within their official positions can they conform to your Majesty's law of detailing sages."
Under Cai Jing's lobbying, Song Huizong wrote a letter, which said, "List those who are old-fashioned and those who talked too much in Yuan You's time."
Therefore, Cai Jing had ulterior motives and took away 22 people including Wen Yanbo and Sima Guang, 35 people including Su Shi and 48 people including Qin Guan. Chen Wu Wang Xianke and other four ministers, a total of 109, listed and reported their so-called crimes to Song Huizong, and said, "Please write a book and carve a stone for future generations."
Calligraphy is quite accomplished, so I happily picked up a pen and wrote the five Chinese characters "party member Monument" (press: this is what the author said casually, and Zhao should have written the full text), so that the masons stood at the ceremony gate of Wende Hall after carving it.
Cai Jing also hinted that his colleague Song Huizong said: "Recently, I went to the state capital from Beijing, and a scholar in Chen Zhou (now Huaiyang, Henan) asked about the name of the traitor in Yuan You in the stone carving of Ruili Gate. Although their names have been published all over the world, scholars around the world do not fully understand them. Guinea is still so close, let alone remote places! Begging for the imperial edict, in the name of imperial book traitors, carved stones on the Lufu national army to show the people of the world. "
Song Huizong allowed this commemoration; However, instead of writing with imperial brush, he asked Cai Jing to write for him, and ordered the local government to build a monument based on this stone carving.
Since then, Cai Jing has been trying to frame others. At the end of Fu Yuan in Song Zhezong, there was a solar eclipse. At that time, North Korean and Chinese officials believed that it was caused by political reform. A few years later, Cai Jing brought up the past and implicated more than 500 people, and asked Song Huizong to list these people as "evil" and punish them for removing their officials. In the third year of worshipping Ning (1 104), Cai Jing re-integrated party member and the evil classes set later into a book, and identified 309 people as "party member". The second time, the stone was carved on the east wall of the imperial court, and the underground command was given to re-write the Bible study. The stone was carved and erected in the local government.
When Cai Jing finished writing, he said, "I wrote the name of the traitor in Yuan You on your imperial edict. Your majesty's imperial books and carved stones have always stood on the east wall of the imperial court, which will always be the rings of generations. I also wrote a letter to the minister, which will praise the world. In order to publicize your majesty's good intentions, I inherited your description of the sage's ambition. I write down the name of the traitor in Yuan You here and play it with the text to your Majesty. Please read. " Song Huizong praised Cai Jing's calligraphy and awarded it to all over the world. The practices of Song Huizong and Cai Jing aroused the opposition of many people with conscience at that time. At that time, in Yongxing Army (now Xi 'an, Shaanxi Province), the government invited a stonemason named An Min to engrave, but he declined, saying, "Right-handers are ignorant and don't know the significance of erecting a monument. But people like Sima Xianggong say he is honest, but now they say he is a villain, and the grass people can't bear to carve his name. "
The officials of Yongxing Army were furious and wanted to convict him. An Min cried and asked, "The grass people dare not refuse the official mission, but only ask that the grass people's base name not be engraved on the stone tablet, so as not to leave a bad name for future generations." The officials of Yongxing Army listened to Anmin's request and saw that he also had some backbone, so they had to agree to his request.
Two monuments were published before and after, which made the old school miserable, and Cai Jing's heart was finally a little better. However, Cai Jing did not stop there. In order to completely eliminate the influence of the old guard on public opinion, Cai Jing played Song Huizong and said, "Your Majesty, among traitors, there are not a few people who spread poetry. I am afraid that these poets will have a bad influence on the people, and neither will Yu Shaoshu's sages. "
Song Huizong felt reasonable and immediately wrote a letter saying, "For the sake of the world, I will write down the collected works of Su Xun, Su Shi, Su Zhe, Huang Tingjian, Zhang Lei, Chao, Qin Guan and other books, as well as the engraved versions of Tang Jian by Fan Zuyu, Notes on Dong Zhai by Fan Zhen, poems by Liu Ban and Xiang Ji by Wen Ying. Fortunately, some poems have been handed down among the people, otherwise people today. I'm afraid it's hard to recite Su Shi's shocking words like "river of no return, the waves are exhausted, the romantic figures of the ages"!
While Cai Jing retaliated against the old school, he also persecuted some reformists to show his arrogance. Lu Dian, a student of Wang Anshi, and Li Qingchen, a political reformer, were defeated by the "Yuan You Party" for offending Cai Jing.
Zhang Dun once opposed Song Huizong's succession to the throne. In order to please, Cai's family said, "Your Majesty, he is a wicked man. He is contemptuous and disrespectful. Please classify him as a traitor. " Song Huizong didn't make a clear statement. Therefore, Cai Jing acted on his own initiative, treating Zhang Zhi as party member, and even his descendants were implicated.
Since Cai Jing paid a visit to the Prime Minister, almost 1000 North Korean ministers have been persecuted by him, mainly the old school of Song Zhezong and Yuan You. "Party membership in Yuan You" has become a sword for Cai Jing to fight against differences, crowd out and attack political enemies. Under the autocratic rule of Cai Jing, the front hall of Song Huizong was full of traitors, and state affairs became increasingly corrupt.