Yu Xin comes from a family with "seven generations of scholars" and "five generations of collected works", and is a descendant of Yu Yan, a writer in the Eastern Jin Dynasty. His grandfather Yu Yi should not be recruited by the court when he was in Nanqi. His father, Yu Jianwu, used to be a regular servant and a secretary in Nanliang, and was a famous writer at that time.
since childhood, Yu Xin has been smart and well-read, especially familiar with Zuo's Biography in the Spring and Autumn Period. He is eight feet tall, with a waist of ten, and his appearance is slow and informal, which is different from ordinary people. Enlightened and prosperous
In the first year of Datong (527), 15-year-old Yu Xin entered the palace to give lectures at the East Palace of Prince Xiao Tong until Xiao Tong died in the third year of Datong (531). At this time, King Xiaogang of Jin 'an (Liang Jian Wendi) was made a prince, and Yu Jianwu, the father of Yu Xin, was the illegitimate son of the prince, in charge of documents, and 19-year-old Yu Xin also served as a doctor in the East Palace. Father and son are both in the East Palace, and they are in and out of the Palace Forbidden, and their kindness and courtesy are unparalleled. He and Xu Ling are brilliant, and their writing style is gorgeous, which is called "Xu Yu Style" by the world. At that time, the post-scholars rushed to imitate their articles. Every article they wrote was read by the capital. Later, Yu Xin became the constant attendant of Xiao Yi, the king of eastern Hunan, and was transferred to Annan House to join the army. Later, after many promotions, Yu Xin served as a doctor and a straight member of Shangshu.
in the eighth year of Datong (542), Yu Xin became a special driver in Yunzhou.
in the 11th year of Datong (545), Yu Xin served as a regular attendant of Tongzhi's scattered riding and was sent to the Eastern Wei Dynasty. His articles and speeches were highly praised by Ye Xia. After returning to the DPRK, Yu trusted the Bachelor of Oriental Palace and concurrently served as the Health Order.
In 548, the "Hou Jing Rebellion" broke out, and Hou Jing, the commander of the Eastern Wei Dynasty, led an army rebellion. Xiao Gang ordered Yu Xin to lead more than a thousand civil and military officials in the palace to camp in Suzaku Hangbei. When Hou Jing arrived, Yu Xin hastily led the army to withdraw.
after the fall of Taicheng, Yu Xin fled to Jiangling, and was appointed as the Imperial Commander by Xiao Yi, the king of eastern Hunan (Emperor Liang Yuan). In November of 552, when Xiao Yi ascended the throne, Yu Xin was transferred to the position of General Youwei, making him the marquis of Wu Kang County, and adding the title of regular servant to the cavalry.
In April, the third year of Chengsheng (554), Yu Xin was ordered to go to the Western Wei Dynasty. Shortly after his arrival in Chang 'an, the Western Wei Dynasty conquered Jiangling and killed Xiao Yi, so Yu Xin was left in Chang 'an. He was appointed by the Western Wei Dynasty as an envoy, a general to care for the army, a doctor to you Jinzi Guanglu, and a viceroy, and then he was promoted to be a general of chariots and riders, and a general of ceremonies and ceremonies.
After Yuwen Jue, the filial piety emperor of the Northern Zhou Dynasty, ascended the throne, he named Yuxin as a son of Linqing County, with 5 households in the food city, and served as an underwater doctor. He became the chief of Hongnong County, and was promoted to the rank of general in title of generals in ancient times, the third division of Kaifu Yitong, the doctor of Sixian Chinese Medicine, and the marquis of Yicheng County. Soon after, he was appointed as the secretariat of Los Angeles. Yu Xin was familiar with many laws and regulations in the old days, and his administration was brief and quiet, which made the government and the people peaceful. The words praised him: "It is only when you hide the curtains that you can fake the thorns, but the officials dare not take bribes, and people can't bear to be bullied. Going to Luotong is like welcoming Guo Changchun and lying on Jiao Shixi, and it is worth ricas. "
At that time, the Chen Dynasty and the Northern Zhou Dynasty were friendly to each other, and people from north and south who had lived in other places were allowed to return to their hometown. Chen requested the release of more than ten people, including Wang Bao and Yu Xin, while Yuwen Yong, the Emperor of the Zhou Dynasty, only released Wang Ke and Yin Buhai, and kept Yu Xin and Wang Bao. Soon after, Yu Xin was recruited as a doctor of traditional Chinese medicine.
Yuwen Yu, Emperor Ming of Zhou Dynasty, and Yuwen Yong, Emperor Wu of Zhou Dynasty, were very fond of literature, so Yu Xin received special courtesy. As for Zhao Wang's Yuwenzhao and Teng Wang's Ziwen, they have sincere contacts with Yu Xin, just like a friendship between cloth and clothes. Most of the gravestones and epitaphs of the Northern Zhou Dynasty were written by Yu Xin. At that time, only Wang Bao and Yu Xin were equal, and the rest of the literati were incomparable. Thinking of homesickness
Although Yu Xin is a dignitary, he often feels homesick, so he wrote "Mourning for the South of the Yangtze River" to express his feelings.
In the early years of Emperor Zhou Jingdi's Elephant (579-58), Yu Xin left his job due to illness.
in the first year of emperor kaihuang (581), Yu Xin died at the age of 69. Emperor Wendi of Sui Dynasty deeply mourned, posthumously bestowed Yu Xin's original post, and also bestowed the secretariat of Jing and Huai ("History of the North" as Yong), and his son Yu established a hereditary title. The main achievement literature
Yu Xin's literary creation can be divided into two periods, with his mission to the Western Wei Dynasty at the age of 42 as the boundary. In the early Liang dynasty, most of his works were palace-style, light and elegant, and full of beauty of diction. After the detention of the Northern Dynasties, poetry and fu expressed a lot of feelings of nostalgia for the native land, as well as sadness about life experience, and their style also changed into vigor and sadness.
Early Period
Yu Xin's early life in the Southern Dynasties coincided with the most stable stage of the establishment of the country by the Liang Dynasty, and he described it as "fifty years of mourning for the south of the Yangtze River". His early poems were for the amusement of kings, and the ideological content was light and thin. His works in Liang Dynasty, especially his poems and fu during his tenure in the East Palace from 19 to 36, are mainly works of harmony and adaptation, and the themes are basically beyond the scope of flowers, birds, beautiful women, singing and dancing, and boudoir utensils. Such as "Dancing in Harmony", "Offering Harmony in Early Autumn" and "Ode to Yuanyang" belong to the chapters written by scholars around Xiao Gang with the same topic. This kind of creative activity, which is full of entertainment atmosphere, requires the author to adapt to the interest of the court and show his personal education and literary talent in social intercourse. Yu Xin's "young and handsome, intelligent and peerless", coupled with "extensive reading, especially the biography of Zuo's in the Spring and Autumn Period", made him quickly gain the same reputation as Xu Ling.
However, it is not easy to express one's personal beliefs or sentiments in the role of court literature. For example, Yu Xin has a poem "Floating Picture of Fenghe Tongtai Temple", which sings with Xiao Gang's "Floating Picture of Wangtongtai Temple". The devotion to Buddhism expressed in the poem is actually focused on the mood of the Crown Prince, so we should not draw a simple judgment that Yu Xin believes in Buddhism. This situation also applies to other literary attendants in the Eastern Palace at the same time.
due to the new changes of Xiao gang and other human resources, the creation at that time was encouraged to compete for ingenuity, break the stereotypes and open the way for the development of Tang poetry and law. Yu Xin's early works have made great contributions in this respect, such as the seven words and eight sentences in "Black Night Cry", which have a sonorous tone and basically conform to the flat and even tone of rhythmic poetry. Another example is "Yan Ge Xing", which expands the system of seven-character ancient poems, not only lengthens the length for narration, but also changes the rhyme from sentence to sentence to rhyme according to the ups and downs of feelings. His early exploration of poetic forms is worth cherishing, and Yang Shen in the Ming Dynasty and Liu Xizai in the Qing Dynasty all recognized his role in it.
Yu Xin's accumulated literary experience in the Liang Dynasty includes not only the management of aesthetic form, but also the recognition of aesthetic content. Xiao Yi said: "Chanting wind ballads, lingering in mourning is the text." Yu Xin had the aesthetic taste of "lingering and mourning" in his early days, and expressed his sadness with colorful words. Yu Xin's life experience in his later period made this aesthetic pursuit fully realized, thus reaching an artistic realm higher than that of his contemporaries.
In the later period, the Liang Dynasty was on the verge of collapse because of the Hou Jing Rebellion. Emperor Liang Yuan tried to revive in Jiangling, but was soon destroyed in the Western Wei Dynasty. Yu Xin was sent to Chang 'an as an envoy, but he was not allowed to return to the south because of the fall of Jiangling. He served in the Western Wei Dynasty and the Northern Zhou Dynasty, and successively served as a general in title of generals in title of generals, and as an official in charge of the government. According to the biography of Zhou Shu, he "often thinks of going to the countryside, although he looks forward to it." He took homesickness as a plaintive speech, which contained rich ideological content and deep feelings, and his style was vigorous and desolate, and his art was more mature. Du Fu said in "The Play is Six quatrains": "Yu Xin's articles are old and more mature, and Ling Yunjian's brushwork is vertical and horizontal"; He also commented on his "in his waning years his poetry stirred the land of rivers and passes" in "Ode to Monuments", which refers to this feature of his later works.
Sentimental changes with time, and the soul leads the old country, which is an important aspect of his "homesickness thinking". Yu Xin was shocked by the change of the country. "It is the place where songs and dances have been performed since ancient times, but there is no place to walk today." This sense of vicissitudes has made him more deeply aware that between personal destiny and national destiny, it is like "a horse running without a hair moving; A boat is covered, and nothing is not heavy. " Therefore, when he expresses his personal pain of national subjugation, he can also reflect the people's suffering with compassionate brushstrokes, and blame it on the internal strife and idleness of those in power. Yu Xin, who has lived in the north for a long time, longs to return to the south, and dreams about the mountains and rivers of his old country. When I saw the Weihe River, I saw the scenery of the south of the Yangtze River: "Trees are like new pavilions, sand is like Longwei Bay, and words are still singing, so I should return my sails." Suddenly seeing betel nuts will also evoke homesickness: "Green houses are ripe, and purple ears and flowers bloom. Don't talk about Wan Li, I once met him. " In To Send Wang Lin, after receiving a letter from an old friend in the south, Yu Xin couldn't help feeling sad. The General Catalogue of Sikuquanshu praised Yu Xin's works after moving to the north, which were "rich in substance, full of emotion and literature, full of yellow dialogue, relaxed in spirit and free to change". From the poem "To Send Wang Lin", we can see the superb art of the author.
It is another important aspect of his "homesickness" to lament and hate his life experience. Although he got "high officials and beautiful officials, some of whom surpassed the old country" after moving to the north, he felt in his heart that he was tantamount to "advocating his family to be forced to hire, but his proton value remained" and blamed his detention for "forgetting Chu Cao, but eating Zhou Wei". His hatred of traveling and his anxiety for life are intertwined. He used the image of "thinking about the water when it is dry, and every forest is lost when it is scared" to explain the weakness of personal survival. Yu Xin claimed that the poem "Ode to Mourning the South of the Yangtze River" written in his later years was "not without words of danger and suffering, but mainly based on sadness", and Ni [made a comment to show that: "After Zishan entered Shanhaiguan, his articles were full of sadness and resentment, which was not the only one." It can be described as the spiritual characteristics of Yu Xin's later literature.
His "Twenty-seven Poems to Be Loved" expresses sadness and resentment from various angles with the system of five-character poems, and directly inherits the lyrical tradition of Ruan Ji's "Poems to Be Loved", which is especially outstanding. For example, in the seventh middle school, I borrowed a woman who lived in Alakazam and missed the Han Dynasty, and compared her hidden hatred of being an official in the north and her desire to return to the south, which was sincere and touching. Another example is the worry expressed in his 18th article, which is not only the sadness of disappointment in not achieving his official career, but also the grief of failing to build a great honor for the country, so he can't leave himself room to be dismissed or detached. In this poem, the four sentences of "the waning moon" describe the scenery, the sentence patterns are ingenious and clumsy, and they can project the poet's unique state of mind, which shows the poet's meticulous brushwork.
Yu Xin's experience of moving from south to north has made his artistic attainments reach the height of "the victory of poor north and south", which is of typical significance in the history of China literature. Yu Xin learned from the melody and antithesis of Qi and Liang literature, and accepted the vigorous style of northern literature, thus opening up and enriching the aesthetic mood and making necessary preparations for the formation of a new poetic style in Tang Dynasty. Politics
When Yu Xin served as the secretariat of Luozhou in the Northern Zhou Dynasty, his administration was brief and quiet, which made the government and the people peaceful and made great achievements. In the Preface to Yuxin Collection, Ziwen compares its popularity with that of Guo Chen, a famous official in the Eastern Han Dynasty, and ricas, a famous official. Personal work
Yu Xin has been handed down from generation to generation with Yu Kaifu Collection, which was renamed as Yuzishan Collection in Qing Dynasty. In this edition of Yuzishan Collection, it is the earliest to photocopy the Tu Long edition of Ming Dynasty with the Four Series. "Annotation of the Concise Catalogue of the Supplementary Si Ku" says that there are Wang editions in Ming Dynasty, with 12 volumes; There is also Zhu Yuefan's printed edition, only six volumes, with poems and no articles. In addition, there is a copy of Hundred and Three Collections of the Han, Wei and Six Dynasties engraved by Zhang Pu in the Ming Dynasty, which is called Yu Kaifu Collection. In the Qing Dynasty, Yan Kejun recorded eleven volumes (volumes 8~ 18) of his works in the book "All Ancient Three Dynasties, Three Kingdoms, Six Dynasties, Qin and Han Dynasties, All Later Zhou Wen". Qi Qinli recorded his poems in three volumes (Volumes 2~ 4) in Poems of Northern Zhou Dynasty before Qin, Han, Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties. General comment on character evaluation
Yu Xin is a figure who carries forward the past and opens up the future in the history of China literature. No one can compare with Bao Zhao in the Qi, Liang and Chen Dynasties and the Northern Dynasties. At that time, there was a saying of "Xu Yu's style". At that time, Xu Ling was juxtaposed with it, but in fact Xu Ling's achievements were below it. Yu Xin, one of the prolific writers in China's literary history, has made great achievements in poetry and prose.
His poetry and prose also occupy an important position in the history of China's prose. It is different from the Sao Fu of predecessors and the law Fu of later generations. He changed prose into parallel prose in the Han Dynasty, which made fu more formal and developed it to a new stage. At the same time, Yu Xin also initiated the Tang people to write poems into Fu, which influenced Wang Bo and Luo Binwang's parallel works in the Tang Dynasty. Parallel prose flourished in the Six Dynasties, and Yu Xin was a master.
Yu Xin is the most famous poet who went from south to north. He suffered the unique bitterness of life in the split era, but he made a literary achievement of "the victory of the poor north and the south". His literary achievements show the prospect of the integration of North and South styles. Evaluation of the past dynasties
Yuwen Hu: Yu Xin, a native of southern China, is extremely filial and natural, mourning and over-honoring, and almost perishing. When I saw it, I couldn't bear to see it.
Wang Tong: Xu Ling and Yu Xin, who praised people in ancient times, were born with their words.
li yanshou: ① Since the Great Harmony, Liang has been lacking in elegance and morality, gradually becoming well-behaved and striving for novelty and ingenuity. Jian Wen (Xiao Gang) and Xiang Dong (Xiao Yi) started their lewdness, while Xu Ling and Yu Xin parted ways. Its meaning is shallow and complicated, its text is hidden and colorful, its words are still light and dangerous, and its feelings are full of grief. With the listening of Yanling, it also covers the voice of national subjugation. (2) Wang Bao, Yu Xin, Yan Zhitui, Yu Shiji, Liu \, Xu Shanxin, Ming Kerang, Liu Zhen, Wang Zhen, Yu Chuo, Wang Zhou, etc., and they are very famous in the south, and they are also famous for their talents. They are expensive and solid.
Linghu Debao regrets that her Jing and Heng Qi Zi are in the southeast of bamboo arrows, and many people use the equipment for temples. Only Wang Bao and Yu Xin are wizards, and they are caged in a generation. At that time, Sejong elegant words cloud Committee, Teng, Zhao two kings carved chapters. Building an empty palace with salt is like a friendship between cloth and clothes. Because he is a man of the imperial court and a man of Yan, he never forgets to taste the lingering charm and dazzle the last light. In the hills of Judah, Yang Song and Dai, and in the rivers, Zong Bo also. However, Zishan's article originated in the late Song Dynasty and prevailed in Liang Dynasty. Its body is based on obscenity, and its words are based on light danger. Therefore, I can boast about my eyes and my heart more than Zheng and Wei. ... if Yu's side is used, Si is also a sinner of Ci Fu.
Zhang said: Lan Cheng chased Song Yu, an old curtilage puppet poet. The pen rushes to the mountains and rivers, and the text is arrogant.
Du Fu: ① Qingxin Yu started the government and Junyi Bao joined the army. ② Yu Xin's articles are older and more mature, and Ling Yunjian's brushwork is vertical and horizontal. ③ yu Xin throughout his life was most miserable, in his waning years his poetry stirred the land of rivers and passes.
Yang Shen: Yu Xin's poem is the crown of Liang and the forerunner of Tang Dynasty.
Xia Wanchun: The festival of the Soviet Union (Su Wu) ended, and the Jiangguan of Yu Kaifu was abandoned forever.
Wang fuzhi: since the song and qi dynasties, the style of articles has been extremely excessive. People know that its obscenity is abhorrent, but they don't know that it is especially abhorrent to be false. Southerners advocate it, and northerners make peace with it, so Wei Shou and Xing Zicai are like Xu and Yu. Hanging the shadow of an article, serving its heart for harmony, then it is considered as beautiful, light and false. People are used to imitating each other, and there is no need to say what they want, so that they can tell each other what they want. Its chastity is also non-chastity; Its lewdness is also not lewd; And my heart is long gone.
Ji Yun: Yu Xin's essays on parallel couples are the best of the Six Dynasties, leading the way for four outstanding artists, and have stood tall among four or six masters since ancient times.
Liu Xizai: Yan Ge Xing by Yuzishan started the early Tang Dynasty with seven ancient times, and Wu Ye Ti started the Tang Dynasty with seven laws. The other styles are based on the five unique poems of the Tang Dynasty, which is particularly invincible.
Lin Shu: Zishan's Ode to Mourn for the South of the Yangtze River is not called Fu, but should be regarded as the blood and tears of the doctor who died in the country.
Liu Shipei: Yu Zishan and other sad and colourful essays use allusions the most ... Their emotional and literary relations can be traced to their emotions, although they are long in length, and there is no trace of piling up ... Therefore, we know that piling up is different from application, and the allusions are mainly used by me, which can make them assimilate, but piling up is difficult for them.
Qian Jibo: Carving and painting strange words, competing for variety every day; And those who can do it, don't be angry, do it with wind.