3. Results of contemporary family history research
Mr. He Guangyue’s argument that he was the son of the Xuanxiao Qingyang family is quite authoritative in today’s historical circles and provides a basis for studying the origin of the Zhang surname. important basis. Mr. Xie Junxiang, a well-known expert on ethnic history, confirmed that the surname Zhang originated from Puyang after years of research and verification. His research results were published in domestic and foreign newspapers such as "European Times" and "Henan Radio and Television News" in 1994.
The above arguments fully prove: Hui Gong is the ancestor of the Zhang surname. He got his surname from the invention of the bow and arrow. The ancestral roots of the Zhang surname are in Puyang, which is the origin of the Zhang surname.
In addition, in later generations, some people took the word as their surname, and some changed their surname for various reasons. For example, during the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, there was a Jie Zhang in the Jin State named Zhang Hou. He fought bravely and made outstanding military exploits in the Battle of Qi'an in Jin Dynasty. His descendants took his name as their surname and changed their surname to Zhang. During the Warring States Period, Fan Ju, a native of the Wei State, changed his surname and name to avoid persecution by his enemies and called himself Zhang Lu. He entered the Qin State in the west, made many suggestions for the King of Qin, and rose to power due to his merits. Zhang Liao, a famous general of the Three Kingdoms, was originally named Nie. Zhang Yan, leader of the Black Mountain Uprising Army in the late Han Dynasty, was originally named Chu. There are also ethnic minorities who changed their surname to Zhang. In contemporary China, people with the surname Zhang exist among more than a dozen ethnic minorities, including Hui, Manchu, Tibetan, and Miao. But this is just a branch, a flow, not a source.
4. Migration of Zhang surname
How did the ancestors of Zhang surname move from Puyang, where they got their surname, to the whole country and the world? This is a big topic and cannot be explained in a short article. Clear. Now we only talk about our opinions based on our preliminary investigation.
The first large-scale migration of the ancestors surnamed Zhang should be during the flood control period of Dayu. At that time, there were floods all over the place, and Puyang in the Central Plains was low-lying, and there was even a vast ocean. In order to survive, the ancestors had no choice but to live on higher ground, fleeing to nearby hills or mountains, where they settled and multiplied, and then gradually moved to all parts of the country. This flood roughly occurred during the Yao and Shun periods after Emperor Zhuanxu and Emperor Ku, and it was also after Hui Gong received his surname. At first, Yao ordered Zhuanxu's son Gun to control floods and visited Puyang. To this day, there are still remains of "Gun Dike" in Puyang.
Volume 2 of "Kaizhou Chronicles" written by Jiajing of the Ming Dynasty (Puyang was called Kaizhou in the Ming Dynasty) contains the poem "Gun Di" written by Sima Guang of the Song Dynasty: "Dongjun (today's Puyang) Gun Di is ancient and has always had sparse fireworks. The dike is sealed hundreds of miles away. , with a population of tens of thousands..." Unfortunately, Gun, who once built embankments to control floods in Puyang, failed to control the floods for nine years due to incorrect methods, and was killed by Shun in Yushan. Shun also sent Dayu, the son of Gun, to control the floods. He led the people to dig mountains and rivers, and controlled the floods for thirteen years. He passed through the house three times without entering, and finally brought the floods to a level. This flood lasted for 22 years and forced many people to leave their homes to escape the flood. However, I have to ask which province and county the ancestors surnamed Zhang fled to at that time. Since I have not found any conclusive evidence, I cannot make false claims. But according to reading history, we know that Emperor Zhuanxu and Emperor Ku both built their capitals in Diqiu (today's Puyang). Why did Emperor Yao move the capital to Pingyang (today's southwest of Linfen, Shanxi Province)? Why did Emperor Shun move the capital to Puban (today's Puyang)? Today's Puzhou, southwest of Yongji County, Shanxi Province)? Why did Dayu move the capital to Anyi (now northwest of Xia County, Shanxi Province)? I'm afraid it's all directly related to this great flood. The characteristics of China's terrain are "high in the northwest and low in the southeast. For ten miles of land, there are three feet of depression." In the era of monstrous floods, it is no wonder that Emperor Yao, Emperor Shun, and Emperor Yu all moved their capitals to Shanxi. Just imagine, if the leaders and capital of the tribal alliance have moved away, how can the common people not follow them? Therefore, people in Puyang, who have always suffered from floods, tend to escape from floods to the west, and if they don't go to Shanxi, they go to Shaanxi. During that period, the ancestors surnamed Zhang fled from their hometown of Diqiu (today's Puyang) where they got their surname to Shanxi and other places, and then moved from Shanxi to various places, or moved back to their hometown of Puyang, which is more in line with historical reality.
The second great migration of the ancestors surnamed Zhang occurred in 132 BC (the third year of Emperor Yuanguang of the Han Dynasty), when the Yellow River breached the Huzi Embankment in Puyang. People have loved their homeland since ancient times. After Dayu calmed down the flood, it is certain that some of the ancestors who fled to other places came back. After the Xia, Shang, Zhou, Qin and other dynasties, especially during the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, the Puyang area belonged to the Wei State and had considerable economic and cultural development. But in the Han Dynasty, the people of Puyang encountered a breach in the Huzi Embankment of the Yellow River, flooding sixteen counties, and the whole country east of Puyang became Zeguo. They were flooded again for twenty-two years. How could people not flee without food or drink? Where to go? In order to survive and escape from floods, they had no choice but to take the old route and flee to high hills or mountains. After that, in 11 AD during the Xinmang period, the Yellow River Autonomous Pavilion (today's Puyang) burst, which was the second time in history that the Yellow River changed its course and flowed through the counties east of Puyang for 59 years. In the 10th year of Xining in the Northern Song Dynasty, the Yellow River broke through Cao Village in Puyang. This was the third time in history that the Yellow River changed its course. It affected 45 counties and counties and flooded 300,000 hectares of people's fields. According to historical records, the Yellow River breached the territory of Puyang more than 100 times, coupled with droughts and insect plagues. Each flood and drought disaster forced the ancestors to leave their homes and flee to various places.
In addition to floods, war is another important reason for the many migrations of the ancestors named Zhang. Puyang is located in the Central Plains and has always been a battleground for military strategists. The Battle of Chucheng Pu in the Spring and Autumn Jin Dynasty, the Battle of Puyang between Zhang Han and Xiang Yu in the Qin Dynasty, the Battle of Puyang between Cao Cao and Lu Bu in the Eastern Han Dynasty, and the Battle of Chanyuan in the Liao Dynasty in the Northern Song Dynasty took place here. Here, every war forced the ancestors to migrate to the relatively stable south. According to the book "The Roots and Naming of Chinese Surnames" compiled by Mr. Wang Daliang and Meng Fanye, due to wars, "the ancestors of the surname Zhang migrated from the Central Plains to all directions. There were several major trends. The first time was At the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, due to Dong Zhuo's Rebellion and successive years of war, the Central Plains region was severely damaged, and the ancestors surnamed Zhang who lived here were forced to move south; the second time was at the end of the Western Jin Dynasty, when the Xiongnu and Jie, Xianbei, Di, Qiang, etc. The armies of ethnic minorities entered the Central Plains and destroyed the Western Jin Dynasty established by the Han landlord class in Luoyang. The people suffered profound sufferings. The ancestors of the Central Plains with the surname Zhang once again moved south on a large scale. At the same time, some ancestors with the surname Zhang also moved to Northeast and northwest regions; the third time was when the Jin soldiers invaded south, destroyed the Northern Song Dynasty regime with its capital in Kaifeng, and occupied the north and south of the Yellow River. The ancestors here surnamed Zhang once again moved south on a large scale and took refuge in the area south of the Yangtze River. In addition to the three migrations, there were more small-scale migrations, so that the children of Zhang gradually spread all over the country."