Knowledge points of Grade One history 1
1. During the Sui and Tang Dynasties, China invented block printing. In the Song Dynasty, woodblock printing entered its heyday. The earliest block printing with exact date in the world is the Diamond Sutra, which was carved in 868.
2. In the middle of Northern Song Dynasty, Bi Sheng invented movable type printing. Movable type printing is more advanced than block printing, and block printing is rapidly popularized, which quickly spread to Japan, Korea and Europe during the Yuan Dynasty. The invention of movable type printing is a great leap in printing technology. Movable type printing did not appear in Europe until more than 400 years later.
3. During the Warring States Period, people made guides with natural magnets. During the Northern Song Dynasty, the compass was invented and began to be used in navigation. China is the first country in the world to use a compass to navigate. /kloc-In the 20th century, the compass was introduced into Europe through Arabia, which promoted the development of the world navigation industry.
In the Tang Dynasty, alchemists invented it-in the process of refining the "elixir". At the end of the Tang dynasty, it began to be used in the military, and various firearms appeared. From13rd century to14th century, firearms were introduced to Arabia and Europe.
During the Sui Dynasty, Li Chun designed and presided over the construction of Zhao Zhouqiao, which is the oldest existing large stone arch bridge in the world.
6. During the reign of Yang Di, on the basis of natural rivers and canals dug by predecessors, a Grand Canal was dug through the north and south. The Grand Canal is centered on Luoyang, starting from Yuhang (now Hangzhou, Zhejiang) in the east and ending in Zhuo Jun (now Beijing) in the north. From north to south, it is divided into four sections: Yongji Canal, Tongji Canal, Hangou River and Jiangnan River. This is the longest canal in the world.
7. After the Yuan Dynasty unified the whole country, Huitong River and Tonghui River were dug, which shortened the distance of the canal. The Grand Canal connects the five major river basins of Haihe River, Yellow River, Huaihe River, Yangtze River and Qiantang River, strengthening communication between the North and the South and promoting economic and cultural development.
8. In order to strengthen the defense against Mongols and Jurchen, the rulers of Ming Dynasty rebuilt the Great Wall. The Ming Great Wall starts from Jiayuguan in the west and reaches Yalu River in the east, with a total length of more than 6,000 kilometers. It is an urban defense project with the most complete scale and defense facilities in previous dynasties.
9. The Forbidden City, also known as Miyagi, is the most complete existing palace complex in the world, which fully embodies the outstanding achievements of ancient architecture in China, especially wooden architecture.
10. Compendium of Materia Medica is a masterpiece of pharmacology compiled by Li Shizhen, a medical scientist in Ming Dynasty. The book is illustrated with pictures and texts, which comprehensively summarizes the achievements of ancient pharmacology in China and makes the research of pharmacology in China reach a new height. It has also spread to Japan, Britain, France and other countries, making great contributions to world medicine.
1 1. Tiangong Wu Kai is a masterpiece of the late Ming and Song Dynasties. The book extensively records the varieties, characteristics and cultivation methods of crops in various places, focusing on the handicraft production techniques and skills such as textile, paper making, porcelain burning, mining and smelting, which fully reflected the development of agricultural and handicraft production technologies at that time. This book is called "/kloc-encyclopedia of arts and crafts in the 0/7th century" by foreigners.
12. A Mirror of Mutual Learning is a historical masterpiece compiled by Sima Guang, a historian of the Northern Song Dynasty. It records the history of more than 300 years from the Warring States to the Five Dynasties 1300, which is rich in historical materials and provides reliable information for future generations to study this history.
13. In order to meet the cultural life needs of the growing citizen class after the development of commodity economy, novels in the Ming Dynasty flourished. Romance of the Three Kingdoms, Water Margin and The Journey to the West are typical representatives, and they are also called the "Three Wonders Books" of Ming Dynasty.
14. The Romance of the Three Kingdoms is a long historical novel written by Luo Guanzhong based on the historical book The History of the Three Kingdoms and folklore. The novel centers on the struggle between Wei, Shu and Wu, and focuses on the contradiction between Cao Cao and Liu Bei. This paper describes the large-scale political and military struggles in the Three Kingdoms period, outlines the era of reunification from the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty to the Western Jin Dynasty, and places the hope that the country will move from-to reunification.
15. The Water Margin is a heroic and legendary novel with the theme of Sung River Uprising written by Shi Naian in the late Northern Song Dynasty. He vividly described the tortuous development of the peasant uprising in detail, exposed the darkness of the society at that time and showed the heroism of the people.
16. The Journey to the West is a romantic mythological novel written by Wu Cheng'en based on popular folk fairy tales.
17. In the Qing Dynasty, novel creation continued to develop. A Dream of Red Mansions written by Cao Xueqin is a classic novel of China. The book takes the rise and fall of Jia Fu as the main line and the love between Jia Baoyu and Lin Daiyu as the core. It describes the social life at the end of feudal society extensively and profoundly, and reveals its historical fate of inevitable collapse.
18. Mogao Grottoes, also known as "Thousand Buddha Cave", are located on the cliff of Mingsha Mountain in the southeast of Dunhuang, Gansu. Up to now, there are nearly 500 caves in the Northern Dynasties, Sui and Tang Dynasties, Song and Yuan Dynasties, most of which were excavated in the Tang Dynasty. There are a large number of exquisite and vivid colored statues and murals in the cave, which is one of the existing grottoes in the world.
19. Yungang Grottoes stand at the foot of Wuzhou Mountain in Datong, Shanxi, and were excavated in the middle and late Northern Wei Dynasty.
Longmen Grottoes in Luoyang, Henan Province were built on a large scale after the Northern Wei Dynasty moved its capital to Luoyang, among which the Grottoes are the Lushena Buddhist shrines in Fengxian Temple. Mogao Grottoes, Yungang Grottoes and Longmen Grottoes are also called the three major grottoes in China.
20. In the Tang Dynasty, Zhang Xu and Huai Su were represented by cursive script, also known as "madness and drunkenness"; Yan Zhenqing and Liu Gongquan's regular script pay attention to form, and it is strictly standardized, forming a style and a Liu style. There were Su Shi and Huang Tingjian in Song Dynasty. Zhao Meng, a calligrapher in Yuan Dynasty, synthesized the characteristics of calligraphy in past dynasties and created "Zhao Style".
2 1. The figure painting in the Tang Dynasty entered a golden age, and the painter Yan's works include "Walking Map" and "Kings of Past Dynasties"; Wu Daozi is known as "the sage of painting", and his masterpiece is Born of Gautama Buddha.
Genre painting is based on The Riverside Scene at Qingming Festival by the Northern Song Dynasty painter Zhang Zeduan. The representative figure of flower-and-bird painting is Xu Wei.
22. In the Northern Song Dynasty, Su Shi broadened the artistic conception of Ci, described the broad social life and expanded the expressive function of Ci, making Ci a new poetic style that can develop independently.
High school 12 history knowledge points
Unit 5 Homes of People of All Nationalities in China
1, China has a vast territory (P3 figure 5-2) of 9.6 million km2, which is the third largest in Europe (
The territory is located in the north of Mohe River in Heilongjiang Province, and the center line of Heilongjiang main channel is located in the east of the intersection of Heilongjiang center line and Wusuli River.
Zengmu shoal is located at the southernmost tip of Nansha Islands in the South China Sea and the westernmost tip of Pamirs on the X River.
15 Land neighbors: North Korea, Russia, Mongolia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Pakistan, India, Nepal, Sikkim, Bhutan, Myanmar, Laos and Vietnam (counterclockwise).
Maritime neighbors: Korea, Japan, Philippines, Malaysia, Brunei and Indonesia.
Chinese
Land and Sea Location Land and Sea Location East Asia, West Coast of the Pacific Ocean
On the edge of the Pacific Ocean; From north to south: Bohai Sea, Yellow Sea, East China Sea and South China Sea.
The main islands are Taiwan Province Island (No.1), Hainan Island (No.2), Chongming Island (No.3) and Zhoushan Island (No.4).
Regional advantage
P4 includes land and sea. The east is close to the Pacific Ocean in the world, which makes the climate in this area humid and beneficial to agricultural production. There are many excellent harbors along the coast, which are conducive to the development of marine undertakings. The west goes deep into the Eurasian continent, enabling land transportation to directly contact Central Asia, West Asia and Europe.
The vast territory provides a huge space for the survival and development of the Chinese nation, and also lays a solid material foundation for social progress in China.
2. Administrative divisions
Three-level administrative divisions The national administrative regions are basically divided into provinces (autonomous regions, municipalities directly under the Central Government and special administrative regions), counties (autonomous counties and cities) and townships (towns).
Provincial administrative divisions
23 out of 34 provinces
Five autonomous regions: Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Xizang Autonomous Region, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region and Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region.
4 municipalities directly under the Central Government: Beijing, Tianjin, Shanghai and Chongqing.
Two special administrative regions: Hong Kong Special Administrative Region and Macao Special Administrative Region.
Names and abbreviations of provincial administrative divisions and provincial administrative centers (i.e. provincial capitals or capitals) in China P6 Figure 5-6 and Table P7.
3. Current situation of population distribution in China.
The population east of the geographical dividing line is very dense.
137 billion (the first in the world) 143 people /km2 is very uneven, and the population to the west of Heihe-Tengchong line is relatively sparse.
4. Present situation of ethnic distribution in China.
The proportion of 56 ethnic groups is mainly concentrated in.
9 1% of the Han people live in mixed areas in the eastern and central regions, but in small communities.
55.9% of the ethnic minorities in the southwest, northwest and northeast border areas
5, the characteristics of China's topography
Topographic features
The terrain is diverse;
The mountainous area is vast, accounting for 2/3 of the country's total area. The terrain is high in the west and low in the east, and gradually decreases from west to east.
Roughly three steps.
6. Three steps (Figure 5-13 in this book)
The main terrain unit of the average height terrain type.
The first step is the plateau above 4000 meters, the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and the Qaidam Basin.
Boundary Kunlun Mountain-Qilian Mountain-Hengduan Mountain
Step 2 100-2000m plateaus and basins: Inner Mongolia Plateau, Loess Plateau, Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau, Tarim Basin, Junggar Basin and Sichuan Basin.
The boundary line is Daxinganling-Taihang Mountain-Wushan-Xuefeng Mountain.
The plains and hills below 500m of the third step are the Northeast Plain, the North China Plain, the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River and the southeast hills.
Born in Gladin Winter Snow Peak, the main peak of Tanggula at the northern foot of Bayan Kara, Qinghai.
The total length is more than 5,400 kilometers (the second longest river in China) and 6,300 kilometers (the largest river in China).
Flowing into Bohai Sea (Shandong Province) and East China Sea (Shanghai)
It flows through the terrain areas of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, Inner Mongolia Plateau, Loess Plateau, Qinghai-Tibet Plateau of North China Plateau, Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau, Sichuan Basin and the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River.
It flows through Qinghai, Sichuan, Gansu, Ningxia, Shaanxi, Shanxi, Henan, Shandong (9), Qinghai, X Tibet, Sichuan, Yunnan, Chongqing, Guizhou, Hubei, Hunan,
Jiangxi, Anhui, Jiangsu and Shanghai (12)
Division of upper, middle and lower reaches The dividing point of the upper and middle reaches is Hekou (Inner Mongolia), the middle and lower reaches is Taohuayu (Henan), and the upper and middle reaches is Yichang (Hubei).
The cut-off point of the middle and lower reaches: Hukou (Jiangxi)
The main landscapes are Longyangxia Dam, the Hanging River near Kaifeng, Hukou Waterfall, and the ancient water conservancy projects in Ningxia Plain-Dujiangyan, Wuhan Port and Canyon-Tiger Leaping Gorge and Three Gorges Project.
Mobile irrigation, power generation irrigation, power generation and shipping (golden waterway)
Serious soil erosion has made the Yellow River the river with the largest sediment concentration in the world. The lower reaches of the Yellow River are cut off and dry, and the Yangtze River basin is rich in precipitation and the main stream has a large amount of water, which is easy to cause floods.
The reason is that human beings overuse and abuse nature, which leads to the deterioration of the ecological environment in the Yellow River Basin. Disadvantages brought by monsoon climate. People unreasonably occupy rivers and reclaim land around lakes, which greatly reduces the flood discharge capacity of rivers and lakes and increases the possibility of serious floods along the coast.
Natural and human factors
How to control and strengthen soil and water conservation in the loess plateau in the middle reaches is the basis of controlling the Yellow River, and building reservoirs to control sand and flood simultaneously is also an important means of controlling the Yellow River. Measures such as strengthening flood levees, building reservoirs, dredging rivers, prohibiting cutting down trees in the upper reaches, cutting straight rivers in the middle reaches, and diverting water for flood storage.
Historical position The Yellow River Basin and the Yangtze River Basin are the birthplaces of the Chinese nation and ancient civilizations in the world.
8. North-South differences in China
region
Traditionally, the Qinling Mountains and Huaihe River are the boundaries, and the eastern monsoon region is generally divided into north and south.
North (north of Qinling-Huaihe River) and south (south of Qinling-Huaihe River)
Living habits
Pay attention to cold and warmth, ventilation and heat dissipation, and rain protection for different residential characteristics.
Eating habits like pasta and rice.
Mode of transportation: land transportation, road transportation, railway transportation and waterway transportation.
Climate difference temperature difference temperature is temperate, relatively dry-tropical and humid.
Monthly average temperature 1 below 00C (
Winter temperature characteristics Winter temperature decreases from south to north, and the temperature difference between north and south is very large.
In summer, the temperature difference between north and south is not big, and the temperature is generally high all over the country.
Precipitation difference The annual precipitation is less than 800 mm (800 mm)
The distribution law of annual precipitation is decreasing from the southeast coast to the northwest inland.
agricultural production
The main food crops are wheat, corn and rice.
The main cash crops are peanuts, soybeans, sugar beets, sugar cane, rubber and oil palm.
Cultivated upland paddy field
The farming system is one crop a year or three crops every two years, two or even three crops a year.
The difference between river hydrology and inland river shipping is that there are few rivers, small amount of water and ice in winter, which is not conducive to shipping. There are many rivers and lakes with a large amount of water, which generally does not freeze in winter and is convenient for shipping.
Topography: There are many plains in the north and hills in the south.
Differences in major energy resources: rich in coal, oil and natural gas resources, but short of water resources; Rich in coal, oil and natural gas resources.
9. Differences between the East and the West of China
East and west
Natural conditions, topography, vast plains in the east, vast plateaus and mountains in the inland areas of the west.
The climate is humid and dry.
There are abundant resources, environment and water, but there is a shortage of minerals and energy, and industrial pollution is serious. However, water resources are in short supply, and soil erosion and desertification are serious.
The development history of social and economic conditions has a profound cultural, economic and political foundation and splendid history and culture.
The population in the east is large and densely distributed, while the population in the west is small and sparsely distributed.
Ethnic groups are mainly the places where Han ethnic minorities live in the most concentrated communities.
Megacities include Beijing, Shanghai, Tianjin, Guangzhou, Wuhan, Nanjing, Shenyang, Chongqing, Xi, Chengdu, Urumqi and Hohhot.
The superior natural conditions of agriculture are conducive to the development of agriculture, while the natural conditions for developing agriculture in most areas are poor.
The industrial development conditions are superior, relatively developed and relatively slow, but the energy industry has great development potential.
Traffic communication is developed, and convenient traffic communication facilities are backward.
Education is developed, education level and educational concept are backward.
There are more talents, capital and technology.
Level of economic development: the economy is developing rapidly, while the developed economy is developing slowly, which is unbalanced compared with the east.
Superior natural conditions are conducive to the development of agriculture. Developed transportation and communication education, numerous cities and abundant human resources provide important conditions for industrial development. Vast land, magnificent mountains and rivers, rich mineral and energy resources, unique ethnic customs and splendid history and culture.
The disadvantage of economic development is the shortage of mineral and energy resources, and serious industrial pollution is puzzling the sustainable development of the eastern region. The climate is dry, water resources are short, soil erosion and desertification are serious, and the natural conditions for developing agriculture in most areas are poor. Compared with the eastern region, the western region has a big gap in social and economic conditions such as capital, technology, talents, market and transportation.
South-to-North Exchange and Complementary South-to-North Water Diversion Project, West-to-East Gas Transmission Project and West-to-East Power Transmission Project
10, the main railway lines in China.
Direction of railway trunk line
Beijing-Kowloon Line Beijing-Jiujiang-Nanchang-Shenzhen-Hong Kong Kowloon Jingha Line Beijing-Shenyang-Harbin
Beijing-Guangzhou Line Beijing-Zhengzhou-Wuhan-Zhuzhou-Guangzhou Longhai Line Lianyungang-Zhengzhou -Xi- Lanzhou
Beijing-Shanghai Line Beijing-Tianjin-Jinan-Xuzhou-Nanjing-Shanghai Lanxin Line Lanzhou-Urumqi-Alashankou
Senior one three history knowledge points
Economic Development and "Closed Door" in Ming and Qing Dynasties
First, the economic development in Ming and Qing Dynasties
1, import agricultural products from abroad
Corn, sweet potatoes, potatoes, peanuts and sunflowers
2. The cotton textile industry moved from the south to the north.
3. The development of silk industry
(1) Silk Industry Centers: Suzhou, Nanjing
(2) The scale of silk industry: By the time of Qing Dynasty, there were more than 30,000 looms in the silk industry in Nanjing.
4. Ceramic Industry Center: Jingdezhen
5. The commodity economy is unprecedentedly active.
(1) National commercial cities: Beijing and Nanjing.
(2) Merchants in Ming and Qing Dynasties refer to Shanxi merchants and Huizhou merchants in southern Anhui.
Second, the emergence of budding capitalism.
"Machine users contribute, machine workers contribute" first appeared in the textile industry in Suzhou and Songjiang. Machinists are early capitalists, and machinists are early hired workers. The employment relationship between them and the employment relationship are capitalist relations of production.
Third, the "closed door" policy.
1, the reasons why the rulers of the Qing Dynasty carried out the policy of "closing the country to the outside world":
(1) Adhere to the traditional agricultural concept to suppress and restrict the development of private industry and commerce.
(2) China is rich in natural products and does not need to have economic exchanges with foreign countries.
(3) In order to resist the invasion of national territorial sovereignty by western colonialists.
(4) I am afraid that the association between coastal people and foreigners will endanger their own rule.
2. "Closing the door" measures:
(1) The policy of forbidding the sea in the early Qing Dynasty: the coastal residents were moved inland for dozens of miles, and they were not allowed to go out to sea for trade without authorization.
(2) After the reunification of the Qing Dynasty, foreign trade was strictly restricted.
Early stage: four ports were opened as foreign trade ports, and the types of export goods and the load of ships going to sea were strictly restricted.
In the later period, only Guangzhou was opened as a foreign trade port, and it was stipulated that the "Thirteen Banks in Guangzhou" chartered by the government would operate and manage trade in a unified way.
3. The influence of "closing the door"
(1) played a certain role in self-defense against the aggression of western colonialists.
(2) Limited the development of foreign trade and navigation;
(3) Restricting cultural exchanges between China and foreign countries prevents China from mastering the world's advanced ideas, culture and technology, and makes China fall behind.
Summarize the related articles about the knowledge points of the first grade history;
★ Summary of knowledge points in the first volume of first grade history+review outline
★ Summary of knowledge points in the first volume of first grade history
★ Summary of knowledge points in the first volume of Grade One History (People's Education Edition)
★ Summarize the key knowledge points of the first grade history.
★ Summary of knowledge points in the first volume of first grade history
★ induction of knowledge points in the first volume of seventh grade history
★ Summary and induction of knowledge points in the first volume of first grade history.
★ Summary of required knowledge points in the seventh grade history exam
★ Review outline of the first volume of the seventh grade history knowledge points
★ Summary of historical knowledge points of the first day of People's Education Edition