[Family background, the Trilateral Governor, the Battle of Songshan, the Qing Dynasty, the Qing Dynasty, the death of Xia Yunyi and Xia Wanchun, comments]
Yan Yan,No. Hengjiu, was born on September 22nd, 1593, in Quanzhou Prefecture.
Family background
Hong Chengchou is a descendant of a noble family, the twelfth generation grandson of Weng Shanshui, a member of Dongxuan Five Rooms, and a well-educated family. By his great-grandfather's generation, he had fallen into poverty and was not rich.
Great-grandfather Hong Yi is a scholar.
Grandfather Hong has a rank, and he is a tribute student. The article was famous and died on the way to the exam in his early years. Mrs. Dai gave birth to a posthumous son, Hong Qixi (the word Er Chao,No. Xiao Ji Gong), who was Hong Chengchou's father. Dai's filial piety to his aunt helped him grow up, and he was honored by the imperial court as a filial daughter, giving a gift to Mrs. Yipin.
my father, Hong Qixi, is also a scholar, and his personality is solemn, so that he is famous for his filial piety. Marrying a wife, Fu Shi is a noble family, and her godson is extremely strict. Give birth to three children, long succession, second succession, and third succession. Chengwan died young. Cheng Jun is a famous calligrapher in Wenquan County.
Being an official
Hong Chengchou went to the Xiyi Museum to study in his childhood. Because of his poor family, he dropped out of school at the age of 11, helped his mother make dried beancurd at home, and went to Yingweipu to sell dried beancurd every morning. At that time, Hong Qiyin, a gifted scholar of Xixuan Changfang, ran a village school in Shuigou Pavilion, while Hong Chengchou was selling dried beancurd, he often attended classes outside the school hall and occasionally helped students make pairs. Hong Qiyin found that Hong Chengchou was very talented and ambitious, so he accepted Hong Chengchou as a disciple for free and returned to school.
Hong Chengchou studies hard and reads widely. Mr. Qi Yin's books, such as Historical Records, History as a Mirror, The History of the Three Kingdoms, and The Art of War, have been borrowed and carefully studied by him. Since he was a child, he has expressed his desire to rule the country and level the world, which is very appreciated by Hong Qiyin. In an article by Hong Chengchou, Hong Qiyin once approved the comment that "a family horse is a thousand miles away, and the country is a stone.".
after studying in Shuigou Museum for five years, Hong Chengchou went to Quanzhou Chengbei Academy to study.
in 1615, in the 43rd year of Ming Wanli, 23-year-old Hong Chengchou went to the province to take the rural examination, and was the 19th Chinese-style juror in Yimao Family. The following year, he went to Beijing to have an examination, and even became a member of Jiedengke. He was the 14th in palace examination Dimethyl of Bingchenke, and was born as a scholar.
Governor Trilateral
Hong Chengchou was first appointed as the director of Jiangxi Clean Official Department of the Ministry of Punishment, and served as a foreign minister and a doctor for six years. In the second year of the Ming Dynasty (1622), he was promoted to Zhejiang to study and learn from others, and all the talents he chose were handsome and wonderful, which was highly valued by the imperial court. Two years later, he was promoted to Zhejiang and announced that he would participate in the government.
in the seventh year of the Ming dynasty (1627), he was promoted to the governor's office in Shaanxi.
In the late Ming Dynasty, political corruption, rural bankruptcy, increasing oppression and exploitation, and drought in Shaanxi made people unable to live. In July of the first year of Chongzhen (1628), Wang Jiayin, Yang Liu, and Non-stained Mud held the first banner of righteousness in Fugu and other places in Shaanxi, and all Shaanxi responded. From the first year of Chongzhen (1628) to the three years of Chongzhen, Gao Yingxiang, Zhang Xianzhong and Li Zicheng successively revolted, and there were more than 1 rebel troops in Shaanxi. Some loyalist border soldiers mutinied because of lack of pay, and joined the rebel army and became the backbone.
The Ming court ordered Yang He, the governor of the Trilateral Region, to "suppress and caress at the same time, giving priority to caress".
in the second year of Chongzhen (1629), the peasant army Wang Zuo Gua and Miao Mei led troops to attack Hancheng. Yang He, the governor of Shaanxi Province, had no generals in his hands. In desperation, Hong Chengchou, who was still in politics at that time, led the troops to battle. Hong Chengchou killed 3 enemy soldiers, solved the siege of Seoul, and immediately became famous.
in June of the third year of Chongzhen (163), Hong Chengchou was appointed as the governor of Yansui. As a lieutenant of Yang He, he should have supported his boss's "policy of appealing to others", but Hong Chengchou didn't. Instead, he vigorously suppressed bandits. Moreover, it not only kills bandits, but also "kills"! At that time, he killed tens of thousands of surrendered "thief troops", which is why Hong Chengchou appeared in every history book as a "reactionary figure". In fact, if you read the history of the "thief army" in the late Ming Dynasty, it's not hard to find that Li Zicheng and Zhang Xianzhong had made many false surrenders, and they had to save their strength for a period of time before they rebelled. It was because of this false surrender that the Ming Dynasty suppressed the "thief army" many times without dying. This shows that Hong Chengchou is quite prescient in this respect.
the Ming court was unable to feed a large number of hungry people, and those who had been comforted began to rise again. In the fourth year of Chongzhen (1633), the Trilateral Governor Yang He was dismissed from office and imprisoned, and Hong Chengchou succeeded the Trilateral Governor of Shaanxi. Hong Chengchou changed Yang He's policy of "suppressing while soothing (luring)" to "clearing with all efforts" and "calming with firmness, suppressing first and soothing later" and concentrated his forces on attacking Shaanxi peasant army. In the spring of the fifth year of Chongzhen (1632), a peasant army broke through Qingyang because it could not withstand the pressure of the loyalist army. Hong Chengchou went to Qingyang to direct the battle. The two sides fought fiercely in Western Australia for dozens of times, and the peasant army suffered heavy losses. The leaders Du San and Yang Laochai were beheaded. This war swept away the dejection of the loyalists for many years and was called "Great Victory in Western Australia" by the imperial court.
the rebel armies of various ministries successively moved eastward, and from the fourth year of Chongzhen (1631) to the sixth year (1633), the activity center moved to Shanxi. The battle has also changed from extremely scattered, and each has developed into a relatively concentrated and mutual response. Gao Yingxiang, Zhang Xianzhong, Li Zicheng, Luo Rucai and other departments have more than 2, people, claiming to be 36 battalions, which once broke Daning, Xizhou, Zezhou, Shouyang and other cities.
In the winter of the sixth year of Chongzhen (1633), more than 1, people from 24 battalions, including Gao Yingxiang, Zhang Xianzhong, Luo Rucai and Li Zicheng, broke through the encirclement of government troops, broke through the Yellow River defense line in Mianchi County, and moved to the northern part of western Henan where the Ming army was weak. With Yunyang as the center, the branches were interspersed between Henan, Chu, Sichuan and Shaanxi, and they used the government troops to divide their troops to defend the territory, which was uncoordinated. The Ming army had to divide its troops to guard the key pass, and was poor in pursuit, and fell into the predicament of too long front and scattered troops. In order to change the passive situation, Hong Chengchou surrounded the central area of the uprising with heavy troops and launched a key attack. The Gao Yingxiang Rebel Army was defeated in Queshan and Zhuxian Town (now southwest of Kaifeng City, Henan Province) and was forced to transfer to the western mountainous areas.
in order to change the passive situation of "different powers, watching each other", the Ming court changed to the policy of "concentrating forces and comprehensively encirclement and suppression". In the seventh year of Chongzhen (1634), with Chen Qiyu as the governor of five provinces, he took unified command of Shaanxi, Shanxi, Henan, Sichuan and Huguang loyalists, and made a converging attack from all sides, in an attempt to wipe out all the rebel forces in one fell swoop. Rebels turned into Hanzhong one after another, and the encirclement and suppression failed.
In December of the seventh year of Chongzhen in Ming Dynasty (1634), Zhu Youjian of Ming Dynasty withdrew from Chen Qiyu, and Hong Chengchou was still the governor of Shaanxi Trilateral, with the title of Prince Taibao and Minister of War. He was the governor of the military affairs of Henan, Shanxi, Shaanxi, Huguang and Sichuan provinces, and became the main military commander in chief of the Ming Dynasty to suppress the peasant uprising. When it mobilized the loyalist troops into Shaanxi and reorganized the siege, there were more than 2, peasant troops gathered in Shaanxi at that time, among which Gao Yingxiang, the king of Chuang, and his subordinate Li Zicheng were the most powerful. Hong Chengchou ordered the company commanders, He Renlong and Zuo Guangxian, to send troops to attack, and the rebel army broke through the east and turned into Lingbao and Sishui (both in Henan).
in January, the eighth year of Chongzhen (1635), Hong Chengchou led his main force out of Tongguan, where he met his generals in Xinyang, Henan, and prepared to carry out a large-scale military encirclement and suppression of the rebels.
at the beginning of the eighth year of Chongzhen, the rebel army entered in three ways: one returned to Shaanxi in the west, one entered Shanxi in the north, and the other entered Fengyang in the east, burning the imperial tomb. When Hong Chengchou Army arrived in Henan in March, most of the rebel troops were concentrated in Shaanxi. Hong Chengchou hurried back to the Shanhaiguan pass. Li Zicheng annihilated loyalists in Ningzhou and Zhenning, defeated Xianyang and forced Xi 'an. Gao Yingxiang, Zhang Xianzhong, etc. were pinned down by loyalists and entered Henan for three times.
the Ming court realized that it was difficult to succeed in an all-round encirclement and suppression campaign under the mobile combat situation of the rebel army, and changed to the policy of taking charge of each district and focusing on the attack. In August of the eighth year of Chongzhen (1635), Lu Xiangsheng was the governor of five provinces, specializing in the Central Plains; Hong Chengchou specializes in the northwest, each taking responsibility and cooperating with each other. In the winter of that year and the spring of nine years, Gao Yingxiang and Zhang Xianzhong failed in succession in Henan, with more than half of their troops lost, and the remnants returned to Shaanxi. At this time, Li Zicheng also lost many times in Xingping and other places.
in order to strengthen the offensive in Shaanxi, the Ming court ordered Sun Chuanting to attack all the ministries of Gao and Zhang in Hanzhong, and Hong Chengchou to attack Li Zicheng and other ministries in northern Shaanxi. In July of the ninth year of Chongzhen (1636), Hong Chengchou led the army to defeat the peasant army in Lintong, and the rebel army was besieged among the mountains for three months. Gao Yingxiang led his troops to break through Hanzhong, Shaanxi Province, and was ambushed by Sun Chuanting, the governor of Shaanxi Province. He was captured by Hong Chengchou in the whole town (now Zhouzhi, Shaanxi Province) and killed in Beijing. The rest of Gao Yingxiang went to Li Zicheng, and the insurgents pushed Li Zicheng to be the king.
At this time, the Qing army entered the border and defeated 16 cities such as Changping. Zhu Youjian dispatched Lu Xiangsheng to lead the army to help, which relieved the pressure on the Central Plains. Zhang Xianzhong took the opportunity to recover, joined with more than 2, people from Luo Rucai and other departments, moved eastward along the Yangtze River, and scattered activities in Qizhou and Huoshan areas.
in the tenth year of Chongzhen (1637), Zhu Youjian appointed Xiong Wencan as the prime minister of five provinces, and added 1,2 imperial troops to organize a new encirclement and suppression campaign. Li Zicheng marched into Sichuan, once broke more than 1 cities, and conquered Ningzhou and Qiangzhou in Gansu, and entered Qipanguan. However, when he returned to Shaanxi in the eleventh year (1638), he was attacked by Hong Chengchou and Sun Chuanting troops in Taohe and defeated Minzhou. At the same time, Zhang Xianzhong was defeated by Zuo Liangyu army in Nanyang, and was wounded and retreated to Gucheng. Xiong Wencan then changed encirclement and suppression to Zhaofu. Liu Guoneng, Zhang Tianlin, Zhang Xianzhong, and Luo Rucai successively lowered the Ming Dynasty or settled it. Li Zicheng led the remnants in the mountainous areas along the Sichuan-Shaanxi border.
in October of the 12th year of Chongzhen (1639), Li Zicheng, the last "thief army" in Shaanxi, was intercepted by Hong Chengchou's company commanders Ma Ke and Zuo Guangxian. Li Zicheng turned to the east, and Hong Chengchou ambushed Tongguan, Cao Bianjiao. Li Zicheng was defeated, and only 18 people rode into Shangluo Mountain in southern Shaanxi, and the peasant uprising fell into a low tide.
Hong Chengchou managed the army well, suppressed the peasant uprising and won again and again, captured and killed Gao Yingxiang, and defeated Li Zicheng many times. The ruling class praised Hong Chengchou's army as "Jun Hong". After a certain success, Hong Chengchou wrote to Emperor Chongzhen asking for a reimbursement of 22, yuan, some for military expenses and some for the poor.
The Battle of Songshan
In September of the 11th year of Ming Chongzhen (1638), the Qing army went south, and fell into Zhending, Guangping, Shunde, Daming (both in Hebei) and other places. Levin fell, Sun Chengzong, a great scholar, was killed, Lu Xiangsheng was killed in Julu, and the capital was under martial law. The Ming Dynasty, attacked on both sides, had to transfer the commander in chief Hong Chengchou from the western front to join Sun Chuanting in the defense.
After Emperor Taizong of the Qing Dynasty ascended the throne, the Qing government institutions became more and more perfect, and the national strength and military strength increased greatly. But its territory is still limited to the east of Shanhaiguan. Moreover, in this limited territory, there are several strongholds where the Ming army is trapped, such as Jinzhou, Ningyuan, Songshan, Xingshan and Shanhaiguan, which are obstacles to the further development of the Qing army. In order to unify the northeast and expand its influence to the interior, these strongholds must be uprooted. To this end, Huang Taiji made up his mind to conquer Shanhaiguan and Jinzhou, open up the main traffic routes to Shanhaiguan, and create conditions for the destruction of the Ming Dynasty and the capture of Beijing. In the autumn of 1938, Huang taiji led troops to capture Yizhou, which was used as a base to launch a siege war against Jinzhou.
Emperor Chongzhen of Ming Dynasty also tried his best to strengthen the defense of Shanhaiguan and Jinzhou. At the beginning of the 12th year of Chongzhen (1639, the 4th year of Qing Chongde), Hong Chengchou was transferred to the governor of Jiliao, and led Shaanxi soldiers to join forces with the towns of Mako in Shanhaiguan and Wu Sangui in Ningyuan. Jinzhou has three cities: Songshan, Xingshan and Tashan.
In the winter of the 13th year of Chongzhen (164), the Qing army attacked Jinzhou and Ningyuan, and Hong Chengchou sent troops to help, and was defeated by Tashan and Xingshan.
in the spring of the 14th year of Chongzhen (1641), in order to save Liaodong from crisis, the Ming court sent Hong Chengchou to lead the so-called eight commanders, including Yang Guozhu, Wang Pu, Tang Tong, Bai Guangen, Cao Bianjiao, Ma Ke, Wang Tingchen, and Wu Sangui, to bring in 13, elite soldiers and horses.
in March of the 14th year of Ming Chongzhen (in 1641, the 6th year of Qing Chongde), Huang Taiji sent soldiers to besiege Jinzhou, and it was imperative to adopt a long-term siege policy. The Qing soldiers forced the city to lay siege to the camp, and Zu Dashou, the garrison commander of Jinzhou, was in an emergency. For the Ming dynasty, a line of defense formed by these strongholds is the lifeline of guarding the gate, which should be held at all costs.
Hong Chengchou is an experienced commander-in-chief, and the Ming army he led was temporarily mobilized by eight border towns. Although the soldiers were good soldiers, the generals in the late Ming Dynasty were notoriously arrogant. Whether they could obey Hong Chengchou's unified orders when they got cold feet was the biggest obstacle for Hong Chengchou to give full play to his command ability. Therefore, Hong Chengchou advocated slowly approaching Jinzhou, setting up camp step by step, and fighting and defending, instead of fighting lightly. Hong Chengchou took control of the commanding heights from Songshan to Jinzhou, plunged the Qing army with Lingli offensive, and the situation in Jinzhou began to improve.
However, the politics of the Ming court was extremely corrupt, and Emperor Chongzhen was suspicious, and he was not expert in employing people. He listened to the advice of Chen Xinjia, the new minister of the Ministry of War, and at the same time he was eager to enter the army. Chen Xinjia also sent Zhang Reqi, a corps commander, to the front to urge Hong Chengchou to make a quick decision. Although Zhang Reqi was a small official with five qualities, his authority was great, which made it impossible for Hong Chengchou to implement the operational strategy of dragging the Qing army across by defending, so he had to join Songshan. This is another obstacle for Hong Chengchou to give full play to his command ability.
in July, Hong Chengchou led the troops to Jinzhou, and he and Qiu Minyang, the governor of Liaodong, stationed in the north of Songshan Mountain. Hong Chengchou stationed his cavalry in Songshan, South and West, and his infantry in Rushan Hill, only six or seven miles away from Jinzhou, to prepare for a decisive battle with the Qing army.
in August, when Huang taiji learned that Ming reinforcements had arrived, he personally led a large army from Shengjing to help, stationed between Songshan Mountain and Xingshan Mountain, and deployed in the south of the Ming army. The Jirlalang army attacked the outer city of Jinzhou, cutting off the connection between the Ming army and the apricot, cutting off the route of providing food for the Ming army and cutting off Hong Chengchou's return, thus forming a big encirclement situation behind the Ming army. Ming Jinzhou Shoujiang Zu Dashou dare not play. Later, Huang Taiji sent troops to seize the grain of Tashan. The strategic intention of the Ming army was to fight a decisive battle with the Qing army between Songjin, but now it has been cut off by the Qing army, leaving only three days to store grain, causing psychological panic. "If you want to fight, you will be powerless; If you want to keep it, the food has been exhausted, so you conspire to retreat. " Hong Chengchou advocated the death, while the company commanders of various ministries advocated the withdrawal from the south, and finally gathered to discuss the mountain to break through.
after the war between the two armies, Hong Chengchou backed the Songshan array and sent troops to attack the Qing camp. Once it was broken, he decided to retreat. Because of the lack of food in the army, the generals went to their own hearts, so they didn't wait for military orders. Wang Pu, the company commander of Datong, led his troops to flee in the dark, and soldiers from Marco and Wu Sangui also rushed to lead the army to flee to Xingshan. The Qing army took advantage of the situation to cover up and kill, blocking the front and chasing after. When they fled to Xingshan, they decided to retreat to Ningyuan again, and as a result, they were ambushed again and suffered heavy casualties. Hong Chengchou, because there was no determination to fight a decisive battle in advance, was defeated by six generals in two towns and six towns of Ming soldiers, with tens of thousands of people falling apart. More than 53, people were beheaded successively, and countless people trampled on the dead and went to sea. The remaining over1, disabled soldiers led by themselves were besieged by the Qing army in Songshan, and their reimbursement was absolutely impossible.
in September, Huang taiji returned to Shengjing and stayed in Duo Duo to attack the city. Hong Chengchou failed to break through.
in October, the hogg department of the Qing army was stationed in Songshan. When Hong Chengchou was defeated, the Ming soldiers could not return to the city, but mostly fell to the Qing Dynasty.
in January of the 15th year of Chongzhen (1642), Hong Chengchou heard that the imperial reinforcements had arrived, and sent 6, troops out of the city for a night attack, which was defeated by the Qing army. The defeated troops wanted to retreat into the city, but when Hong Chengchou saw the pursuer, he ordered the gate to be closed, so most of the defeated troops were annihilated, and the rest fled to Xingshan, and were all annihilated after being ambushed. Hong Chengchou did not dare to fight again, and the imperial reinforcements did not dare to come for fear of the Qing army. In this way, Songshan has been besieged for half a year, and the food in the city is exhausted. The deputy commander of Songshan, Xia Chengde, knocks on the Qing army and is willing to take his son Xia Shu as a hostage.
in March, the Qing army was invited.