Introduction: The ultimate ideal of ancient literati was to be below one person and above ten thousand people, but most scholars started from the bottom. Let us understand what official positions there were in ancient times!
Jue refers to a title or a title, which is a bestowal given by ancient emperors to nobles and heroes. It is said in the Zhou Dynasty that there were five kinds of titles: Duke, Marquis, Bo, Zi and Male. Later generations' title and title system often changed with time. For example, in the early Han Dynasty, Liu Bang not only made the prince king, but also made seven meritorious officials kings. Peng Yue was the king of Liang, Yingbu was the king of Huainan, etc.; Cao Zhi of Wei was named the king of Chen; Guo Ziyi of the Tang Dynasty was named the king of Fenyang; Zunurhachi named his son Azig as Prince of Ying, Duduo as Prince of Yu, and Hauge as Prince of Su. Another example is that in the Song Dynasty, Kou Zhun was granted the title of Duke of Lai, Wang Anshi was granted the title of Duke of Jing, and Sima Guang was granted the title of Duke of Wen; in the Ming Dynasty, Li Shanchang was granted the title of Duke of Korea, Li Wenzhong was granted the title of Duke of Cao, Liu Ji was granted the title of Chengyi Bo, and Wang Yangming was granted the title of Xinjing Bo; in the Qing Dynasty, Zeng Guofan was granted the title of first-class Yiyong Marquis. Zuo Zongtang was granted the title of second-class Ke Jinghou, and Li Hongzhang was granted the title of first-class Su Yibo.
The prime minister is the highest official position in the feudal bureaucracy. He is the person who upholds the monarch's will and manages the national government affairs. Sometimes it is called the Prime Minister, and it is often called the Prime Minister, or "Prime Minister" for short. For example, "Chen She's Family": "Princes and generals are very kind." "Biography of Lian Po and Lin Xiangru": "Mediocre people are still ashamed, how much more so than generals!" "Shu Xiang": "Where can I find the ancestral hall of the prime minister? Jin Xiangru There are many people outside Guancheng. "lt; Guide Record) Preface": "In addition to the right prime minister and privy envoy, I will supervise all the troops and horses." ?
Taishi refers to two official positions. One is that in ancient times, Taishi, Taifu, and Taibao were called "******". Later, they were mostly given titles to senior officials to express favor and favor. In actual positions, for example, Zhao Pu and Wen Yanbo in the Song Dynasty were awarded the title of Taishi. Secondly, in ancient times, they were also called the "Third Master of the East Palace", the Prince's Taishi, the Prince's Taifu, and the Prince's Taibao. They were all teachers of the Prince. Taishi was the abbreviation of the Prince's Taishi, and later it gradually became a virtual title. For example, in "Meihua Ridge", Yan Taishi used troops to relieve Yan Zhenqing. Yan Zhenqing was once given the title of Prince Taishi, so he was called. Another example is that Zhang Juzheng in the Ming Dynasty had eight false titles, and was finally given the title of Prince and Grand Master. In the Qing Dynasty, Hong Chengchou was also given the title of Prince and Grand Master, but he never actually taught the prince.
For Tai Tu, please refer to the article "Tai Shi". One of the ancient ?******?. It also refers to one of the "Three Masters of the East Palace". For example, Jia Yi served as the teacher of the princes Changsha King and Liang Huai King, so he was named Taifu. Later, it gradually became a false title. For example, Zeng Guofan, Zeng Guoquan, Zuo Zongtang, and Li Hongzhang were all forced to give it to Taifu after their death.
Shaobao refers to two official positions. One is that in ancient times, Shaobao, Shaofu and Shaobao were called "Three Gu". Later, they gradually became empty titles, such as Wen Shaobao in "Meihua Ridge". In order to realize the great light, Dharma cicada escapes? Wen Tianxiang once served as a Shaobao official, so he was called. Secondly, in ancient times, the prince's young master, the prince's young master, and the prince's young master were called "the three young masters of the East Palace". Later, they gradually became empty titles.
The minister was originally the official in charge of documents and memorials. In the Sui Dynasty, there were no six ministries. In the Tang Dynasty, the six ministries were identified as officials, households, rituals, soldiers, punishments, and workers. Each ministry had Shangshu and Shilang as chief and deputy chiefs. For example, "The Biography of Zhang Heng": "Submit a letter to beg for the bones, and solicit worship from the minister." ?Another example is the great calligrapher Yan Zhenqing who once served as the Minister of the Ministry of Personnel, the poet Bai Juyi who once served as the Minister of the Ministry of Punishments, and Shi Kefa who once served as the Minister of the Ministry of War.
During the Wei and Jin Dynasties, bachelors were in charge of ceremonies and compiled various affairs. After the Tang Dynasty, it referred to Hanlin bachelors, who became the emperor's secretary and advisor, and participated in secrets, so they were called "internal ministers". In the Ming and Qing Dynasties, although those who served as imperial edicts, served as readers, served as lecturers, editors, and shujishi were also Hanlin bachelors, their status and responsibilities were different from those of the Hanlin bachelors in the Tang and Song Dynasties. For example, "(Guide Record) Afterword" "Xing Xing as a Bachelor of Zizheng Palace", which was the official position awarded to Wen Tianxiang after he resigned as Prime Minister; "Tan Sitong"
"Xu Gongzhi Jing recommended him as a bachelor", Xu Zhijing was appointed as a bachelor at that time He was appointed as a bachelor at the Hanlin Academy, an official position reserved for giving lectures to emperors. Bai Juyi, Ouyang Xiu, Su Shi, Sima Guang, Shen Kuo, Song Lian, etc. were all Hanlin bachelors.
Shangqing In the Zhou Dynasty official system, the emperor and the princes all had ministers, who were divided into three levels: upper, middle and lower. The most noble one was called "Shangqing". For example, "The Biography of Lian Po and Lin Xiangru": "Lian Po was a general of Zhao" and was worshiped as a minister. ?
General) was the highest title for a general in the Pre-Qin and Western Han Dynasties. For example, Emperor Gaozu of the Han Dynasty made Han Xin his general, and Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty made Wei Qing his general. After the Wei and Jin Dynasties, the title gradually became empty and had no actual duties. During the Ming and Qing dynasties, the post of general officer was established only during wars and was abolished after the war.
"The Biography of Zhang Heng" "The general Deng Zhi was so talented", Deng Zhi was the general of Emperor He of the Han Dynasty at that time.
Participating in political affairs is also referred to as "Participating in political affairs". He was one of the highest administrative officials in the Tang and Song Dynasties. Together with Tongping Zhangshi, Privy Envoy, and Deputy Envoy of Jiami, he was collectively known as "Zai Zhi". Fan Zhongyan, Ouyang Xiu, and Wang Anshi all held this position in the Song Dynasty. "Exercise thrift and show health" "Participate in politics and serve as an admonishment official", "Lu Gong" refers to Lu Zongdao during the reign of Zhenzong of the Song Dynasty. "Tan Sitong" "Those who participated in the New Deal were just like those in the Tang and Song Dynasties who participated in political affairs and fulfilled the duties of prime minister."
The Military Aircraft Department, the Minister of Military Aircraft, was a government agency that assisted the emperor in the Qing Dynasty. There is no fixed number of vacancies, and they are usually held concurrently by princes, bachelors, ministers, ministers, or ministers of the capital, who are called military ministers. There are as few as three or four ministers of military aircraft and as many as six or seven, and they are called "pivotal ministers". In the late Qing Dynasty, only Zuo Zongtang, Zhang Zhidong, Yuan Shikai and others served as military ministers for a short period of time among the Han people. "Tan Sitong" "The Minister of Military Aircraft at that time was determined to supervise and kill".
For military aircraft Zhang Jing, please refer to the article "Minister of Military Aircraft". He is a staff member of the Military Aircraft Department and an official subordinate to the Minister of Military Aircraft. He is called a "little military aircraft". "Tan Sitong": The emperor promoted Si Jingqing to the rank of military commander Zhang Jing, and participated in the New Deal together with Yang Rui, Lin Xu, and Liu Guangdi. ?
The censor was originally a historian, such as "The Biography of Lian Po and Lin Xiangru", "The Prehistoric Book of the Qin Dynasty" said, "Xiangru Gu Zhaozhao, the Yushi Book" said. After the Qin Dynasty, the imperial censor was appointed. His position was second only to the prime minister, and he was responsible for impeachment and inspecting officials' faults. Han Yu once served as the censor of supervision, and Hai Rui served as the censor of Youqiandu in Nanjing during the Ming Dynasty. Another example is the "Record of Wang Zhongsu Gong Ao's Affairs". The Duke was the censor of the capital and guarded Liaoning with a certain eunuch. Wang Ao was the chief procurator of the capital at that time.
Privy Councilor is the head of the Privy Council. In the Tang Dynasty, the position was held by eunuchs, but after the Song Dynasty, it was changed to ministers. The Privy Council is one of the highest state institutions that manages important military affairs. The power of the Privy Council is equivalent to that of the prime minister. In the Qing Dynasty, military ministers were often called "Privy Council". Ouyang Xiu in Song Dynasty served as deputy envoy to the Privy Council. "The Preface to "Guide Record"": "In addition to the right prime minister and privy envoy, I will supervise all the troops and horses." ?Wen Tianxiang was in charge of military affairs at that time.
Zuo Tu’s official name in the Chu State during the Warring States Period was comparable to that of Zuo Tu in later generations. The main responsibility is to admonish the emperor and recommend talents. "The Biography of Qu Yuan": Qu Yuan's name was Ping, the same surname as Chu. He was the left disciple of King Huai of Chu. ?
The official title of Taiwei before the Yuan Dynasty. He was the highest military officer assisting the emperor and was called Da Sima in the Han Dynasty. In the Song Dynasty, he was designated as the highest military attaché. "Lin Jiaotou Fengxueshan Temple": "Because I hated Captain Gao, I got into trouble and was framed, and I got a lawsuit." ?Gao Taiwei refers to Gao Qiu.
The official title of Shangdafu was a pre-Qin official, and he was one level lower than Qing. "The Biography of Lian Po and Lin Xiangru":? He worshiped Xiangru as a senior official. ?At that time, Lin Xiangru had a lower official position than Shangqing Lianpo.
The content of doctor refers to different things in different dynasties. Sometimes it can refer to important positions in central agencies, such as censor doctor, admonishment doctor, etc. "The Biography of Qu Yuan": "The Shangguan officials were in the same category as him. They competed for favors but their intentions were harmful to their abilities." "Shangguan Dafu" is generally believed to refer to Shangguan Jinshang. ?Zifei Sanchang Dafu? Qu Yuan served as the chief in charge of the affairs of the royal family of Zhao, Qu and Jing. "Post-Preface to "Guide Record"": Jin gentry, officials, and scholars gathered in Zuo Prime Minister's Mansion. ?Refers to the censor doctor, admonishment doctor, etc.
In the old days, scholar-bureaucrats referred to officials or intellectuals with more prestige and status. "The Master's Theory": "As a clan of scholar-bureaucrats, when someone calls him a master or a disciple, they will gather together and laugh." "The Story of Shizhong Mountain": "The scholar-bureaucrats finally refused to park their boats under the cliff at night, so no one knows." ?"Exercise thrift and show health": ?The same was true for all the scholar-bureaucrats at that time. ?"Tombstone Story of Five People":?The wise men and officials of the county invited me to be in charge. ?
Taishi was a high-status court minister during the Western Zhou and Spring and Autumn Periods. He was responsible for drafting documents, giving orders to princes and officials, recording historical events, and also taking charge of classics, calendars, sacrifices, etc. After the Qin and Han Dynasties, Taishi Ling was established, and the scope of his duties gradually became smaller and his status gradually declined. Sima Qian served as Taishi Ling. "Zhang Heng Biography": At the beginning of Emperor Shun's reign, he was transferred to Taishi Order again. ?"The Tombstones of Five People":?As a wise scholar and an official, I asked you why it was Duke Wu, Duke Wen of Taishi Wenqi, and Duke Yao of Meng Chang. ?Wenqi was compiled by the Hanlin Academy and was an official historian, so he was called Taishi.
The Chang Shi was an official subordinate to the Prime Minister during the Qin Dynasty. For example, Li Si served as the Chang Shi, which was equivalent to the Prime Minister’s secretary-general. After the Han Dynasty, he became an officer affiliated with the general and the chief of staff.
"Shishi Biao": "Shizhong, Shangshu, Changshi, Joining the Army, these are the ministers of Zhenliang's death festival." ?Changshi? refers to Zhang Yi. "Battle of Chibi": Ziyu, Liang's brother Jinye, avoided the chaos in Jiangdong and became Sun Quan's long history. ?
The minister was initially a servant of the palace. After the Eastern Han Dynasty, he became a subordinate official of Shangshu. In the Tang Dynasty, the Vice Minister was the deputy position of the ministers (Shang Shu) of the three provinces (Zhongshu, Menxia, ??and Shangshu) (see "Three Provinces and Six Ministries" for details). Han Yu once served as the minister of the Ministry of Justice, the Ministry of War, and the Ministry of Personnel. "Shi Shi Biao" "Shi Zhong, Shi Lang Guo Youzhi, Fei Yi, Dong Yun, etc.", among which Dong Yun is the Shi Lang. "Tan Sitong": On the first day of the eighth month, Yuan Shikai was summoned and the minister was given a special reward. ?Yuan Shikai is the minister of the Ministry of War.
Shi Zhong was originally one of the additional officials in addition to regular official positions. As he served the emperor, his status gradually increased and his rank surpassed that of the minister. After the Wei and Jin Dynasties, he often became the de facto prime minister. Guo Youzhi and Fei Yi mentioned in "Chu Shi Biao" are the servants.
The doctor served as a palace guard during the Warring States Period. From the Tang Dynasty to the Qing Dynasty, he became a senior official below the minister and minister, and was responsible for the affairs of various departments. For example, "Jing Ke Assassins the King of Qin": "All the men holding troops are all Your Highness Chen." ?This refers to the palace guards. "The Biography of Zhang Heng" states: "The characteristics of official vehicles are called "Langzhong", "Langzhong" is the official name for the management of chariots and riding.
The abbreviation of "joining the army" or "staff military affairs" was originally the military staff officer of the prime minister, such as "Joining the Army" Jiang Wan said in "Chu Shi Biao". After the Jin Dynasty, their status gradually declined and they became the aides of kings and generals. For example, Tao Yuanming served as a soldier in the army, and Fan Ye, the author of "Book of the Later Han", served as a soldier in the army of Liu Yikang, the fourth son of Liu Yu. After the Sui and Tang Dynasties, they gradually became local officials. For example, Du Fu served as the right guard and led the governor to join the army, and the Huazhou Sigong Cao joined the army. Bai Juyi once served as the governor of Jingzhao to join the army.
Ling Yin was the chief in charge of military and political power in the Chu State during the Warring States Period, equivalent to the prime minister. For example, "The Biography of Qu Yuan": "Ling Yin Zilan was furious when he heard about it." ?In the Ming and Qing dynasties, it referred to the county magistrate, as in "Jiu Zhi": "Heaven will reward those who have long and generous lives, so the Fu ministers and Ling Yin will also receive the favor of Ji Zhi." ?
Yin refers to the "Ling Yin" article. During the Warring States Period, the assistants of the Chu State Ling Yin were Zuo Yin and You Yin. For example, in "Hongmen Banquet"? Chu Zuo Yin Xiang Bo's?, Zuo Yin's status was slightly higher than that of You Yin. It is also a general name for ancient officials, such as Jingzhao Yin, Henan Yin, Zhou Yin, County Yin, etc. ?6?1
A military attache whose position is second to that of a general. "Chen She Family": Chen She established himself as a general and Wu Guang became a captain. ?"Hongmen Banquet": ?Pei Gong has come out, King Xiang sent the captain Chen Ping to summon Pei Gong. ?
Another name for the Qing Dynasty’s Taipusi Qing, who is in charge of the emperor’s carriages, horses and livestock. "The Tombstones of Five People": "The wise scholar and the official, the official and the minister are all because of it". This is Wu Mo's name.
The official positions of each dynasty of Sima were different. During the Warring States Period, he was the adjutant in charge of military affairs and military duties. For example, in "Hongmen Banquet": "Pei Gongzuo Sima Cao Wushang said." During the Sui and Tang Dynasties, he was an official subordinate to the governor (provincial governor) of the prefecture and county. For example, "Pipa Xing" states: In the tenth year of Yuanhe, he moved to the left to be the Sima of Jiujiang County. ?Bai Juyi was demoted to Jiujiang at that time, and was under the jurisdiction of Zhoujun Biejia and Changshi.
Jiedushi was the general manager of the military and political affairs of several states in the Tang Dynasty. Originally, they were only located in border states. Later, they were also established in the interior, resulting in a separatist situation, so they were called "fan towns" in the world. Chapter 4 of "Dream of Red Mansions": Yucun hurriedly wrote two letters to Jia Zheng and joined the Jiedu envoy Wang Ziteng in Beijing. ?
Jing Lue Shi is also referred to as "Jing Lue". During the Tang and Song Dynasties, he was the military commander of the border defense, juxtaposed with the governor. For example, Fan Zhongyan once served as deputy economic envoy of Shaanxi Province. In the Ming and Qing dynasties, when there were important military tasks, a special manager was appointed, and his official position was higher than that of the governor. For example, in "Meihua Ridge", Hong Chengchou had an old relationship with him. After Hong Chengchou was surrendered to the Qing Dynasty, he served as the governor of seven provinces and was stationed in Jiangning.
The governor was originally the name of the inspector. After the Eastern Han Dynasty, he became the highest military and political officer of the state and county, and was sometimes called the prefect. During the Tang Dynasty, Bai Juyi served as the governor of Hangzhou and Suzhou, and Liu Zongyuan served as the governor of Liuzhou.
For the governor, please refer to the article "Provincial History". Also known as "county governor", the highest chief executive of a state or county. Fan Ye once served as the prefect of Xuancheng. "Peach Blossom Spring": When he went to the county, he went to the prefect and said so. "The Peacock Flies Southeast": To put it bluntly, the prefect's family has this son. ?"Battle of Chibi": ?I have an old relationship with Wu Ju, the prefect of Cangwu, and I want to surrender to him. ?
The Commander-in-Chief, please refer to the "Jingjie" article.
The official name of a military commander or a leading general. In some dynasties, the highest local governor is also called "dudu", which is equivalent to the military governor or the governor of a state or county. For example, "The Story of Meihua Ridge": The governor Min Yu and the generals Liu Dudu Zhaoji and others all died. ?Liu Zhaoji is the military commander stationed at the local guard station.
In the early Ming Dynasty, the governor referred officials from the capital to inspect local areas. In the Qing Dynasty, he officially became a provincial governor, with a status slightly lower than that of the governor. He was also known as "Fuyuan", "Futai", and "Fujun". For example, "Tombstone Notes of Five People": "At that time, the person who used Dazhong Cheng to care for Wu was the private person of Wei." ? Fu Wu means serving as the governor of Wu.
For Fujun, see "Governor". "Promoting Weaving": "The reward is rewarded and presented to the Fu army." ?The Fu army was overjoyed and entered with a golden cage. Also known as "Fu Chen", for example, "The imperial edict bestowed upon Fu Chen the name Ma Yi Satin".
During the Han Dynasty, the rank of lieutenant was an official position second to that of general. For example, in "The Battle of Red Cliff": "Lu Su is praised as the military captain." ?Lu Su served as the deputy general assisting the coach Zhou Yu in planning military affairs. After the Tang Dynasty, his status gradually declined.
Teacher was an officer who taught martial arts in the Song Dynasty army. Lin Chong in "Water Margin" was the gun and stick instructor of the 800,000 forbidden troops in the capital.
It refers to the official name of the military attache of the prefectures and counties in the Song Dynasty, who was responsible for training the army, supervising and arresting thieves and other matters. For example, Lu Tiha and Lu Zhishen in "Water Margin".
Staff members appointed by the central government or local governors are also called "employees". "Battle of Chibi": He won his fame and position without losing his job under Cao Cao. ?
The prefect is the prefect, also known as the prefect. "The Record of Climbing Mount Tai": It was the end of the month, and I climbed up from the southern foot with the prefect Zhu Xiaochun and his son Ying. ?
The county magistrate is the chief executive of a county, also known as the "magistrate". "The Peacock Flies Southeast": More than ten days after returning home, the county magistrate sent a matchmaker. ?
Li Zheng, an ancient township official, is one mile long. For example, "Promoting Weaving": "Orders should be corrected with responsibility." ?
Lixu manages the affairs of the township. "Promoting Weaving": "Lixu is cunning, and if you pretend to be a master, you will get a small mouth." ?
The three provinces and six ministries are Zhongshu Province, Menxia Province and Shangshu Province. During the Sui and Tang Dynasties, the three provinces were the highest government agencies. Generally, the Zhongshu was in charge of decision-making, the subordinates were in charge of deliberation, and the Shangshu was in charge of execution. The chief officials of the three provinces were all prime ministers. The governor of Zhongshu Province is called Zhongshu Ling, and he has the official title of Zhongshu Shilang, Zhongshu Sheren, etc.; the governor of Zhongshu Province is called Shizhong, and he has the title of Shizhong, and he has the title of Shizhong, and he has the rank of minister; the governor of Shangshu Province is Shangshu Ling, and he has left and right servants. Shooting and other official positions. The Shangshu Province has six departments: the Ministry of Personnel (in charge of the appointment, removal and assessment of officials, etc., equivalent to the current Organization Department), the Ministry of Husbandry (in charge of land and household registration, taxation and finance, etc.), the Ministry of Rites (in charge of ceremonies, imperial examinations, schools, etc.), and the Ministry of War (in charge of ceremonies, imperial examinations, schools, etc.) In charge of the military, equivalent to the current Ministry of National Defense), the Ministry of Punishment (in charge of justice, prisons, and prisons, equivalent to the current Ministry of Justice), and the Ministry of Industry (in charge of engineering construction, farmland, water conservancy, etc.). Each minister is called Shangshu, and his deputy is called Shilang. He has the following official positions: Langzhong, Yuanwailang, and Chief. The Six-Ministry System was implemented from the Sui and Tang Dynasties and continued until the end of the Qing Dynasty.
After the emergence of the three-province-six-ministry system for the appointment, promotion and removal of official positions, the promotion, appointment and removal of officials were controlled by the Ministry of Personnel. The following words are commonly used in the appointment, dismissal, promotion and demotion of official positions:
(1) Bye. Use certain etiquette to confer a certain official position or title. For example, in "(Guide Record gt; Afterword)" "So I resigned from the prime minister's seal but did not worship", that is, I did not accept the prime minister's seal and did not take office.
(2) Except. Paying homage to the official, such as "To remove the Prime Minister and the Privy Council?" ("Exclusion" in a sentence of "(Guide Record gt; Preface)" means to grant official positions.
(3) Promotion. Promotion of official positions, such as " "Warring States Policy" 6 "Yan Policy": The former king promoted him among the guests and established him above the ministers. ?
(4) Transfer of official positions, including promotion and demotion. To make it easier to distinguish, people often add a word before or after the word "qian". Upgrade is called "transfer", "transfer", "transfer", downgrade is called "qianqie", "relegation", "left move", and "flat" is called "transfer". Transfer is called transfer, transfer, transfer, and transfer to the original position after resignation is called relegation. Demotion or transfer to a remote area. "Yueyang Tower"? Teng Zijing was relegated to Ba. "Relegation" in Lingjun means demotion.
(6) "Depose" and "dismissal", "dismissal", and "deprivation" all refer to removal from official position. Shen was born and established Xi Qi.
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(7) Go. There are three types of dismissal: resignation, transfer and dismissal. Resignation and transfer are general situations and adjustments to official positions, while removal from office is a reduction of positions for the people.
(8) Begging for bones. When he got old, he asked to resign and retire. For example, "The Biography of Zhang Heng" said: After three years of service, he submitted a letter begging for his bones and worshiped the minister. ?