The first machine that can really be called a computer was born in the United States in 1946. It was invented by Mao Qili and eckert, and its name is ENIAC. This computer uses vacuum tubes to process signals, so it is huge (occupying one room) and consumes high power (everyone in the town knows when to use it, because the lights in every household are dimmed! ), and the memory capacity is very low (only 100 words), but it is already a great progress in human science and technology. And we usually call this kind of computer using vacuum tube the first generation computer.
The first generation computers were as big as two classrooms and much smaller than the personal computers we usually use now. At that time, the computer part was a vacuum tube (now I can't find it), and what was archived was punch cards. Without the design concept of predecessors and the invention of computers, it is still difficult to define who invented computers.
In the mid-1940s, the Department of Electrical Engineering of the University of Pennsylvania, under the leadership of Molic and eckert, developed an "Electronic Numerical Integration and Computer" (ENIAC for short) for projectile trajectory calculation in the Aberdeen Research Laboratory of the US Army Ordnance Department. This computer named "Eniac" covers an area of 170 square meters and has a total weight of 30 tons. It uses 18000 lamps, 6000 switches, 7000 resistors, 10000 capacitors, 500000 wires, and consumes 140 kW, which can be added for 5000 times. This behemoth appeared in the United States on February 1946. The appearance of this computer marks the beginning of the computer age.
Therefore, the invention of the computer is the result of the joint efforts of a group of scientific researchers, but the design idea of mathematician von Neumann played a key role in it, so von Neumann is called the father of modern computers. The invention of the pen for thousands of years, human beings have been leaving their own traces. Some pictures of people and animals in caves are at least 25,000 years old. However, the time for humans to record history with pens is much shorter. The development of pen-making technology in the past two thousand years is the best embodiment of human creative thinking.
2000 BC: People in China write with a brush made of mouse hair. This ink is a mixture of soot, lamp oil and gel.
BC 1200: The Egyptians extracted natural dyes and colors from berries, plants and minerals to make black water. This pen is a thin reed. 600 years later, the Egyptians invented papyrus.
AD 400: Many civilized societies invented more stable ink. It is made of iron salt, oak bile and gum Arabic. This basic formula has been used for centuries.
AD 700: The Romans invented quill pens, using feathers from the wings of big birds. Feather pen became the main writing tool in the later 1000.
1548: Juan de Iciar, a Spanish calligrapher, mentioned bronze pens for the first time in his calligraphy manual.
1700: Nicolas Bion (a master of musical instrument making in Louis XIV's France) first left drawings for fountain pens. He has five pens handed down from generation to generation.
1803: British engineer Brian Jintang obtained the patent for the first steel nib.
1809: Peggy Williamson obtained the patent for pen making for the first time in the United States, which is a fountain pen with ink in the pen tube. However, his design has many defects.
1830: British steelworkers william joseph Gillot, william mitchell and James Stephen Perry invented the method of mass production of nib. Due to the improvement of steel quality in the next 20 years, fewer and fewer people use quill pens.
1884: Lewis Edersen wortmann, an insurance salesman in new york, invented the first practical fountain pen after losing an important customer because the pen was broken.
1888: John Lauder of weymouth, Massachusetts, USA obtained the patent for the first ballpoint pen, but it was not mass-produced until the patent expired.
In the first decade of the 20th century, four pen manufacturers dominated the market, namely Parker, Xifeili, Will Yongfeng and Liverman.
19 12: Xifeili Pen Co., Ltd. added a pull rod water absorption device to the pen tube of fountain pen. Before this, people used droppers to add ink to fountain pens.
1935: Wolman introduced the ink bag, which was a small glass tube with a cork at that time.
1938: Hungarian journalist László Bíró and his brother Georg invented the first practical ballpoint pen. It uses printing ink that can be dried quickly. The British government later allowed them to make ballpoint pens for British Air Force pilots. Ballpoint pens do not leak oil at high altitude, while fountain pens leak oil.
1945: Milton Reynolds, a Chicago businessman, redesigned Biro's invention and introduced it to the United States. Biro's invention was not patented in America at that time. Yongfeng Company, which owns the patent right of Biro's invention, soon put their products on the market. The new fountain pen caused a sensation and sold well.
1950: French baron Marcel Bisch founded BIC company. His company is good at mass production of ballpoint pens. (Today, the bicycle company is the largest pen-making company in the world, selling 2,654,380,000 pens every day and 7.6 billion pens a year. )
195 1 year: after the initial craze, the public found that ballpoint pens were expensive and unreliable. The sales of ballpoint pens dropped sharply. The pen is back.
1954: Parker Pen Company launched a "notebook" ballpoint pen. This more reliable new ballpoint pen takes five times as long as the most popular similar products. Sales of ballpoint pens have picked up again.
1962: Tomiiki Horie of Tokyo Stationery Company is famous for inventing felt-tip pens.
1966: Fisher invented the space pen for NASA. The ink bag of this pen is pressurized and can write in weightlessness.
1979: Gillette has introduced a new type of pen, which can erase words within 10 hour. The key is to use rubber glue as ink.
1984: Japan Sakura Company introduced neutral ink pen, which is an intermediate product of ballpoint pen and marker pen, and uses neutral pen.
1996: Pentel Company of the United States introduced "Milkys" neutral ink pen, which was deeply loved by American children.