In fact, the comparative study of history has appeared since the birth of history. Classical historians such as Herodotus and Tacitus all used the method of comparison in their works, and modern historians also made vertical and horizontal comparisons of different nationalities in history to varying degrees to illustrate their huge ideological system.
Comte regards comparative study as a main method to explore the law of social and historical development, and lists three ways of comparative study, which is the earliest theoretical exploration of historical comparative method. But it was not until the beginning of the 20th century that comparative study really formed an independent and systematic school of historiography.
Comparison between World History and China History When you study history in middle school, China history and world history are studied separately, especially when you study China history, you always compare it with yourself vertically behind closed doors, and rarely compare it horizontally. I have long wanted to make a comparison table of China/world historical chronology, and I really want to find out to what extent China people are awesome in world history, and what people in other parts of the world were doing when those big events happened in China.
When it comes to the history of China, it is always said that Qin, Han, Tang, Song, Yuan and Ming dynasties are not used to clearly marking time. It is difficult for ordinary people to make an intuitive comparison in the world historical coordinates, and it is also unclear what people are doing at the same time and what level we are at at the same time. When we are proud, we always feel insecure. On the whole, the proud should be proud of the light, even if they are average or backward, they should not be conceited. This watch is still very rough, and some lines posted here don't match. If we have time in the future, we should make a good classification and make a horizontal comparison from five aspects: people, things, things, technology and art. This is a very interesting job. For example, I found out yesterday that Tang Bohu, a romantic genius in China in the Ming Dynasty, Zhu Yunming, Wen Zhiming and Xu Zhenqing, who were also called the four great talents with Wuzhong, lived in the same era as Da Vinci, Michelangelo and Raphael in the European Renaissance. Tang Bohu was two years older than Michelangelo and Tang Bohu died four years after Raphael's death. Ma Zhiyuan, a zaju writer who wrote "The Thin Man in the Ancient Road and the West Wind" in the Yuan Dynasty, and Dante, an Italian poet who wrote "The Divine Comedy", died in the same year-1321. When Cao Xueqin was writing A Dream of Red Mansions, Voltaire was writing Honest Man or Optimistic and Naive Man. For example, when the Romance of the Three Kingdoms in China was in full swing, Europe was at war. At that time, a slave uprising broke out in Rome, known as crisis of the third century in history. The economy nearly collapsed, the population plummeted, agriculture stagnated, commerce languished, various warlords scuffled, and imperial power existed in name only. Isn't this similar to the situation in the same period of the Eastern Han Dynasty? For another example, during the Zhenguan period of China Tang Dynasty, Japan was undergoing great changes, strengthening centralization and promoting national unity, and Japan entered the feudal society from then on. To make such a comparison is to see the level of China people in world history and the national quality of China people.
Here are the details of the comparison you want.
What is comparative history? Comparative historiography is a comparative study of history, which is a method to deepen, expand and verify the understanding of history by comparing two or more historical phenomena.
In fact, the comparative study of history has appeared since the birth of fate. Classical historians such as Herodotus and Tacitus all used the method of comparison in their works, and modern historians also made vertical and horizontal comparisons of different nationalities in history to varying degrees, and explained their huge ideological system through comparison. Comte regards comparative study as a main method to explore the law of social and historical development, and lists three ways of comparative study, which is the earliest theoretical exploration of historical comparative method.
But it was not until the beginning of the 20th century that comparative study really formed an independent and systematic school of historiography.
China Historical Table A.D. Comparative Table of Chinese Historical Dynasties, The capital city to today's summer is about the end of the 22nd century-about 65,438+the beginning of the 6th century. Anyi Shanxi Xiaxian Yangzhai Henan Yuxian Merchants ① about 65,438+the 6th century-about 1 century Bohai Henan Shangqiu Yinhe Henan Anyang Zhou1century-Qian 7 1 ② Haojing Shaanxi Anton Zhou Qian 770-. Chengdu Wu 222-280 Jianye Jiangsu Nanjing Western Jin 265-3 17 Luoyang Henan Luoyang Sixteen Countries 3 17-420 Jiankang Jiangsu Nanjing Sixteen Countries 4304-439 —— Southern Song Dynasty 420-479 Jiankang Jiangsu Nanjing Qi 479-502 Jiankang Jiangsu Nanjing Liang 502-557 Jiankang Jiangsu Nanjing. Chen 557-589 Jiankang Jiangsu Nanjing Northern Dynasties Northern Wei 386-534 Pingcheng Shanxi Datong Luoyang Henan Luoyang Dongwei 534-550 Ye Hebei Linzhang Beiqi 550-577 Ye Hebei Linzhang Western Wei 535-557 Chang 'an Shaanxi Anbei Zhou 557-58 1 KLOC-0/-6/KLOC. Daxing Shaanxi xi 'antang 6 18-907 Changan Shaanxi Xi 'an Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms Back Beam 907-923 Bian Henan Kaifeng Houtang 923-936 Luoyang Henan Luoyang Houjin 936-946 Bian Henan Kaifeng Houhan 947-950 Bian Henan Kaifeng Houzhou 95 1-960 Bian. Song and Northern Song Dynasty 960- 1 127 Kaifeng Henan Kaifeng Southern Song Dynasty127-1279 Lin 'an Zhejiang Hangzhou Liao 907- 1 125 Huang Du (Shangjing) Balin Right Banner, Liaoning. 38+0115-1234 Huining Acheng (Heilongjiang) is both Beijing Kaifeng Henan Kaifeng Yuan 1206- 1368 Metropolitan Beijing Ming1368-/kloc-0.
Note: ① About14th century BC, Pan Geng moved its capital to Yin, and later it became Yin. ② 84 BC1(* * and the first year of the Western Zhou Dynasty) is the exact date in the history of China.
③ Including the "new" dynasty established by Wang Mang (8-23 AD). During the period of Wang Mang, a large-scale peasant uprising broke out and a peasant regime was established.
In 23 AD, the new Wang Mang regime perished. In 25 AD, the Eastern Han Dynasty was established.
④ During this period, some feudal regimes appeared in northern China, including Han (former Zhao), Cheng (Cheng Han), Hou Zhao (Wei), Qian Qin, Hou Yan, Hou Qin, Xi Qin, Nan Liang, Bei Liang, Southern Yan, Xi Liang, Bei Yan and Xia. ⑤ During this period in history, there were some feudal regimes, including Wu, wuyue, Chu, Fujian, Southern Han, Jingnan (Nanping), Houshu, Southern Tang and Northern Han, which were called "Ten Kingdoms" in history.
Chinese historical dynasties are Xia, Shang, Zhou, Qin, Han, Three Kingdoms, Western Jin, Eastern Jin, 16, Southern and Northern Dynasties, Sui, Tang, Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms, Song, Liao, Xixia, Jin, Yuan, Ming, Qing and People's Republic of China (PRC).
A brief comparison table of Chinese historical dynasties in A.D.
From the beginning to the end of the dynasty, the capital is today.
Xia county, Anyi, Shanxi, from the end of 22nd century BC to the beginning of16th century BC.
Yangzhai, Yuxian County, Henan Province
Shang (1) BC16th century BC-BC110th century Bohe Shangqiu people.
Yinhe Henan Anyang
Western Zhou Dynasty 1 1 Century -77 1② Anhao Well in Xi 'an, Shaanxi.
770 BC-256 BC Luoyi, Luoyang, Henan Province
Qin Qian 221-Qian 206 Xianyang, Shaanxi
206 BC-25 AD, xi 'an, Chang 'an, Shaanxi.
Eastern Han Dynasty 25-220 Luoyang, Luoyang, Henan
Three Kingdoms Wei 220-265 Luoyang, Luoyang, Henan
Shudu 22 1-263 Chengdu, Sichuan
Wu 222-280 Jianye in Nanjing, Jiangsu Province
Luoyang in the Western Jin Dynasty 265-3 17 Luoyang, Henan Province
Eastern Jin Dynasty (3 17-420)
Sixteen countries in the Eastern Jin Dynasty 3 17-420 Jiankang Jiangsu Nanjing
Sixteen countries ④ 304-439-
Southern Song Jiankang 420-479 Nanjing, Jiangsu
Jiankangqi 479-502, Nanjing, Jiangsu
Liang Jiangsu Nanjing Jiankang 502-557
Jiangsu Nanjing Jiankang Chen 557-589
Northern Dynasties Northern Wei Dynasty 386-534 Pingcheng Shanxi Datong
Luoyang, Henan Luoyang
East Wei 534-550 leaves Linzhang, Hebei Province
BAIC 550-577 Ye Hebei Linzhang
Western Wei 535-557 Chang 'an Shaanxi xi 'an
Beizhou 557-58 1 xi 'an, Chang 'an, Shaanxi
Sui 58 1-6 18 Daxing 'an, Shaanxi Province
Tang 6 18-907 Chang 'an, Shaanxi
the Five Dynasties
No.907-923, Kaifeng, Bianhe, Hou Liang, Shiguo
Luoyang, Late Tang Dynasty 923-936 Luoyang Henan
Houjin 936-946 Bianhe Kaifeng
No.947-950 Houhan Road, Bianhe District, Kaifeng City, Henan Province
Later Zhou 95 1-960 Bianhe Kaifeng
Ten countries ⑤ 902-979-
Song and Northern Song Dynasties 960- 1 127 Kaifeng, Henan Province
Southern Song Dynasty 1 127- 1279 Lin 'an, Hangzhou, Zhejiang
Liao 907- 1 125 Huang Du
(Shangjing) Liaoning
Bairin Right Banner
Xixia 1038- 1227 Xingqingfu Yinchuan Ningxia
Jin1115-1234 Acheng, Huining (Heilongjiang)
Zhongdu Beijing
Kaifeng, Henan Kaifeng
Yuan 1206- 1368 Metropolitan Beijing
Beijing Ming 1368- 1644 Beijing
Qing1616-1911beijing beijing.
Republic of China 19 12- 1949 Nanjing, Jiangsu
People's Republic of China (PRC) was established on * * * 1949 10/0/0/0 1 day, and its capital is Beijing.
note:
(1) About14th century BC, Pan Geng moved the capital to Yin, and later Shang Dynasty became Yin.
② 84 BC1(* * and the first year of the Western Zhou Dynasty) is the exact date in the history of China.
③ Including the "new" dynasty established by Wang Mang (8-23 AD). During the period of Wang Mang, a large-scale peasant uprising broke out and a peasant regime was established. In 23 AD, the new Wang Mang regime perished. In 25 AD, the Eastern Han Dynasty was established.
④ During this period, some feudal regimes appeared in northern China, including Han (former Zhao), Cheng (Cheng Han), Hou Zhao (Wei), Qian Qin, Hou Yan, Hou Qin, Xi Qin, Nan Liang, Bei Liang, Southern Yan, Xi Liang, Bei Yan and Xia. Historically,
⑤ During this period, besides the later Tang Dynasty, the later Jin Dynasty, the later Han Dynasty and the later Zhou Dynasty, there were also some feudal regimes, including Wu, wuyue, Chu, Fujian, Southern Han Dynasty, Jingnan (Nanping), Houshu, Southern Tang Dynasty and Northern Han Dynasty, which were called "Ten Kingdoms" in history.
A brief list of dynasties in China's history
From the beginning to the end of the dynasty, the capital is today.
From the end of the 22nd century BC to the beginning of the 6th century BC/KLOC-0, Xia County in Anyi, Shanxi Province died in Shang Dynasty.
Yangzhai, Yuxian County, Henan Province
Shang (1) BC16th century-BC1/10th century, a native of Shangqiu, Bohe, died in the Zhou Dynasty.
Yinhe Henan Anyang
Western Zhou Dynasty 1 1 Century -77 1② Hao Jing xi 'an (died in Rong Da) moved eastward.
Luoyang and Luoyi in Henan Province died in the Qin Dynasty from 770 BC to 256 BC.
Before Qin dynasty, 221-before Qin dynasty, Xianyang died in Xianyang, Shaanxi province in 206.
Han and the Western Han Dynasty (3) Chang 'an, Shaanxi Province, died in the Han Dynasty from 206 BC to 25 AD.
Luoyang, Henan, Wei died in the Eastern Han Dynasty from 25 to 220.
Three Kingdoms Wei 220-265 Luoyang Henan Luoyang died in Jin.
Shu 22 1-263 Chengdu Sichuan Chengdu died in Wei.
Wu 222-280 Jianye Jiangsu Nanjing died in Jin.
265-3 17 Luoyang Henan Luoyang died in Zhao.
Eastern Jin Dynasty (3 17-420)
Sixteen countries in the Eastern Jin Dynasty 3 17-420 Jiankang Jiangsu Nanjing died in the Song Dynasty.
Sixteen countries ④ 304-439-
In 420-479, people from Nanjing, Jiangsu Province died in Qi.
Qi 479-502 Jiankang Jiangsu Nanjing died in Liang.
Liang 502-557 Jiangsu Jiankang Nanjing Diechen.
Chen 557-589 Jiankang died in the Sui Dynasty in Nanjing, Jiangsu.
Northern Dynasties Northern Wei Dynasty 386-534 Pingcheng Shanxi Datong was divided into East and West Wei Dynasties.
Luoyang, Henan Luoyang
In the Eastern Wei Dynasty, Linzhang, Hebei Province died in Qi from 534 to 550.
Ye died in Linzhang, Hebei Province in 550-577.
Western Wei Dynasty 535-557 Chang 'an Shaanxi xi 'an died in the Zhou Dynasty.
Northern Zhou 557-58 1 Chang' an xi' an in Shaanxi died in the Sui Dynasty.
Sui 58 1-6 18 Daxing Shaanxi died in the Tang Dynasty.
Tang 6 18-907 Chang 'an, Shaanxi Province died of illness.
The Houliang of Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms 907-923 Bianhe Kaifeng died in the later Tang Dynasty.
Luoyang, Henan Province, died in the Jin Dynasty from 923 to 936 in the late Tang Dynasty.
In 936-946, Bian, a man from the south of Henan, died in Qidan.
947-950 Bian, a man from the south of Henan, died in the later Zhou Dynasty.
Later Zhou Dynasty, 95 1-960 Bianhe died in Kaifeng and Song Dynasty.
Ten countries ⑤ 902-979-
Song and Northern Song Dynasties 960- 1 127 He Nanfeng died in Jin.
Southern Song Dynasty 1 127- 1279 Lin 'an, Zhejiang Province died in the Yuan Dynasty.
Liao 907- 1 125 All the emperors died of gold.
(Shangjing) Liaoning
Bairin Right Banner
Xixia 1038- 1227 Yinchuan Ningxia in Xingqing Prefecture died in Mongolia.
Jin1115-1234 Acheng, Huining (Heilongjiang) died in Mongolia.
Zhongdu Beijing
Kaifeng, Henan Kaifeng
Yuan 1206- 1368 Metropolitan Beijing was defeated in 1368, split in 1543, and fell to Qing Dynasty after 1600.
Ming 1368- 1644 beijing beijing (Nanjing, Jiangsu) died in the Qing Dynasty.
Qing1616-191beijing beijing (Huang taiji moved to Shengjing, Shenyang, Liaoning) (Shunzhi went to Beijing) died in the Republic of China.
Republic of China 19 12- 1949 Nanjing
People's Republic of China (PRC) 1949, 10,1-the capital of Beijing today.
Chinese historical dynasty formula
I. Tang Yao, Yu Shun, Xia, Shang and Zhou Dynasties, Spring and Autumn Period and Warring States Period.
Qin, Han and Jin dynasties were unified, and the southern dynasties were enemies.
Sui, Tang, Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms, Song, Yuan, Ming and Qing emperors rested.
B Xia Shang, Western Zhou and Eastern Zhou are divided into two districts.
The Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period unified Qin and Han Dynasties.
Wei Shuwu was divided into three parts, and the rulers extended back and forth.
The Northern and Southern Dynasties coexisted, and the Sui, Tang and Five Dynasties passed on.
After Song, Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties, the dynasty ended here.
Do you want China or a foreign country? I have China's
? ~ About 2070 years ago, tribal melee in primitive society ~1600 years ago, Xia Dynasty 1600 ~ 1046 years ago, Shang Dynasty1046 ~ 77/kloc-0 years ago, Western Zhou Dynasty, 770 ~ 256 years ago, Eastern Zhou Dynasty. 475 BC-2265438 BC +0 years, Warring States 3 16 -420 Eastern Jin 304-439 Sixteen Countries 420-589 Southern and Northern Dynasties 58 1~6 18 Sui Dynasty 6 18~907 Tang Dynasty 907. 5-year Liao dynasty1115-1234 Jin dynasty 1260~ 1368 Yuan dynasty 1368~ 1644 Ming dynasty.
Write the corresponding historical figures, Xiang Yu and Liu Bang under siege. Xiang Yu and Liu Bang originally agreed to take the east and west of the gorge (in present-day Rongxian County, Jia Luhe) as the boundary, and they did not invade each other.
Later, Liu Bang followed the advice of Sean and Chen Ping, and thought that Xiang Yu should be destroyed when he was weak. Then he chased Xiang Yu's army with Han Xin, Peng Yue and Liu Jia, and chased Pengcheng (now Xuzhou, Jiangsu) eastward. Finally, several layers of troops were arranged to tightly surround Xiang Yu (in the southeast of Lingbi County, Anhui Province).
At this time, Xiang Yu's soldiers were few and there was no food. In the evening, he was very surprised to hear the troops around him singing Chu folk songs and said, "Is Liu Bang banned? Why are there so many Chu people in his army? " Without fighting spirit, he got out of bed, drank in the camp and sang with his favorite concubine, concubine Yu.
After singing, I cried, and the people on the side were also very sad, and they all felt that they could not lift their heads. Yu Ji committed suicide in front of Xiang Yu's horse. Xiang Yu's hero died in battle, came to the Wujiang River with the only remaining soldiers, and finally committed suicide by the river.
Because there is a story in this story that Xiang Yu was surprised to hear the songs of Chu songs around him, and then failed to commit suicide, people later used "besieged on all sides" to describe the personnel environment where people were attacked or persecuted from all directions, resulting in an embarrassing situation of isolation and helplessness. Anyone caught in this situation often has a tragic fate. For example, some people are idle because they often associate with bad people. But later, the bad guys forced him to make a living. When he asks others for help, others should treat him as a bad person on weekdays, and never sympathize with him or ignore him. This man's situation is "besieged on all sides".
Another example is that when the school discusses academic issues, students are ignorant (idioms, meaning no academics), irresponsible and confuse right and wrong. When students rise up and attack, students are completely isolated. This can also be called "besieged on all sides". In the process of our life, in our daily life, we should be a good person and do things in a down-to-earth manner. If we make a mistake, we will suffer from all sides.
The last stop was Han Xin, a native of Huaiyin (now southwest of Qingjiang River in Jiangsu Province). He is a general under Hanwang Liu Bang.
In order to defeat Xiang Yu and seize the world, he made a plan for Liu Bang, first capturing Guanzhong, then crossing the Yellow River eastward, defeating and capturing Wei who betrayed Liu Bang and surrendered to Xiang Yu, and then eastward attacking Zhao Wangxie. Han Xin's troops will pass through a narrow mountain pass called Jingxingkou.
Li Zuojun, the counselor of the Prince of Zhao, advocated sending troops to cut corners while blocking the mouth of Jingxing to cut off the supplies of the Han army. Without backup, Han Xin's expeditionary force will surely fail. But General Chen Yu refused to listen, relying on his military superiority, and insisted on fighting the Han army head-on. Han Xin was very happy when he learned that.
He ordered the troops to camp 30 miles away from Jingxing, and in the middle of the night, let the soldiers have some snacks and let them eat after winning the battle. Later, he sent 2,000 Qingqi to sneak forward from the path and let them rush into Zhao's camp quickly after Zhao left the camp and hang the Han flag. Another 10,000 soldiers were sent to deliberately turn their backs on the river to lure Zhao.
At dawn, Han Xin led the army to attack, and the two sides fought fiercely. Soon, the Han army defeated the backwater position for a pretence, and all Zhao troops left the camp and came to pursue.
At this time, Han Xin ordered the main attack, and the soldiers who had no retreat turned around and pounced on the enemy. Zhao can't win and is going back to camp. Suddenly, the flag of the Han army was planted in the camp, and he fled everywhere.
The Han army pursued the victory and won a total victory. When celebrating the victory, the generals asked Han Xin, "According to the art of war, this array can carry mountains on its back and face the water. Now you've asked us to line up in last stand, and you've said that you're going to give Zhao a full meal. We didn't believe it at the time, but we really won. What kind of strategy is this? " Han Xin smiled and said, "This is something in the art of war, but you didn't notice it.
Didn't Sun Tzu's Art of War say,' You will be born when you are trapped, and then you will live'? If there is a way out, and the soldiers have escaped, how can we make them desperate! "This story evolved from the idiom" the last battle ",which is mostly used in military operations and can also be used in actions with the nature of" decisive battle ". Wang Xizhi's calligraphy is the best in ancient and modern times. His calligraphy is vigorous and beautiful, combining rigidity with softness, which is unparalleled by later generations.
So many people who study calligraphy take his handwriting as a model. At present, his most famous books and posts are Preface to Lanting Collection and Huang Tingjing.
Although Wang Xizhi's handwriting is so good, it has something to do with his talent, but the most important thing is his hard work. In order to practice his handwriting well, whether he is resting or walking, he always thinks about the structure of the font, imitates the shelf and momentum of the word, and keeps paddling his fingers on his skirt.
So after a long time, even my clothes were cut. He used to practice calligraphy by the pond, and every time he finished writing, he washed his pen and inkstone in the pond.
After a long time, the water in the whole pond turned black. It can be seen that he has made great efforts in practicing calligraphy.
It is said that he loves geese very much and often watches them swim around in the river in a daze. Later, he realized the principle of brush strokes from the movements of geese, which was of great help to his calligraphy skills. Once, he went to a Taoist temple to play, and when he saw a group of geese were lovely, he asked the Taoist priest to sell them to him.
The Taoist priest in Guanli admired his calligraphy for a long time and asked him to write a copy of Huang Tingjing in exchange. Wang Xizhi liked those geese very much and agreed.
So Wang Xizhi wrote a poem "Huang Ting Jing" for Guan Li, and the Taoist gave him all those geese. On another occasion, the emperor went to the northern suburbs to offer sacrifices, and asked Wang Xizhi to write his congratulatory message on a board, and then sent workers to carve it.
The sculptor was very surprised when he carved. Wang Xizhi's calligraphy and brushwork actually penetrated into the wood for more than three points. He praised: "The words of the general of the right army are really incisive!" When Zu Ti was young, he was very ambitious. Every time I talk to my good friend Liu Kun about the current situation, he is always impassioned and indignant.
In order to serve the country, as soon as they heard the cock crow in the middle of the night, they got up in clothes, drew their swords and practiced martial arts, and worked hard. This is the origin of the idiom "smell the chicken dancing".
Zu Ti in Jin Dynasty was an open-minded and ambitious person. But he ...