In the face of the three characteristics of sinicization and Manchu, the fate of the rapid decline of aliens in the Central Plains was avoided.

Xianbei, Khitan and Nuzhen who entered the Han Dynasty were integrated into the Han nationality after accepting the sinicization, and the Mongols who refused the sinicization were driven back to the grassland to herd sheep. Aliens who enter the Central Plains seem to be unable to escape their fate-if they are sinicized, they will lose themselves, and if they are not sinicized, they will be expelled. Nuzhen had been in contact with * * * for 200 years before Nurhachi established the late Jin Dynasty in 16 16. Every time the market is opened, "domestic products are more fertile, and domestic products are happy when they lose." Both sides have their own places, do not interfere with each other and continue their original lives. However, after the late Jin regime moved to Liaodong, it occupied more and more land. Jurchen had to rely on * * * farmers to cultivate land, use * * * craftsmen to repair houses, and enable * * * officials to participate in administration. Unconsciously, the lifestyle of * * * is full of late Jin, and the history of foreigners being sinicized seems to repeat itself. Nurhachi was born a slave and semi-illiterate. With a sense of inferiority, he distrusted * *, went crazy in his later years, and ordered to "kill all * * *" literati, which almost destroyed the ruling foundation of the late Jin Dynasty. Fortunately, his successor is Huang Taiji-unfortunately for the Han nationality-a learner of China culture. He read the History of the Three Kingdoms from Mencius and organized people to translate the history books of Liao, Jin, Song and Yuan. Huang Taiji used * * *, and Fan Wencheng, Hong Chengchou, Zu Dashou and Ss Wang all made great contributions to the Qing Dynasty. He established the Eight Banners Official School, and all aristocratic children over 8 years old should learn Chinese to improve the cultural level of Manchu rulers. At the same time, the degree of sinicization is deepening. When the nobles began to write to Huang Taiji, asking him to change into Hanfu, Khan realized Jin Shizong's concern. He lamented that "Liao, Jin and Yuan in the past did not live in their own country, but entered the Han Dynasty. After several generations, I have become accustomed to the customs of China, which is deeply worrying. " So he called the nuzhen nobles, read the Biography of Jin Shizong, and told the history of the localization of nuzhen in the Jin Dynasty, as a warning. Huang taiji understood that the development of the late Jin Dynasty must rely on the wisdom of * * *, but at the same time, he should try his best to maintain his own characteristics. He set the following tone for sinicization: advocate Mandarin (Manchu), do not abandon riding and shooting, do not change clothes, and prohibit luxury. Although Manchu cavalry was as brave and skillful as other nomads, and Huang Taiji was aware of the erosion of Manchu culture by China, his countermeasures were not better than Jin Shizong's, but they were just the same old tune. In my opinion, the Manchu dynasty was able to escape the fate of weak localization and continue the country for nearly 300 years because the rulers of the Qing dynasty had three outstanding characteristics. The militaristic rulers of the Qing Dynasty were keenly aware that foreigners who entered the Central Plains lost their courage and indulged in the world of flowers and flowers, and both often happened at the same time. In order to maintain the spirit of martial arts, the Qing emperor set an example, personally collected, traveled around the country, and tirelessly ran around, never "squatting at home" like Ming Di. For example, Emperor Kangxi personally marched into Mobei, made six southern tours, and 41 times Mulan prayed for immortality (note 1). Every time, an army of12,000 men was sent to hunt 4,000 soldiers in three classes, accompanied by Manchu imperial clan and ministers, in order to hunt and train the army and deter Mongolia. Those who perform well in hunting are rewarded, appointed or promoted, and those who do not fight bravely are severely punished. According to statistics, Kangxi hunted tigers 135, bears 20, wolves 96, leopards 25 and countless deer in his life. Lang Shining's "Shooting the Hunting Map" Other Manchu people who entered the customs from the Dragon were assigned to more than 20 strategic locations across the country, relying on the original urban areas to build cities in the city. Only Manchu people live there, and * * * is not allowed to enter without a reason, so it is called "the city". The city defense is directly controlled by the local garrison generals. If Manchu has no task, it is not allowed to leave the city for more than 20 miles (Note 2), otherwise it will be punished as the crime of evading the flag. Banners and their families who live in the whole city are not allowed to marry in order to avoid the habit of "catching * * *". Manchu soldiers practice regularly, and young men who have not joined the army also practice martial arts with their fathers and brothers, ready to accept the call-up. Manchu women are not allowed to engage in agriculture or handicrafts, and all money and food are distributed by the court to make a living. After the death of Manchu soldiers, no matter where they are stationed in the city, even in Guangzhou, they must return to Beijing for burial, and their widows must also return to Beijing to live. The imperial court repeatedly stressed that "riding and shooting in Mandarin is the foundation of Manchuria, and people should be enlightened", taking painting land as a prison, and spared no effort to safeguard the martial spirit and national independence. Note 1: Mulan is Manchu, which means whistle deer. Mulan hunts in autumn, including the whole Weichang County, Longhua County, Fengning County and Duolun and Hexigten Banner in Inner Mongolia. Note 2: The flag bearer in Beijing shall not be more than 40 miles away from the city, and the flag bearer stationed in each province shall not be more than 20 miles away from the city. Diligence: A prominent feature of the Qing emperor is diligence and self-abuse. Not to mention Yongzheng, who wrote more than 10 million words in thirteen years, even the emperor shunzhi Fu Lin, who only lived for twenty-four years, once forgot to eat or sleep. Qing Xiaoling of Shunzhi was born outside Shanhaiguan and had no systematic education. When Shunzhi was fourteen years old, he didn't understand Chinese, so he studied hard, playing cards until noon every morning and reading until late, except for the military. However, the stubborn heart is still there, so I can't remember it clearly. I can't recite it until I catch up with the fifth watch and the sky is up. I have read all the books before and after, vomiting blood for nine years. "Reading vomiting blood, this kung fu is exaggerated. Excessive fatigue damaged his health, and Shunzhi's early death was probably caused by reading. Kangxi completely inherited his father's diligence, practiced calligraphy "writing more than a thousand words every day and never stopping", and recited this book "reading every day will make every word become a chant, and he will not refuse to deceive himself". Even on the way to southern China, I talked about Zhouyi, read Shangshu, Zuozhuan, and recited the Book of Songs, and I was never tired of reading books. More importantly, in order to let the princes study hard, Kangxi institutionalized reading and established the upper study room. This study room is by no means the place where Angkor talks about love in TV series, but it goes far beyond the "learning hell" of today's college entrance examination factory: from the age of 6, the prince enters school at the earliest every morning (five o'clock) and finishes school at half past one (half past one). After dropping out of school, I learned to shoot with one step, and learned to shoot with a horse on the fifth day in Yuanmingyuan. Spend 13 hours studying literature and practicing martial arts every day. Only New Year's Day, Duanyang, Mid-Autumn Festival, Wanshou and Zishou are celebrated for five days, and even New Year's Eve is not a holiday. Image source: No matter how hard they worked, the senior three students in the Forbidden City survived the first year. The emperor of the Qing Dynasty "never stopped studying after he was knighted", but he still had to study every day after he married his daughter-in-law. It is not difficult to imagine that after this hellish training, the prince finally sat on the dragon chair, not only mastered the poetry, calligraphy and riding and shooting of Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty, but also possessed China's ruling experience and means of governing the country for thousands of years. Innovation is quite different from the sleepy impression in textbooks in the late Qing Dynasty. In the middle and early Qing Dynasty, the system innovation lasted for hundreds of years. * * * The minds of emperors and literati are often occupied by all kinds of loyalty and birthright. They always want to seek support from the words of saints and always maintain a static world outlook. A few reformists, such as Wang Anshi, shouted "ancestors are not good enough" and did not hesitate to join the ranks of evil spirits. Just one eldest son inheritance system led to chaos in many dynasties: Emperor Wudi killed the prince by mistake, the Western Jin Dynasty died in Sima Zhong, Emperor Taizong killed his brother, and uncle Chengzu of the Ming Dynasty succeeded to the throne ... "The heir to the throne must be the eldest son, regardless of whether he is virtuous or not. "Obviously, as we all know, to set up a prince is to set a target, not only to be attacked by his brothers, but also to be suspected by his father, leading to repeated cannibalism tragedies. With the wisdom of * * *, it took two thousand years to find a solution, until Yong Zhengdi used a simple method. Secret keeping system: The emperor personally wrote a book and made a biography in duplicate, one of which was sealed in a brocade box and placed behind the "Fair and Bright" plaque in Gan Qing Palace, and the other was kept by the emperor himself. After the death of the emperor, the censor will take out two imperial edicts and unseal them together. After the certificate is correct, the candidate for succession will be announced in public. This kind of system innovation, on the one hand, no more incompetent emperors came to power, and only the most capable successors were chosen, on the other hand, it avoided the defects of relying on the prince, forming a party and forming a chaotic government, and on the other hand, it allowed all princes to continue their studies and keep making progress, because everyone had the opportunity. This kind of system innovation seems simple, but it is by no means a rigid-minded Han Xian emperor who dares to implement it. Other institutional innovations, such as the military department, secret folding system, local government reform, the abolition of the household department, and the division of land into mu, all solved the social problems in China at that time in a pragmatic way. Different from previous dynasties, reform and innovation only existed in the early days of the founding of the People's Republic of China, and later successors would only abide by the laws of their ancestors and regard it as the theory of not publishing. The rulers of the Qing dynasty didn't care about the "three-year fatherhood". As soon as Yongzheng came to power, he changed Kangxi's lenient style in his later years, killed the killer, purged the bureaucracy, and Yongzheng succeeded to the throne, immediately stopping the futile mining policy. It is from a pragmatic point of view and continuous innovation that Qianlong can proudly say: "The people who perished in the previous generation all said that they were strong ministers, powerful ministers, consorts, wives, official temples, treacherous officials and lucky people, but none of them were like this. "There is a theory called heterosis in Lang Shining's The Great Picture Reader of Emperor Qianlong. Although the name is not nice, the next generation combines the advantages of the previous generation and performs better. The emperors of the previous generations of the Qing Dynasty seemed to be such "bastards": they combined the means of governing the country with the Manchu people's desire to explore, were uneasy about the status quo, were not afraid of change, and made pioneering innovations with fearless courage and amazing diligence. However, China culture is pervasive, and soon found a breakthrough. Language In the light of the prosperous period of Kanggan, the people of Essien Choro have always tried their best to prevent the invasion of China culture, but in fact, the gap has already appeared. In the tenth year of Kangxi, the imperial edict said: "Manchu officials are proficient in Chinese, and then they are in charge of the internal affairs and external affairs of the generals' offices in various provinces, as you please." "This abolished general post is a translator who is proficient in Manchu. At the beginning of entry, every Manchu nobleman must have an interpreter in his office, otherwise he will become blind because he can't understand Chinese. In order to better rule * * *, the emperor also encouraged learning Chinese, so Manchu nobles quickly learned Chinese. When this law was promulgated, Manchu talents had only been in the customs for 28 years. Soon, everyone in Beijing Langxiang used Chinese. Since then, many children in the Qing dynasty have been unable to speak clearly. Even the Manchu people in the city speak Chinese in daily communication, and the level of Manchu language drops rapidly. However, they can still cope with words and phrases. If you ask a conjunction, the answer is incorrect. During the Qianlong period, "imperial clan, Zhang Jing, guards, etc." Everyone speaks Chinese in the office. The arrogant Emperor Qianlong never allowed Manchu to disappear under his rule, and ordered Manchu not to speak Chinese, but to speak a clear language, especially in the office. He organized the Guards to take the Manchu exam, saying, "The best people are especially kind. If they don't study, they will be punished more severely. "In the year of routine assessment of officials, Manchu officials must be familiar with the Qing language and compromise to ensure that they rank first. People who are unclear, although doing things well, are not allowed to go public. " Under various high-handed policies, Manchu has become a tool language, just to cope with exams, completely divorced from life, and officials who memorize Manchu for the sake of rice bowls are much like high school students who memorize English for exams. In his later years, Gan Long sighed: "Since I came to the Imperial Palace, I have repeatedly warned me to leave my old job. Now it is very common to see the children of officials of the Eight Banners Minister of Civil and Military Affairs shoot, and they can't answer questions in clear language except their resumes. "Manchu has existed in name only. Gong Zizhen said: "If you want to destroy a country, you must first go to its history. If you want to destroy its people, you must first destroy its culture. "Language and writing are the carriers of culture. When Manchu people can no longer speak Manchu, they can no longer understand Manchu, and their resistance to sinicization disappears together. Jiaqing, who succeeded to the throne by Qianlong, immediately killed Xiao Shenyang, a big corrupt official, and "suppressed bandits, suppressed smuggling, grasped the pivot, respected frugality and was diligent". At the same time, he opened his mind, "issued several imperial edicts and earnestly asked for words." Jiaqing studied in the upper study room for 30 years. He was in his prime and diligent in politics. He was a perfect heir to the empire. However, the rule of three generations of emperors in Kang Yong was so excellent that the great achievements of his father and ancestors became the shackles of Jiaqing. He knew that he could never surpass his father's literary martial arts, and he was determined to be a persistent master, following the Confucian policy of "ruling the country by law" and "teaching from the past". Looking back at Han, Tang, Song, Yuan, Ming and historical records, the masters in the middle period did not expect to make difficulties, were smarter and made mistakes more successfully. People are bent on reform, that is, they have ministers who are greedy for credit and eager to make progress. This will make it easier to split, set more rules, and the old chapter will be completely lost. The new law is useless and the country is in a state of chaos. Can we not quit? I am a saint of the Qing dynasty, older than before, and my laws and regulations are very detailed. How dare I respect the Constitution? However, for more than a hundred years, there were one or two mediocre officials who were lazy and did not follow the old system. Make demands for night service, cultivate your mind seriously, show your law from time to time, and pay tribute to your deputy's kindness. The purpose of defending the university is to diligently repair the articles of association that you want to abolish, not a useless new plan. If the law remains unchanged, it will be bad and even more embarrassing. If we don't keep our ancestors in the constitution and treat them as rights first, how can we demand them? If you keep this idea, the sky will fall and the king of destruction will not keep it. The word "shou cheng" is the most important, respecting the ancestors of heaven and law, being diligent and loving the people, not shallow or fresh. -Excerpt from Jiaqing's "Persistence" Jiaqing's obedience to his ancestors has reached a step-by-step level: in the twentieth year of Jiaqing, Prince Li killed the people, and was dismissed from the throne by Jiaqing and banned for three years. A year later, Jiaqing read the records of Kangxi, who punished the killing of the civilian county king, but did not prohibit him from ascending to the throne. Jiaqing found that his punishment was heavier than that of his great-grandfather, corrected it immediately and released Prince Li. It can be seen that it is inflexible. It is not difficult to understand why Jiaqing ignored the price increase and refused to increase the salary of officials, which led to rampant corruption. Why did he not allow local mining, turned surplus labor into refugees, and caused social unrest? Why did he insist on grain transportation, preferring to empty state funds rather than use more economical sea transportation? All this inaction is out of respect for the ancestors of Tianfa. After the extravagance and waste of Qianlong's later years, the Qing empire seemed to be in full bloom, but in fact it urgently needed a drastic reformer, but history sent a persevering master in a black humor. Although Jiaqing didn't like hunting, he insisted on Mulan's quest for immortality, but the emperor who lost the initiative took the same route every time and just mechanically repeated the rituals of his ancestors. He eventually died on Mulan's way to Qiuxian, following in the footsteps of his ancestors until his death. Daoguang, who came after autumn, "often looked through the records of his ancestors, followed the previous rules in every move and rarely made changes." He not only kept his political achievements, but also chose his successor according to Confucian standards. In a hunting in Daoguang's later years, six emperors fought? He got the most prey, but the four emperors didn't send an arrow. When asked about the reason, Yi replied: "Birds and beasts are bred, and they can't bear to hurt their lives." Daoguang was very satisfied with "the words of the real emperor", and those who got something for nothing were praised instead. How ironic it is! Yi Kuang, the later emperor of Xianfeng, didn't even fight birds and animals, but he couldn't beat the British. The fiasco of the Opium War opened a bitter modern history. Later Tongzhi Guangxu Xuan Tong, Westernization Movement, Sino-Japanese War of 1898, Reform Movement of 1898, Boxer Movement, Eight-Nation Alliance, Road Protection Movement, Wuchang Uprising, and the fall of the Qing Dynasty. The emperor's will to decline spread to the whole country from top to bottom. The flag bearer can sing Huang Er, play the strings and play drums, and keep pace with the times. They can grow flowers, keep birds, fight chickens and walk dogs. Many people are good at writing Chinese characters, or painting, flying kites, rubbing walnuts, playing cricket or soaking in teahouses. Once brave, it has become the pursuit of exquisite life. After the Republic of China, Manchu people changed their braids and changed their Chinese surnames. So far, it's no different from * * *. Only the words such as dawdle, shout, shout, break and leak in Beijing films still have the last aftertaste of Manchu. Not only the Northern Wei, Liao, Jin, Yuan and Qing Dynasties, but also the Huns who struggled with the Han nationality for a hundred years, the Turks who struggled with the Tang Dynasty several times, the once powerful Jie, Qiang, Bian, Rouran, Uighur, Tubo and Mohong, and countless nomadic people, as if they had been scouring the original stone of the Han nationality for thousands of years. What can't kill us will eventually make us stronger. It is not so much that those foreigners have been sinicized as that they have combined with the Han nationality to form a more inclusive, richer and better Chinese nation, regardless of each other. Nowadays, tourists stroll through Yungang Grottoes and Longmen Grottoes and are shocked by the magnificent statues. Who still suspects that it was dug by the Northern Wei Dynasty, which dynasty built it, * * * or the conference semifinals? But there is no doubt that it is a cultural treasure of the Chinese nation. Just like Meng Haoran's poem: the reincarnation of the world, the reincarnation of ancient and modern times. Now we can climb the mountain to visit the historical sites preserved all over the country. Portal: The non-localization of Chinese is a big problem. On the choice and outcome of Liao, Jin and Yuan Dynasties in Northern Wei Dynasty.