1405-1433 Zheng He made seven voyages to the Western Ocean. In order to strengthen ties with overseas countries, Judy sent Zheng He to the Western Seas. From 1405 to 1433, Zheng He made seven voyages to the Western Ocean, visited more than 30 countries and regions in Asia and Africa, and reached the Red Sea coast and the east coast of Africa as far as possible.
/kloc-In the middle of the 6th century, Qi Jiguang resisted Japan and sent Qi Jiguang to eastern Zhejiang to fight against Japanese invaders. He led the Qijiajun, won nine wars and nine victories in Taizhou, and won a great victory in the anti-Japanese struggle.
Subsequently, he led his troops to Fujian and Guangdong, and he and another famous anti-Japanese warrior successively dealt heavy blows to the enemy. By 1565, the enemy along the southeast coast was basically eliminated.
1553 Portugal seized the right of abode in Macao16th century. After the opening of the new sea route, the Portuguese occupied Malacca in 15 1 1, and they were more eager for contacts with China. 15 13, the Portuguese king sent a mission to China and landed in Guangzhou, hoping to establish diplomatic relations with the Ming government.
Later, after several naval battles, Portugal was defeated. Ming Wuzong agreed that the Portuguese should set up foreign firms and build houses in Macao, and allowed them to come to Guangzhou for the winter every year. This is the first time that western countries have officially landed in China and contacted China.
16 16 After the establishment of Nurhachi, Nurhachi first unified the ministries of the country from 1582 to 1588. Later, it merged the Haixi part of Songhua River basin and the East China Sea part of northeast Changbai Mountain.
In the process of unification, the Eight Banners system was established, and people were ordered to create Manchu with Mongolian initials. 1665438+February, 2006 17 (40 1 year ago) (the first day of the first month of the forty-fourth year of Wanli in the Ming Dynasty), Nurhachi called the emperor Jin Guohan, left Liaodong, and made its capital Hetuala, with the title of Jin in history.
1628 the peasant war broke out in the late Ming dynasty. The peasant uprising in the late Ming Dynasty is also called the peasant war in the late Ming Dynasty, the uprising in the late Ming Dynasty, the uprising in Li Zicheng and the uprising in Zhang. It broke out in the apocalypse and Chongzhen years in the late Ming and early Qing dynasties. Extended data:
In the Ming Dynasty, literature and novels achieved the highest artistic achievement, and a large number of novels, short stories and parodies were created with the themes of history, ghosts, legal cases, romance and citizens' daily life.
Some scholars have rewritten the scripts of Song and Yuan Dynasties, and also created fake books. Sanyan and Erpai are representative works of this kind of script and parody.
Drama and zaju once declined at the end of Yuan Dynasty. After the mid-Ming Dynasty, with the prosperity of urban economy, the popular operas have made new progress and produced many progressive works.
Peony Pavilion is the most famous drama in Ming Dynasty. Calligraphy The Ming court highly praised calligraphy, mainly running script and cursive script.
In the early Ming Dynasty, calligraphy was mired in the quagmire of the cabinet, and the Shen brothers helped push the stable lower case to the extreme. "Every gold edition jade book is used by the imperial court, hidden in the secret room and presented to the country." Er Shen's calligraphy was promoted to the imperial examination rules, so the trend of Tiger prevailed.
In the middle of Ming Dynasty, four schools of Wuzhong emerged, and calligraphy began to develop in the direction of business. Zhu Yunming, Wen Zhiming, Wang Chong and Tang Yin are the representatives of this period, and calligraphy began to enter a new realm of advocating individuality.
There was a critical trend of thought in calligraphy in the late Ming Dynasty. Huang Daozhou, Wang Duo and Ni were famous for their pursuit of large-scale calligraphy and shocking visual effects. There are a large number of poems in Ming dynasty, not only many writers, but also different schools.
During the period from Yongle to Orthodox, the "Taige Style" poetry school headed by Yang Shiqi, Yang Rong and Yang Pu, great cabinet scholars, appeared in the literary world. In the mid-Ming Dynasty, the "first seven sons" led by Li Mengyang and He Jingming rose first, followed by the "last seven sons" led by Li Panlong and Wang Shizhen in Jiajing and Wanli.
Under the call of restoring ancient ways, they advocated that "literature must be in the Qin and Han Dynasties, and poetry must flourish in the Tang Dynasty". At present, when the post-Seven School's retro movement rose, the "Tang and Song School" and "Public Security School" appeared in the literary world one after another.
Painting In the early Ming Dynasty, palace painting was the mainstream of home painting. /kloc-In the middle of the 5th century, the "Four Great Masters of Wumen" rose in China, Wen Zhiming, Tang Yin and Chou Ying south of the Yangtze River.
They widely absorbed the strengths of Tang, Five Dynasties, Song and Yuan Dynasties, and formed their own unique painting art, which was also called "Ming Sijia" by later generations. During Jiajing period, Xu Wei, an outstanding painter, created splash-ink flowers in a unique way.
During the Wanli period, Wumen painters pioneered realistic landscape painting and made innovations on the basis of inheriting Wu Pai's style and characteristics. The picture is fresh and elegant, and the artistic conception is ethereal and spacious. In the late Ming Dynasty, there were figure painters, Ding, Chen Hongshou, Cui Zizhong, Zeng Whale, and flower and bird painter Chen Chun.
References:
Ming Dynasty-Baidu Encyclopedia
What happened in the Ming Dynasty? 1, civil fort incident. The change of civil engineering, also known as the change of civil castles and the disaster of civil engineering, refers to the defeat of Zhu Qizhen in Ming Yingzong in the 14th year of Ming Dynasty (1449). Tumubao is a castle, located in Huailai County, Zhangjiakou City, Hebei Province. Civil fort is located in the line from Juyongguan to Datong Great Wall, which is a part of the Great Wall defense system.
In June of the 14th year of the Orthodox Church (1449), a Vala also invaded other people's territory first. Egged on by eunuch Wang Zhen, Ming Yingzong made two-year-old Zhu Jianshen the Crown Prince, leaving his half-brother Zhu Qiyu to lead the army to war. Military and political affairs were arbitrary by Wang Zhen, the marching route was changed repeatedly, and the soldiers were exhausted.
Kuang Yě, the minister of the Ministry of War, repeatedly asked to enter Juyongguan to ensure safety, but Wang Zhen refused. When the logistics troops did not continue to retreat to the civil fort, Wang Zhen ordered the camp to be moved. The hungry and unbearable soldiers were anxious and the troops were in chaos. Valla army took the opportunity to attack.
The Ming army rushed to the battle, and the result was a big defeat. Sixty-six ministers, including Kuang Yě, the minister of the Ministry of War, and Wang Zuo, the minister of the Ministry of Housing, died. At that time, the elite of the capital had fallen into the civil fort, leaving less than 100 thousand old and weak soldiers.
Yu Qian urged Wang Xi to send troops to Beijing and Henan for training, and the Japanese troops to the coastal areas of Shandong and Ningxia, and the grain transport troops from Jiangbei and Beijing came to help. People gradually decided to send Yingzong back first and ask the city guards to open the door. Yu Qian and other ministers made Wang Xi emperor privately, and personally refused to defend the city, sending Yingzong back to Beijing first. 2. The change of seizing the door, also known as the restoration of the Nangong, lived in Jingtai, Zhu Qiyu in the Ming Dynasty. The Ming Dynasty general Shi Heng, politician Xu Youzhen and eunuch Cao Jixiang were equal to the coup in Zhu Qizhen, Ming Yingzong in the eighth year of Jingtai (1457) and were imprisoned in Nangong by Zhu Qiyu.
After the restoration of Zhu Qizhen, the title was changed to Tianshun. On the same day, Zhu Qizhen ordered the arrest of Yu Qian, a minister of the Ministry of War, and Wang Wen, a minister of the official department.
On January 22nd, the first year of Tianshun (1457), Yu Qian and Wang Wen were killed for treason and abandoned the city. And persecuted the civil and military officials recommended by Yu Qian.
During the restoration, Shi Heng, Zhang Di, Xu Youzhen and others were promoted to official positions and knighted. On the first day of February, it was abolished as king and moved westward.
On February 19, Zhu Qiyu died at the age of 30. He was buried in Xishan with the gift of a prince, saying that he was furious and buried in Jinshan, which destroyed the Shouling he built. His concubines were also given death and martyrdom.
3. The Ming Dynasty Unified War was a series of battles from the first year of Ming Hongwu to the twenty-second year (1368- 1389). In order to unify the whole country, Zhu Yuanzhang sent troops to overthrow the Yuan Dynasty and eliminate the separatist regime and the remnants of the Yuan Dynasty. At the end of the Yuan Dynasty, a peasant uprising broke out, mainly with the Red Scarf Army.
Under the cover of the Red Scarf Army in Jiangbei, Zhu Yuanzhang, the leader of the Rebel Army, unified Jiangnan in the 27th year of Yuan Dynasty (1367) after defeating the regimes of Chen Youliang, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty and Zhang Shicheng, Wu Wang. Zhu Yuanzhang sized up the situation and decided to set up the Central Plains in the north and the coast in the south in order to seize the sovereignty of the country.
Zhu Yuanzhang ordered Xu Da to be general Lu and Chang Yuchun to be deputy general, taking the Central Plains from the north and entering Dadu (now Beijing); Tanghe conquered the southern generals and wiped out Fang Guozhen forces in eastern Zhejiang. Hu Tingrui captured Fujian as a general of conquering the south; Yang Jing and others from Huguang Province attacked Guangxi.
In the first month of the first year of Hongwu (1368), on the occasion of successive victories of various armies, Zhu Yuanzhang ascended the throne in Yingtian (now Nanjing), with the name Daming, who was the founder of Ming Taizu. 4. The Battle of Jingnan, also known as the Jingnan Revolution, was a battle for the throne within the ruling class of the Ming Dynasty from the first year of Wen Jian (1399) to the fourth year of Wenjian (1402).
When Emperor Zhu Yuanzhang of the Ming Dynasty was in power, his children and grandchildren were enfeoffed to be vassals everywhere, and the influence of vassals was expanding day by day. Due to the premature death of Prince Zhu Biao, in the thirty-first year of Hongwu (1398), Zhu Yunwen, the great-grandson of the emperor, succeeded to the throne.
Wen Jian and his cronies Qi Tai and Huang Zicheng took a series of measures to reduce the number of vassals. At the same time, troops were deployed around Beiping and in the city, and the guards of Judy, the fourth son of Ming Taizu, were transferred to the Great Wall to get rid of the Prince.
5. Beijing Defending War Beijing Defending War or Beijing Defending War, Ming Defending War, Beijing Defending War and Ming Defending War, refers to a capital defending war started in the Ming Dynasty under the leadership of Yu Qian, the minister of war. In the fourteenth year of orthodoxy (1449), on August 16th, the main force of the Ming army was defeated in the civil fort, and Ming Yingzong was also captured. The change of civil engineering made the Ming Dynasty encounter a serious crisis.
At the critical moment, Yu Qian, then the minister of the Ministry of War, stepped up his readiness.
Seek the historical events of the Ming Dynasty. In the early years of English orthodoxy, Monva's thorny department became strong.
Waci had a tributary trade relationship with the Ming Dynasty, but every time he made a fake tribute and extorted goods from the Ming Dynasty. According to the custom, Waci should send no more than 50 envoys every year, but in the four years of orthodoxy (1439), Waci sent more than 2,000 envoys to Beijing every year.
The cost of supplying Waci envoys in the Ming Dynasty was very huge, for example, the annual supply cost of Datong alone reached more than 300,000 yuan. Moreover, Waci came to falsely report the number of places, often took the initiative to taste gifts, looted property along the way, and privately purchased prohibited items such as bows and arrows to be transported out of the Great Wall.
Guo Jing, the eunuch guarding Datong in the Ming Dynasty, was a close friend of Wang Zhen. He is greedy and takes bribes. Every year, he gave Waci a large number of steel arrows in the name of Wang Zhen, and Waci sent people to Wang Zhenliang horses. This kind of smuggling collaborated with the enemy and seriously damaged the border defense of the Ming Dynasty.
In the spring of the 14th year of Orthodox Church (1449), another 2,000 people were sent to Jingmagong, pretending to be 3,000 people, asking for a taste according to the false quota. Wang Zhen usually colludes with Wasi, but this time he was joking. He must taste according to the actual number of people and greatly reduce the price of his horse.
I was furious when I heard the news first, so in July this year, the soldiers divided into four roads and went south on a large scale. I also attacked Datong with white-collar soldiers first. Wang Zhen was not fully prepared, that is, he led Yingzong's army with 500,000 personal expedition. His ministers said that they could not send troops easily, but Wang Zhen wouldn't listen.
After the army left Beijing, it left Juyongguan in the north, crossed Fu Xuan (Xuanhua, Hebei) and headed for Datong. Wang Zhen's absolutism runs rampant.
Lord protector, Zhu Yong and others are ahead of Wang Zhenbai. Ye Lang, the minister of the Ministry of War, and Wang Zuo, the minister of the Ministry of Commerce, asked the emperor to return to the army, but Wang Zhen made him kneel on the grass and didn't release him until late.
Before the army arrived in Datong, the soldiers were short of food, hungry and cold, and the bodies were everywhere. At the beginning of the month, when the army arrived in Datong, Wang Zhen reported that the front army had been defeated many times, so he dared not fight and returned immediately.
On the way, Wang Zhenfei coerced Yingzong to return to his hometown of Tubo, showing off his family and even delaying his trip. When the Ming army arrived at Tumubao (Huailai, Hebei Province), it was overtaken by the Waci army, killing more than half of them. More than 50 people, including Zhang Fu, the minister of Yingzong, were killed, but Yingzong could not break through and was captured. Wang Zhen was killed by the bodyguard general Fan Yong with a hammer. This is the so-called "popular rebellion".
.
What are the major historical events in the Ming Dynasty, including 1572 (Zhu Yijun,1563-1620)1572 (1525- 1582)? Gao Gong (15 12- 1578) was dismissed15.73 million calendar 1578 Li Shizhen (1518-/kloc-0. ) died, including The Journey to the West 1583, Shen Shixing (1535- 16 14) and Geng Theorem (1534- 1584). 1536-1598)1593 death of scholar Xu Wei (152 1- 1593) 1596 Geng Dingxiang (/kloc-) 6655806 16) passed away 1620 guangzong (Zhu Changluo,1582-1620)1620 taichang xizong (Zhu Youxiao, 1605-1627)1620 official debate 162 1 apocalypse163816/kloc-0. Li Zicheng (1605- 1645) started 1630, Yuan Chonghuan (-1630) was fined 1636, Dong Qichang (654336).