Su Shi, namely Su Dongpo, was a writer and painter in the Northern Song Dynasty. He was one of the eight masters in Tang and Song Dynasties, and he was called "Three Soviets" with his father Su Xun and his brother Su Zhehe. Su Dongpo abided by the traditional etiquette in politics, but he also had the ambition to change the four evils, so his career was full of ups and downs. His personality is heroic, and his poems are unrestrained, fresh and vigorous, creating a bold school. He is open-minded, and although he learns from the ancients in calligraphy, he can create new ideas and is full of childlike interest.
Keywords Su Shi's representative style of bold and unconstrained ci
Su Shi occupies a special position in the history of Chinese ci. He expanded the spirit of the poetic innovation movement in the Northern Song Dynasty to the field of ci, swept away the traditional style of ci since the late Tang Dynasty and the Five Dynasties, expanded the theme of ci, enriched the artistic conception of ci, broke through the boundary of "poetic charm" and made great contributions to the innovation and development of ci. Because of this, since the Song Dynasty, people have always mentioned Su Shi when discussing Ci. If you mention Su Ci, you will also mention its "bold and unconstrained" style. This is almost a rule. Su Shi is the originator of the bold school, and his series of bold words are an important symbol of the formation of the bold school in the Northern Song Dynasty, which is beyond doubt. Liu Chenweng once said: "The word reaches Dongpo, and it is open and aboveboard, such as poetry, prose, and wonders of heaven and earth." Su Shi's ci poems are rich, and according to statistics, there are more than 34 poems. Su Ci's style is diverse, which is not only representative and bold style, but also the ideal style that Su Shi deliberately pursues. He blends in his ci with passionate and even sad feelings, and writes characters with generous and heroic images and magnificent scenes, which best represents Su Shi's thoughts and personality characteristics. There are also "graceful words", which account for an absolute proportion in the total number of words. These words are pure and profound in feelings and healthy and lofty in style, and they are also an inheritance and development of traditional graceful words.
based on my own understanding, combined with several representative "bold words" of Su Shi, this paper briefly discusses the tragic, desolate, sad and even a shallow aesthetic feature of "passive seclusion" revealed in the bold words that have been ignored by theorists in past dynasties. Su Shi's ci has a gradual process from "pure boldness" to "sadness in luxury" There are two obvious signs that the "sadness" component in the word is obviously deepened. One is when he was banished to Huangzhou at the age of 45 because of the Wutai Poetry Case, and the other is when he was banished to Huizhou at the age of 59. Among them, the latter one has a stronger influence on vegetarianism. Su Shi said in his self-titled portrait: "Ask your life's achievements, Huangzhou Huizhou Danzhou." This remark is generally regarded as Su Shi's "self-mockery", but it is actually a profound understanding and summary made by Su Shi after reviewing his life and creative path. This at least shows that in Su Shi's own view, his experiences and creations in these three places are very different from those in the past. At this time, he incorporated some unprecedented things into his poetry creation, but this change is very weak and difficult for readers to observe. Zhu Bian has a saying in "Poems in the Romantic Hall": "Dongpo's articles are beyond the reach of people after Huangzhou, and can compete for Huang Luzhi's poems. Crossing the sea in his later years, though Lu Zhi also lags behind. Or it is unfortunate that Dongpo crossed the sea, but it is also a great misfortune for Lu Zhi. " This shows from another side that Su Shi's literary creation has changed to some extent and his achievements have become more prominent since he was demoted to Huangzhou, especially after crossing the sea. This is from the perspective of the influence of life experience on creation. My idea is that after experiencing two major setbacks, Su Ci is more inclined to express the kind of sadness and pain that he feels inside, and more inclined to express some personal feelings. But expressing something tragic in life can move people's hearts and get closer to readers, which may be one of the reasons why Su Shi was highly praised by later generations of literati, especially those frustrated literati. These condensed Su Shi's many helpless sighs, so he did not lose his bold and optimistic attitude towards life. However, it was written with his blood and tears, which turned the pain of life into aesthetic pleasure. It's just that the author's superb skills and more optimistic elements almost cover up the sadness and make it difficult for us to observe it.
I think that the masterpiece of Su Shi's pure and uninhibited ci is "Hunting in Jiangchengzi Mizhou", not the recognized song "Niannujiao Chibi Nostalgia". Look at his early poem "Jiangchengzi":
Jiangchengzi Mizhou went hunting
The old man talked about juvenile madness, with his left holding yellow and his right holding blue. Golden hat mink fur, thousand riding rolls flat hillock. If you want to report the whole city to the prefect, shoot the tiger and see Sun Lang.
if you are drunk, your chest is still open, and your temples are slightly frosty, so what's the harm! When will the emperor send someone down, like the emperor Wen of the Han dynasty sent feng Tang to the cloud to pardon weishang? I will make my strength as full as the full moon, as full as the full moon, toward the northwest, shooting to the west Xia jun team.
In the eighth year of Xining, Song Shenzong, Su Shi was appointed as the magistrate of Mizhou. He went to Changshan to pray for rain because of drought. On his way home, he hunted in Tiegou with the same official, Meihu Cao Hui, and wrote this hunting poem. The author's words express his ambition and heroic spirit of serving the country and fighting aggression.
at the beginning, "The old man talks about juvenile madness", which is an extraordinary shot. This word is full of indulgence and heroic spirit, and the word "crazy" runs through the whole article. The next four sentences describe the magnificent scene of hunting, which shows the heroic spirit of the hunter: the poet holds the yellow dog in his left hand and the goshawk in his right arm, which is a magnificent gesture of hunting! The following warriors are all "golden hats, minks and furs" and hunting costumes. Thousands of Mercedes-Benz, flying cross-country, what a spectacular hunting scene! Compared with Sun Quan, the author shows Dongpo's "madness" and high spirits. "The wine is full of courage, but it is still open." Dongpo was originally uninhibited, and with the "wine", it was even more lofty. Reading comes from a sense of heroism.
What the author created here is an image full of fighting spirit. There is no sadness about being demoted. It can be seen that at this time, Su Shi was full of pride and ambition to make a country, and he didn't care about the unfair experiences of individuals. Even if it was "frosty", it was "why not"? Earlier, in "Qin Yuanchun, Mi Zhou left early and sent his son immediately", the author also expressed his life ideal of "to the monarch and Yao Shun" and his energetic, heroic and confident spirit in his youth. Record this word here, readers can compare it with the following words, and they will find that it is quite different from his demotion to Huangzhou.
Qinyuanchun Mizhou left early and immediately sent a message from
Lonely pavilion with a bright light, wild shop with a chicken number, and a dream. Gradually, the moonlight will be closed, the morning frost will be bitter, the Yunshan will be full of brocade, and the morning dew will be moist. The world is endless, and life is limited. It's like a fresh joy in this district. Whispering, I am speechless with the saddle, and the past is thousands of times.
at that time, * * * was a guest in Chang' an, like a teenager who had just arrived in two places. There are thousands of words written in writing, and there are thousands of volumes in my chest, which is very difficult for you. Why don't you hide in me when you use the reason, and watch it at leisure? He was healthy, but he died at the age of 1, and he fought before.
After the Wutai Poetry Case, Su Shi began to realize the hardships of life and the vagaries of fate more truly and profoundly. Personal unfortunate fate began to be more integrated into ci, and its tragedy was obviously deepened (it needs careful experience to feel it). Under the social background at that time, some of Su Shi's thoughts were afraid to speak directly, so he had to express them very implicitly (I don't know if you still remember, Liu Sanbian wrote a poem "He Chongtian": "A talented poet is naturally dressed in white." "Love, life chang. Youth is a soldier. Endure the floating name and change it to shallow singing. " Angered Song Renzong, saying that "this person spent months before and after, so that he could sing lightly, but he didn't want to float his name and write lyrics", and "wrote lyrics according to orders" for decades. This happened some time before Su Shi, and it should be clear that Su Shi had learned a lot. ）； Furthermore, although Su Shi felt the proposition of "Life is like a dream" again and again (see Chapter 5, Volume III of the History of China Literature, edited by Yuan Xingpei for details), he did not deny life because of it, but strived for self-transcendence, and always maintained an optimistic and tenacious belief and a detached and adaptive attitude towards life, so the expression of "sadness" in his words was both hidden and weak, which was not easy to find. This phenomenon is particularly obvious after he was demoted to Huangzhou, so I chose three of his works since his demotion to Huangzhou as the most representative ones: Dingfengbo (don't listen to the sound of beating leaves through the forest), Linjiangxian (wake up and get drunk after drinking Dongpo at night) and Buji (hanging trees in the absence of the moon) to make an analysis. Based on the previous analysis of these words and my own understanding, this paper briefly describes the "sad" atmosphere in Su Ci.
calm the storm
On March 7th, it was raining in Shahu Road. The rain gear went first, and my peers were all in a mess, so I didn't feel it alone. It has cleared up, pretending to be the word. Don't pay attention to that in the forest to beat the rain, may as one side chanted a long whistle, while walking leisurely. Bamboo poles and straw sandals are more nimble than riding, what is the terrible thing? A raincoat of coir raincoat, let the wind and rain, still live my life.
The chilly spring breeze wakes me up, and it's slightly cold, but the hills are slanting to greet me. Looking back at the place to meet the wind and rain, go back, for me, there is no wind and rain, or fine weather.
This should be an important sign that Su Shi's ci turned to the inner world (personal opinion, open to question, welcome to question). When reading this word, we can imagine a lonely old man hobbling in the rain. Can bamboo sticks and sandals really beat riding? That's just helpless self-comfort. Close your eyes and imagine that the old man suddenly turned around. How can his firm eyes not reveal a trace of desolation or sadness? Who knows if it's rain or sour tears flowing out of the corner of my eye? Greeted with oblique photos, more knowledge of the wishful thinking of the elderly. The following song Linjiang Xian upgraded this feeling:
Linjiang Xian
After drinking Dongpo at night, he woke up drunk and came back as if he were in the middle of the night. The child's breath has thundered. You shouldn't even knock at the door, but lean on your stick and listen to the sound of the river. I hate this body for a long time. When will I forget the camp? The midnight wind is calm and the lines are flat. Since then, the boat has passed away, and Jianghai has sent the rest of his life.
This word was written in the fifth year of Shenzong Yuanfeng, that is, the third year of Dongpo Huangzhou's fall. Critics have always praised the style of the whole poem as "open and elegant", but they have never seen its sadness. Here's a brief introduction to this poem: It describes the scene of the author drinking at Dongpo Xuetang in late autumn night and returning to Lingao's residence after drunkenness, which shows the poet's ideal of life, attitude towards life and his desire to be completely free from the world. The first sentence of Shangque, "Wake up drunk after drinking Dongpo at night", points out the place of drinking at night and the degree of drunkenness from the beginning. Wake up drunk, wake up drunk, when he returned to Lingao apartment, it was naturally very late. The words "coming back like the third night" and "as if" vividly draw the poet's drunken and hazy modality. The first two sentences, first "wake up drunk" and then "as if", showed his exhilaration of binge drinking incisively and vividly. Then, the following three sentences describe the scene that the poet has stopped at the apartment and door: "The child's breath has thundered. You shouldn't knock at the door, just lean on the stick and listen to the sound of the river. " At this point, a handsome figure, a broad-minded, independent "you ren" jumped out of the paper and came to the fore. In the meantime, what is infiltrated is a philosophical attitude towards life, a super-open spiritual world, a unique personality and true feelings. In the upper pavilion, the silence is set off by the movement, and the silence is set off by the sound. By writing about the family's snorting and the author's listening to the sound of the river, the realm of quiet at night is set off, which sets off the vast mind and loneliness of the poet who has experienced the ups and downs of his official career and makes people think about it, thus paving the way for the author's life reflection in the lower pavilion. At the beginning of Xiaque, the poet sighed generously: "I hate this body for a long time. When can I forget the camp?" The deep sigh of this strange peak is not only straightforward but also full of philosophical meaning, which is the most important and pivotal part of the whole word. The above two pithy remarks are based on Zhuangzi's words of "You are not your own" and "You are all in shape, embracing your life, and not making you think about running a business". With a thorough philosophical speculation, they give a deep sigh about the whole existence, the universe, life and society. These two sentences, full of philosophy and emotion, express a kind of life confusion and sadness that can't be relieved but requires relief, and have shocking power. The poet meditated at night and suddenly realized that since he could not control his fate, he should be spared from disaster. Looking at the scenery on the river in front of us, it is "the night is quiet and the pattern is flat", and the heart and the scenery meet, and the gods and things swim, deeply intoxicated by such a quiet and beautiful nature. Therefore, he couldn't help but have a romantic reverie divorced from the real society and sang: "The boat died from now on, and the river and the sea sent the rest of their lives." He wants to take advantage of this beautiful scenery, drive a flat boat, go with the waves, anything, and he wants to melt his limited life into the infinite nature. On the surface, "the night is quiet and the lines are flat" is just a sentence of general scenery writing. In fact, it is not pure scenery writing, but the product of the combination of the poet's subjective world and the objective world. It triggered the release of the author's spiritual pain and the transcendence of spiritual contradictions, symbolizing the ideal realm of tranquility and tranquility pursued by the poet, followed by the words "boat", which is natural. After Su Dongpo suffered a heavy political blow, his thoughts changed several times, from joining the WTO to being born, pursuing a spiritual freedom and a natural ideal of life. In his complicated outlook on life, some thoughts of Zhuangzi and Zhuangzi were mixed, which resulted in a broad-minded and uninhibited character in painful adversity. "The boat passed away from now on, and the river and the sea lived on." This lingering pause expressed the poet's broad-minded mind, which was his dissatisfaction with the world and his yearning for freedom. Legend has it in the notes of the Song Dynasty that after Su Shi made the above words, he "hung his crown and served the riverside, and went to the boat to scream." Xu Junyou, the county magistrate, was shocked and afraid when he heard this. He thought that the state had lost the sinner, and he was in a hurry to drive to pay his respects. Then his son snored like thunder, but he was still not happy. He never went to Jianghai to send the rest of his life. This legend vividly reflects Su Shi's life experience of seeking detachment but failing. It is here that the sadness of his poems contains the people who have never met in life. There is also this divination operator:
divination operator living in Dinghuiyuan, Huangzhou
hanging sparse trees in the absence of a moon, leaving people quiet at first. Who saw eremita solo, as if the sky wild goose - like figure.
when you wake up, you look back, and no one can save it if you hate it. It kept wandering between the cold branches, but refused to perch on any tree, and finally landed lonely on the cold Shoal.
This word was written by Su Shi in December of the fifth year of Yuanfeng (182) when he demoted Huangzhou to live in Dinghuiyuan. It is generally believed that the image of loneliness and glory on a moonlit night in Ci expresses the poet's self-esteem and contempt for common customs. I agree.
the first two sentences of shangque create a lonely atmosphere in the dead of night, and the moonlight hangs over the trees, paving the way for the appearance of secluded people and lonely hong. These two writers are extraordinary, rendering a realm of lonely birth. In the next two sentences, first, I point out the image of a lonely and troubled "You Ren", and then I feel lonely and bright from "You Ren", which makes these two images correspond and fit, and makes people think: Isn't the lonely and lofty mood of "You Ren" just like the shadow of a lonely and beautiful fairy? These two sentences, which are not only true writing, but also through the correspondence and grafting of human and bird images, have greatly strengthened the transcendence of "you ren" with symbolic meaning and poetic beauty.
Xia Kun wrote about the misfortune of Gu Hong, who was filled with resentment and panic. He refused to live after picking up all the cold branches and had to stay in the lonely and cold sandbar. Here, the poet, with symbolism and ingenuity, started to look back, embraced deep hatred and chose a place to stay through Hong's loneliness, expressing the author's lonely situation during his relegation to Huangzhou and his noble and self-confident mood of not wanting to go with the flow. The author and appreciate each other, Gu Hong, personified Gu Hong's psychological activities and objectified their subjective feelings, showing superb artistic skills. I thought of his proté gé Huang Tingjian's evaluation of this word: "The meaning is high, it seems that you don't eat fireworks and cannibalism, you don't have thousands of books in your chest, and there is nothing tacky in your pen. How can you be here!" A man named Huang Su once commented, "Geqi is eloquent". This kind of lofty and free-spirited realm, which is free from worldly customs, certainly benefits from the exquisite artistic skills. Su Shi "sings the story with the spirit of nature", digressing the theme of god, setting the scene in his mind, and supporting things to contain people; The narrative of the scene selection is concise, ethereal, implicit and vivid (this sentence comes from Su Shi, Baidu Post Bar, I thought it was very good, so I recorded it here), which is beyond the reach of ordinary poets. But there will be no one in Su Shi's heart