Taking Chinese handwriting as an example, this paper expounds the formation basis, main characteristics, comprehensive identification and historical research of notes. (1) The human brain is the material basis for the formation of handwriting.
Handwriting is the result of human writing activities, writing is the reflection activity of the brain, and the brain is the material basis for the formation of handwriting. From the physiological mechanism of writing, it is a reactive response of the brain to external stimuli. That is to say, the generation of characters is that various stimuli from the objective world act on visual and auditory receptors and are transmitted to the center-brain through corresponding afferent nerves. After a series of psychological and physiological comprehensive analysis of the brain, instructions can be issued, and then the corresponding efferent nerves transmit the instructions to the effector hand, so as to write. It can be seen that writing tactile sensation is an arc structural process consisting of five parts: receptor-afferent nerve-center-efferent nerve (hand). The smooth progress of this process depends on the normal functions of visual and auditory receptors and neurons at all levels, especially on their centers-brains. It can be seen that the smooth progress of writing depends on the coordinated activities between the extremely complex functional systems of the brain, and the dysfunction of any link will affect the progress of writing.
The human brain is closely related to hands. The activity of the hand is the most complicated activity of the human body, and most of the brain activities are set by the hand. Hands can reflect the activities of people's inner world in many ways. Writing is the product of the combination of hand and brain. Scholars generally believe that handwriting is the trace of the brain and handwriting is the writer of the brain. When writing, it's not so much handwriting. Rather, the various forms of brain movement during fingertip writing are just an unadorned revelation of people's inner world, and unconscious thoughts are transmitted to fingers. Just as fingerprints can prove a person's individual characteristics, every stroke and painting when writing can reflect each writer's unique personality. Therefore, a person's inner world can be excavated through handwriting.
(B) the influence of biological genetic factors on the formation of handwriting
As mentioned above, writing is a reflex arc with the brain as the center and the electro-biochemical conduction between neurons, receptors and effectors at all levels as the pathway. Therefore, the formation of handwriting is bound to be restricted by the structural characteristics of the writer's brain and nerve cells, as well as the electro-biochemical transmission characteristics of nerve impulses, which are usually determined by biological genetic factors.
1. The influence of the structure and function of nervous system on handwriting
Each individual obtains the genetic information contained in DNA from the previous generation and forms a body according to the genetic information. Genetic trust determines the individual differences in cell architecture and cell layer structure of cerebral cortex. Psychologists in the former Soviet Union found that the characteristics of cell arrangement and cell layer structure in human cerebral cortex affect the characteristics of higher nervous activity. Writing activities are related to the whole nerve center, especially to the brain, which is the result of the coordinated operation of brain nerves, muscles and other organs. The characteristics of higher nervous activity type affect the characteristics of writing, and this result is reflected-the characteristics of handwriting formation. The restriction of higher nervous activity's types on writing activities can also be reflected in the relationship between temperament types and handwriting characteristics.
2. Influence of endocrine gland function on handwriting.
Endocrine glands include many glands, such as pituitary gland, thyroid gland, thyroid gland, thymus gland, accessory adrenal gland, gonad and so on. Excessive or insufficient hormones secreted by glands will affect the biochemical mechanism of nerve trust and transmission, thus affecting writing to some extent. For example, patients with hyperthyroidism will have a series of physiological and psychological changes such as increased basal metabolic rate, increased blood volume, accelerated blood flow, laziness and irritability, and strong lazy reaction. At this time, the patient's handwriting increased obviously, the shuttle angle increased, the falling force increased, and the sharp strokes increased relatively. It can be seen that the function of endocrine glands has different degrees of influence on the formation of handwriting. Writing activities, like other human activities, are accompanied by psychological phenomena. For example, when people deal with verbal symbols presented in visual and auditory ways, they see with their eyes and listen with their ears, resulting in feelings and perceptions; Learning words and writing requires memory, analysis and thinking; To perceive or remember clearly, the mind must be highly concentrated. At the same time, people always have certain attitudes when writing, such as joy, sadness, indifference and anger. , are all emotions; Writing needs an internal process of making up your mind and overcoming difficulties, which is will.
A series of psychological phenomena accompanying writing, such as feeling, perception, attention, thinking, emotion, will, personality and individual psychological characteristics including ability, temperament and personality, all have an important influence on the formation of handwriting. So, what is the root cause of this influence?
Dialectical materialism holds that psychological phenomenon is the reflection of objective reality, that is, the unity of objectivity and subjectivity. It is not only restricted by external things, but also by all the experiences and psychological characteristics of Hugh, and it is realized through his activities. In the history of calligraphy, it is often said that "Jin people like rhyme, Tang people like law, Song people like meaning, Ming people like posture, and Qing people are still changing", which shows the relationship between writing style and specific social factors.
The psychological characteristics of personality are also very important to the formation of personal handwriting. The essential, regular and stable characteristics of an individual in the process of psychological activities, such as ability, temperament and personality, directly affect his words and deeds, reflect his basic mental outlook and determine the unique style of his handwriting. Zhou Enlai, for example, is smart and witty, and his ups and downs have made him extremely nervous, brave, calm, tenacious, energetic, prudent, modest, elegant and generous. All these personality and psychological characteristics directly affect the handwriting characteristics of his writing: vigorous and moist, unrestrained and expanding to the left.
In addition, personal character has a certain relationship with the formation of handwriting. People with big and thick handwriting have active thinking and strong adaptability. People with small and regular handwriting and weak pen pressure are very delicate, if not independent. When writing, people who are serious and angular are knowledgeable, sensitive and organized. People who are connected with words and like to write contact notes are all positive and adaptable. People with long words are distinguished.
People with short glyphs are cheapskates. At the end of the article, people who like to write pointedly have a bad heart. People who use more words (such as the word' he', put it in the upper right or lower right) are abandoned houses. People who write the word "scholar" above the word "Ji" as "earth" are impatient. Try asking someone to write a "ten". If the strokes of "1" stop, they are still very powerful and determined. Of course, the above is not absolute.
In a word, many factors affecting the formation of handwriting are by no means isolated and unrelated, but they blend, relate and contain each other, and * * * plays a role in the formation of handwriting. Individuals often compare their physique, appearance and posture with others, and always hope that they are better than others. The evaluation of one's posture, or various evaluations from Zhou, has an important influence on the formation and development of personality, and these influences will also be reflected in the characteristics of calligraphy. For example, due to the influence of traditional social background, women's physical characteristics play an important role in her life. Beautiful women get more praise, higher self-evaluation and more flattery and courtesy when they grow up, so their calligraphy usually has a similar feature: simple strokes. Women who look mediocre or feel inferior often cause their own inferiority. Because this kind of feeling has existed since childhood, the form of compensation for inferiority has been repeated repeatedly, forming a solid personality trait imperceptibly. Reflected in the handwriting, the result of positive compensation is: the font is beautiful and patchy; The result of negative feelings is that the font is complex and the strokes are tortuous.
It can be seen that physical appearance has an influence on the formation of personality and indirectly affects the formation of handwriting characteristics. William hitchcock, a famous American psychotherapist, has been studying graphology for 20 years. He has 40 thousand handwriting files, from which he draws some concrete conclusions: handwriting is a concrete reflection of a person's personality, intelligence level and thinking logic. All the strokes are even and moderate, which shows that the writer has self-control and stability and can do his best to complete his favorite works; On the contrary, all writers with irregular strokes are mostly "conspirators", with a bad temper, like destruction and jealousy, and like to play tricks behind their backs. People with severe strokes are more sensitive, while those with mild strokes often lack self-confidence.
Uneven lines are the handwriting of witty or cunning people; Angular handwriting shows that the writer is a firm-willed and clear-cut person who will not change his position, but such a person will generally argue with people with different views. On the contrary, people who write fluently are easy-going, sophisticated, articulate and good at public relations.
Anyone who writes neatly at the top of the word can closely protect those who write below, which symbolizes enterprising, receptive and studious. These people are good materials for training leaders.
Anyone with rich fonts, well-proportioned strokes and fast writing speed is a person with strong understanding and loyalty to his duties; People with strict word structure, square and scattered are people with strong memory and serious work; The font has Fiona Fang, arbitrary length and size, strong adaptability and flexibility, and is suitable for communication and public relations.
Anyone who can imitate other people's handwriting and lacks originality is reliable, but can be independent; If the handwriting is small, the strokes are moderate, and the Arabic numerals are beautifully written but the signature is quite cautious, it shows that he is a person who hides his thoughts and hides his emotions and can calmly deal with major events.
A person who dares to break away from convention, find another way and seek differences and changes in calligraphy is a person who dares to take risks; Writers who fluctuate between the lines are rich in diplomatic means and good at discovering the weaknesses of others; The more you write, the more people are optimists, and the more you write, the more people are pessimists.
Font size is also the embodiment of personality. People who write too big fonts are all people who act casually, are overconfident and careless. If the font is too small, it will appear observant and cautious, while if the handwriting is too compact, it will appear stingy and calculating.
In short, the above theories all look at people's psychology from the characteristics of stroke thickness, symmetry, angular or rounded handwriting, writing speed, word frame structure, font shape, length and size, word imitation or creativity, line height and inclination, and some even predict the future and life.