1. Common metonymic words:
1. Sangzi: hometown
2. Taoli: student
3. Sheji, Xuanyuan: Country
4. Nanguan: Prisoner
5. Classmate: Classmate
6. Beacon: War
7. Heroine: Women
8. Silk and bamboo: music
9. Men: men
10. Chanjuan, Chang'e: the moon
11. Siblings: brothers
12. History: annals
13. Husband and wife: husband and wife
14. Bai Ding, commoner: common people
15. Qiao, Huang Hair: the elderly
16. Mulberry: farming
17. Support, support: children
18. Three feet: law
19. Beneath the knees: young children
20. Canopy: luck
21. Letters, slips, notes, wild geese, letters: letters
22. Temples: imperial court
2. Author’s works:
1. Eight Great Masters of the Tang and Song Dynasties: Han Yu, Liu Zongyuan, Ouyang Xiu, Su Xun, Su Shi, Su Che, Wang Anshi, Zeng Gong
2. Also known as "Han Liu" are Han Yu and Liu Zongyuan, who were the advocates of the ancient prose movement in the Tang Dynasty.
3. Three poets, father and son: Su Xun (old Su), Su Shi (big Su), and Su Che (little Su).
4. The bold poets: Su Shi and Xin Qiji, collectively known as "Su Xin"; the graceful poets: Li Qingzhao (female poet)
5. Li Du: Li Bai, Du Fu. Xiao Li Du: Li Shangyin, Du Mu.
6. Qu Yuan: my country's earliest great poet. He created the new poetry style "Chu Ci" and created the romantic style of Chinese poetry.
7. Confucius, whose name was Qiu and whose courtesy name was Zhongni, was from the state of Lu in the Spring and Autumn Period. He was the founder of the Confucian school and was called the "Sage of Confucius", while Mencius was called the "Ya Sage". They were both It is called "Confucius and Mencius".
8. Su Shi praised Wang Wei, "There are paintings in poems, and poems in paintings."
9. Du Fu was a great realist poet in the Tang Dynasty, and his poems reflected a wide range of profound Social reality is called the "history of poetry", and Du Fu was therefore revered as the "Sage of Poetry". He has the famous "Three Officials": "Tongguan Officials", "Shihao Officials", and "Xin'an Officials"; "Three Farewells": "Farewell to the Married", "Farewell to the Elderly", and "Farewell to the Homeless".
10. The first biographical general history of our country is "Shi Ji" (also known as "Tai Shi Gong Shu"). The author is Sima Qian of the Han Dynasty. Lu Xun called "Shi Ji" "the swan song of historians, without rhyme". "Li Sao" contains: 12 annals, 30 aristocratic families, 70 biographies, 10 tables, 8 books, and 130 articles.
11. "Four Histories": "Historical Records", "Hanshu", "Later Hanshu", and "Three Kingdoms".
12. The four great masters of Yuan opera: Guan Hanqing, Zheng Guangzu, Bai Pu and Ma Zhiyuan.
13. "Strange Stories from a Chinese Studio" is my country's first collection of outstanding short stories in classical Chinese. The author is Pu Songling, a famous novelist in the Qing Dynasty. "Liao Zhai" is the name of his bookstore, "Zhi" refers to narrative, and "Yi" refers to strange things.
14. The Four Masters of Calligraphy: Yan Zhenqing, Liu Gongquan, Ouyang Xun, Zhao Meng (fǔ)
15. The main schools and representatives of the Hundred Schools of Thought during the Warring States Period:
Confucianism : Confucius and Mencius
Legalism: Han Feizi
Taoism: Zhuangzi, Liezi
Moism: Mozi
16. The Four Great Masters of the Southern Song Dynasty: Lu You, Yang Wanli, Fan Chengda, You Miao
17. Frontier poets: Gao Shi, Cen Shen, Wang Changling
18. Tang Zong: Tang Taizong Li Shimin Song Ancestor: Song Taizu Zhao Kuangyin Emperor Qin : Qin Shihuang Yingzheng Han Wu: Han Wu Emperor Liu Che
19. my country's first pastoral poet was Tao Yuanming (Tao Qian) of the Eastern Jin Dynasty. He "doesn't give in for five buckets of rice."
20. The four great misers in world literature: Grandet, Shylock, Poultry, and Abagon.
21. The typical Chinese miser: Yan Jiansheng.
3. The best of Chinese literature:
The earliest poetry collection is the Book of Songs;
The earliest patriotic poet is Qu Yuan;
The earliest pastoral poet was Tao Yuanming of the Eastern Jin Dynasty;
The earliest and most outstanding frontier fortress poets were Gao Shi and Cen Can in the prosperous Tang Dynasty;
The most outstanding bold poets in ancient times It was Su Shi of the Northern Song Dynasty;
The most outstanding female poet in ancient times was Li Qingzhao of the Southern Song Dynasty;
The most famous patriotic poet in ancient times was Xin Qiji of the Southern Song Dynasty;
The greatest romantic poet in ancient times was Li Bai in the Tang Dynasty;
The greatest realist poet in ancient times was Du Fu in the Tang Dynasty;
The patriotic poet who wrote the most poetry in ancient times was the Southern Song Dynasty poet Lu You;
The most famous long-form mythological novel in ancient times is "Journey to the West" by Wu Chengen in the Ming Dynasty;
The most famous long-form historical novel in ancient times is "The Romance of the Three Kingdoms" by Luo Guanzhong in the early Ming Dynasty;
The earliest novel about peasant uprisings in ancient times is "Water Margin" by Shi Naian in the late Yuan and early Ming Dynasties;
The greatest realist novel in ancient times is "A Dream of Red Mansions" by Cao Xueqin in the Qing Dynasty ";
The most outstanding long satirical novel in ancient times is "The Scholars" written by Wu Jingzi in the Qing Dynasty;
The most outstanding collection of classical Chinese short stories in ancient times is "Liao Zhai" written by Pu Songling in the Qing Dynasty "Zhiyi";
The earliest quotation-style prose in ancient times is "The Analects of Confucius";
The earliest ancient chronicle-style history book with detailed records is "Zuo Zhuan";
The earliest biographical general history in ancient times is "Historical Records";
The most outstanding inscription in ancient times is "The Inscription on the Humble Room" by Liu Yuxi in the Tang Dynasty;
The greatest writer in modern times is Lu Xun;
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The most outstanding modern novel is "Midnight" by Mao Dun;
The most influential modern short story collection is "The Scream" by Lu Xun.
IV. Cultural knowledge:
1. The Four Heroes of the Early Tang Dynasty: Wang Bo, Yang Jiong, Lu Zhaolin, and King Luo Bin.
2. Three Kingdoms: Wei, Shu, and Wu.
3. "Four Classical Masterpieces": "A Dream of Red Mansions", "The Romance of the Three Kingdoms", "Water Margin", and "Journey to the West".
4. "Four major folk legends": "The Cowherd and the Weaver Girl", "Liang Shanbo and Zhu Yingtai", "Meng Jiangnu", and "The Legend of the White Snake".
5. The world’s four short story masters: Chekhov, Maupassant, Mark Twain, and O. Henry.
6. Su Shi's prose represents the highest achievement of prose in the Northern Song Dynasty. His poems are called "Su Huang" together with Huang Tingjian.
7. Ma Zhiyuan's representative work of Sanqu "Tian Jing Sha·Autumn Thoughts" is known as the "ancestor of Qiu Thoughts".
8. Cao Xueqin "read it for ten years, adding and deleting five times" to create the greatest realistic work "A Dream of Red Mansions" (also known as "The Story of the Stone") among Chinese classical novels. It has been widely circulated since its publication. , is deeply loved by people, and a discipline specializing in the book has emerged - "Redology". "Redology" has now become an important topic in the study of world literature.
9. Lu Xun is the founder of modern Chinese literature, and Chen Yi is called the "marshal poet";
Zang Kejia is known as the "earth poet" because most of his poems are about rural themes;
Tianjian was praised by Wen Yiduo as the "drummer of the times" (drum poet).
10. Three friends of Suihan: pine, bamboo and plum.
11. The Four Gentlemen of Flowers: Plum, Orchid, Bamboo, and Chrysanthemum.
12. The four friends of literati: piano, chess, calligraphy and painting.
13. The four treasures of the study: pen, ink, paper, and inkstone.
14. Sikuquanshu: Jing, Shi, Zi, Ji.
15. The "Six Meanings" in "The Book of Songs" refer to: Feng, Ya, Song (classification), Fu, Bi, Xing (expression techniques).
16. Tang poetry, Song lyrics, Yuan opera, Ming and Qing novels.
17. Laurel, first place, first place, aspiration, first place: first.
18. Three cardinal principles and five constant principles: "Three cardinal principles": the father is the guideline for the son, the king is the guideline for the ministers, and the husband is the guideline for the wife; "Five constant principles": benevolence, righteousness, propriety, wisdom, and trustworthiness.
19. The "Four Books" and "Five Classics" are the main classics of Confucianism: the "Four Books" are "The Analects", "Mencius", "The Doctrine of the Mean" and "The Great Learning"; "Yi" and "Spring and Autumn".
20. The Three Emperors: Emperor of Heaven, Emperor of Earth, Emperor of Human Beings or Fuxi, Nuwa, and Shennong;
Five Emperors: Huangdi, Zhuanxu, Emperor Ku, Tang Yao, and Yushun.
21. Hardware: gold, silver, copper, iron, tin.
22. Five flavors: sour, sweet, bitter, spicy, and salty.
23. Five elements: metal, wood, water, fire and earth.
24. The "Eight Methods of Yong" means that the character "Yong" has eight strokes: dot, horizontal, vertical, left, back, fold, hook and lift.
25. In ancient times, schools had names such as Xiang, Xu, and Taixue. The highest institution of learning in the Ming and Qing Dynasties was the Imperial College.
26. Three Religions and Nine Streams: "Three Religions": Confucianism, Buddhism, and Taoism; "Nine Streams": Confucianism, Taoism, Yin-Yang School, Legalism, Famous Schools, Mohists, Politicians, Miscellaneous Schools, and Farmers.
27. Ancient imperial examinations (from the Sui Dynasty to the Ming and Qing Dynasties):
A Tongsheng Examination, also called "Tongsheng Examination", candidates regardless of age are called Tongsheng, and those who pass the exam are called Tongsheng Later, he obtained the qualification of a student member (a scholar or a minister) so that he could take part in the imperial examination.
B The rural examination was an examination held every three years in the provincial capitals during the Ming and Qing Dynasties. Scholars participated. Those who passed the examination were called Juren, and the first was called Jiè (jiè).
C The examination was held every three years in the capital during the Ming and Qing dynasties. All provincial candidates and Imperial College students could take the examination. Three hundred people were admitted as Gongshi, and the first was named Huiyuan.
D The Imperial Examination is the highest-level examination in the imperial examination system. The emperor personally questions the Gongshi admitted in the Imperial Examination to determine the first place. The admissions are divided into three categories: the top three will be awarded the title of "Jinshi and the first place", the first will be named the number one scholar (dingyuan), the second will be named the second place, and the third will be ranked third, collectively known as the "three tops"; several top two will be awarded The title of "Born as a Jinshi"; several top three are given the title of "Born as a Jinshi".
Formal imperial examinations are held once a year in prefectures (prefectures) and counties. Those who take the exams are Confucian and Tongsheng and are awarded academic titles.
Provincial examinations are held once every three years (autumn) and are held in provinces. City, the candidates who take the exam are talented people, and the first person to win the honorary title is Jieyuan
The examination is held once every three years (spring), and is located in the Ministry of Rites (the capital). The candidates who take the exam can win the honorary title (Gongshi ) The first place is Huiyuan.
The palace examination will be held in April of the same year after the examination. The location will be the palace. The candidates will be considered as tributes. The top three who will obtain the title (Jinshi) will be the number one scholar, the second person, and the third flower.
Formal imperial examination classification: rural examination, general examination, palace examination three levels.
Continuously ranked in the top three (three yuan and three): Jie Yuan - Hui Yuan - Zhuang Yuan in the ancient imperial examination.
5. Poems and people:
① Three visits frequently make plans for the world, and two dynasties open up the hearts of veterans. ——Zhuge Liang
② He died before he left the army, which made the hero burst into tears. ——Zhuge Liang
③ When you become a master, you will be worthy of your true name. ——Zhuge Liang
④ Knowing that the world is divided into three parts, he still went out with all his men and resources. ——Zhuge Liang
⑤ If you are upright and upright, you can keep your righteousness soaring into the sky; if you are sad and angry, you can write a history that will shine on the world. ——Sima Qian
⑥ Drinking wine while drinking wine on the needle-grinding stone, leaning against the sword and hanging the bow and hibiscus in the sky. ——Li Bai
⑦ The eternal poetic talent, Penglai article Jian'an bone; a proud man, Qinglian layman relegated to the immortal. ——Li Bai
⑧ It has been eight hundred years since the old man passed away, but his hometown of drunkenness is still there; six or seven miles into the mountains, there are no lonely pavilions or shadows. ——Ouyang Xiu
⑨ The iron plate and copper lute follow the east slope and sing loudly as the great river goes eastward. The beautiful qin mourns the millet and the Southern Song Dynasty does not follow the wild geese flying south. ——Xin Qiji
⑩ The sufferings in the world are the sages in the poems; the sufferings in the world are the waves in the writing. ——Du Fu There is still a righteousness that reaches the heaven and earth, and a loyal heart that shines through the past and present. ——Wen Tianxiang Think deeply about the eternal sadness of the Miluo River when we hold high the purity and loyalty. ——Qu Yuan The lakes and mountains are all around, and thousands of families are filled with joy and sorrow.
——Fan Zhongyan The great river has been running for hundreds of generations, and the waves have rushed together to collect all the heroes of the ages; the Ci Garden has been for thousands of years, and a branch of daughter flower has bloomed in full bloom. ——Li Qingzhao The translation has not yet been completed, and I am shocked to hear about the meteorite. Who in China will lead the cry? My husband has passed away, and I remember the old rain painfully. The literary world feels hesitant from now on. ——Lu Xun Mao Zedong called Zhu Ziqing: "A person who will not bend his waist for five buckets of rice." Lenin praised Gorky: "The most outstanding representative of proletarian art." The incarnation of ballet: Ulanova. Guan Hanqing is known as: "Shakespeare of the East".
6. One sentence review:
① "The Romance of the Three Kingdoms": The writing is not very profound, and the language is not very vulgar.
② "A Dream of Red Mansions": Every word seems to be filled with blood, and ten years of hard work is unusual. (Words by Cao Xueqin)
③ "Mengxi Bi Tan": coordinates in the history of Chinese science and technology. (English Joseph Needham)
④Entering the Dragon: "The Romance of the Three Kingdoms"
⑤The Emperor's Mirror: "Zi Zhi Tong Jian"
⑥The meaningful rhetoric: " "Warring States Policy"
⑦The immortal art of war: "The Art of War"
⑧The funeral song of the old era: "Camel Xiangzi"
7. Titles of people :
(1) Name: When he was young, he was named by his father and elders. As an adult (male 20 years old, female 15 years old), he was given the nicknames Shen Dehong and Yan Bing, and Lu Xun and Hencai.
(2) Title: Generally only used to refer to oneself, to show a certain interest or express a certain emotion, regardless of age, such as Li Bai's name Qinglian Jushi, Bai Juyi's name Xiangshan Jushi, Li Qingzhao's name Yi'an Jushi .
(3) Posthumous titles: Titles added after the death of ancient princes, generals, senior officials, famous scribes, etc. For example, Fan Zhongyan was called Wenzheng, and Ouyang Xiu was called Wenzhong.
(4) Calling place of origin: naming a person after his birthplace, such as Meng Haoran called Meng Xiangyang, Liu Zongyuan also called Liuhedong.
(5) Official name: Name a person by his official name, such as Du Fu called Du Gongbu.
(6) Official place: named after the place where a person works as an official. For example, Cen Shen: Liu Zongyuan of Cen Jiazhou was called Liuliuzhou
(7) The titles (positions) granted by ancient emperors to aristocratic heroes: Gong, Hou, Bo, Zi, Nan (fifth grade)
8. Modesty:
1. Self-proclaimed: foolish, humble, humble, minister, servant
2. The emperor calls himself: lonely, widowed, me
3. Officials in ancient times called themselves: lower official, last official, petty official
4. Scholars called themselves: junior student, late student, late student, untalented, unworthy
5. What the ancients called themselves Relatives and friends of one party use home or residence: such as father, mother, brother, brother, sister, nephew
6. Other self-effacing words:
Those who respect their elders call themselves: in Above
The younger generation calls herself: below
The old man calls himself: old man, old man
The woman modestly calls herself: concubine
9. Honorific title:
p>1. To the emperor: long live, holy, emperor, holy driver, your majesty, king
2. To the general: subordinate
3. To the other party or the other party's relatives Honorific titles include Ling, Zun and Xian
Ling: Your father (the other party’s father) Your father’s mother (the other party’s mother) Your brother (the other party’s brother) Your son (the other party’s son) Your love (the other party’s daughter)
Zun: used to refer to people and things related to each other.
Respect your superior (the other party’s parents), respect your duke, respect your monarch, and respect your mansion (the other party’s father)
Respect the other party’s mother, respect your relatives (the other party’s relatives), and respect your life (the other party’s instructions) Zunyi (the meaning of the other person)
Xian: called a junior or junior.
Xianjia (referring to the other party) Xianlang (the other party's son) Xiandi (the other party's younger brother)
Ren: Calling friends of the same generation who are older than oneself as a benevolent brother. People with high status are called benevolent men.
4. Call an old person "father-in-law", "father-in-law". After the Tang Dynasty, father-in-law was called father-in-law, also known as Mount Tai. The wife's mother is the mother-in-law, also known as Taishui.
5. Adding "Xian" before the title indicates death, and is used to honor people with high status or older people.
Calling the dead father: Xiankao, late father.
Calling the deceased mother: concubine, first compassionate.
Dead talented and virtuous people: sages.
Dead emperor: the late emperor.
6. The king calls his ministers respectfully: Qing, love Qing.
7. "Sheng" is used to express respect for people with noble character and superior wisdom. "Confucius" is the "sage", "Mencius" is the "lesser sage" and "Du Fu" is the "poetry sage". Later, "Sheng" is mostly used for emperors, such as "Shengshang" and "Shengjia".
10. Special titles:
1. Common people’s titles: commoners, limin, common people, common people, and gangsters.
2. Bo (Meng) Zhongshuji: the order of eldest and younger brothers.
Bo (Meng) is the eldest, Zhong is the second, Shu is the third, and Ji is the fourth.
3. Appellations for different friendship relationships:
Poor and lowly friends: Friends made when people are humble and of low status.
Jinlan Friendship: A friend who has a close friendship and is as close as a brother.
A friend who cuts one's throat to death: a friend who shares life and death and faces adversity.
Friends who are of different generations and have a big age difference.
Friends of the opposite sex: Friends of the opposite sex who grew up together.
Public acquaintances: friends who meet as civilians.
Friends in need: Friends formed in times of adversity.
4. The title of age:
Cui Tiao: three or four years old - eight or nine years old.
General Angle: Eighty-nine years old - thirteen or fourteen years old.
Cardamom: Thirteen or fourteen years old - fifteen or sixteen years old (a metaphor for people who are not yet underage, and their teenage years are called "cardamom years".)
Weak crown: 20 years old.
Eli: 30 years old.
Buhuo: 40 years old.
Knowing destiny: 50 years old.
Sixty years old: 60 years old.
Old age: 70 years old.
Old age: 80 or 90 years old.
Qi Yi: 100 years old.
11. Ancient official appointments, dismissals, promotions and demotions:
1. Move: transfer, transfer, generally refers to promotion; moving to the left means demotion and transfer.
2. Relegation: Demotion and remote transfer.
3. Worship: confer an official position.
4. Grant: Grant an official position.
5. Promotion: selection, promotion.
6. Remove: remove from the old position and take up a new position.
7. Strike: remove, suspend from office.
8. Exemption: Removed from official position.
9. Depose: depose, demote, also used to deprive the throne or the prince of the right to inherit.
12. Geography:
1. Yin: Mountains to the north and water to the south Yang: Mountains to the south and water to the north
2. Left: East is left; Right: West is right.
3. River: Yellow River. River: Yangtze River
4. Five Sacred Mountains: Mount Tai (east), Mount Heng (south), Mount Huashan (west), Mount Heng (north), Mount Song (middle)
5. The four major mountains of Buddhism Famous mountains: Wutai Mountain, Jiuhua Mountain, Emei Mountain, Putuo Mountain.
6. Liuhe: the six directions of heaven, earth, east, south, west and north.
7. Eight directions: east, southeast, south, southwest, west, northwest, north and northeast.
8. The ancient names of China: Jiuzhou, Shenzhou, Chixian, Huaxia, Jiutu, Zhonghua, Huaxia.
9. Names of important towns, comparing ancient and modern times.
Suzhou: Gusu
Chengdu: Jinguancheng
Nanjing: Jinling, Jianye, Jiankang, Danyang, Jiangning, Baixia, Stone City.
Yangzhou: Weiyang, Yangcheng, Huaishang, Jiangdu, Guangling.
Beijing: Dadu, Yanjing, Shenjing.
Kaifeng: Daliang, Bianliang, Tokyo.
Zhenjiang: Jingkou.
Hangzhou: Lin'an, Wulin, Qiantang.
10. Nicknames for some cities in my country.
Kunming - Spring City
Suzhou - Venice of China
Chongqing - Mountain City, Fog City
Lhasa - Sunlight City
Guangzhou - Huacheng, Yangcheng, Wuyangcheng
Xuzhou - Pengcheng
11. The "three furnaces" on the Yangtze River: Chongqing, Wuhan, Nanjing .
13. Astronomy part:
1. The Big Dipper, also known as the Big Dipper, is a group of seven bright stars arranged in a bucket shape (spoon shape) in the northern sky in the morning. Polaris, the North Star Sky sign.
2. For leap years, the lunar year is divided by 4 or 100 (era number 00 is divided by 100). The year that can be evenly divided is a leap year.
3. Twenty-four solar terms: (see solar terms songs in the dictionary)
4. Traditional festivals.
Shangyuan, that is, Lantern Festival, falls on the fifteenth day of the first lunar month.
Cold food, 2 or 3 days before Qingming.
Double Ninth Festival, the ninth day of September.
The Dragon Boat Festival, the fifth day of May, is to commemorate Qu Yuan.
Mid-Autumn Festival, August 15th.
5. Chronology.
(1) AD chronology.
(2) Emperor and reign name chronology, spring of the fourth year of the Qingli calendar.
(3) The chronology of the heavenly stems and earthly branches, the heavenly stems: A, B, B, D, Wu, Ji, Geng, Xin, Ren and Gui.
Earthly branches: Zi, Chou, Yin, Mao, Chen, Si, Wu, Wei, Shen, You, Xu, Hai.
(Heavenly Stems and Earthly Branches Calendar System):
Heavenly Stems: A, B, C, Ding, Wu, Ji, Geng, Xin, Ren, Gui.
(Except 10) 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9., 0, 1, 2, 3
Earthly branches: Zi, Chou, Yin, Mao, Chen, Si, Wu, Wei, Shen, You, Xu, Hai
(Except 12) 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9., 10, 11, 0, 1, 2, 3
p>Calculation method: divide the Gregorian calendar year by 10, and the remainder is the order of the heavenly stems.
Divide the Gregorian calendar year by 12, and the remainder is the order of the earthly branches.
6. Month-keeping method (uncommon, omitted).
7. Date-keeping method.
On the 15th or 16th day of the lunar month (the 15th day of the small month and the 16th day of the big month), look forward to the 15th or 16th day of the lunar month
8. Keep track of time.
Sunrise 5-7
Eclipse time 7-9
Sunrise 9-11
Sunrise 11-13
p>Sunday 13-15
Afternoon 15-17
Sunday 17-19
Dusk 19-21
Ren Ding 21-23
Midnight 23-1
Cockcrow 1-3
Pingdan 3-5