Palace painting is an important part of China's traditional painting, and its development is closely related to the emperor's attention and the establishment of the painting academy system. Gongting imperial art academy
Hanlin Painting Academy, an institution, existed in the Five Dynasties, and was greatly established in the Song Dynasty. In Song Huizong, the painting academy, which also has the function of "painting", is the most perfect in organization and function, and has become a model of the palace painting academy. When Emperor Gaozong rebuilt the Painting Academy in the Southern Song Dynasty, he maintained the original organizational system, recruited painters through selection and recommendation, and the Academy was full of talents. Although the system of painting academy was suspended in the Yuan Dynasty, the institutions in charge of painting and calligraphy activities, such as secretarial supervision and Kuizhangge, were established. There are national first-class famous painters such as Gao, Zhao Mengfu, and in the palace, and literati painters participate in the palace painting activities.
Palace painting
Due to the establishment and improvement of the system of the Academy of Painting, palace painting has been developing in various painting themes such as landscapes, flowers and birds, figures and so on. Great achievements have been made in the similarity of court paintings in the Five Dynasties. By the Song Dynasty, the creative skills of "realistic painting" had become more and more perfect in this way, and the interest was becoming more elegant and refined, and the subjects expressed were more abundant and extensive. The creation of palace paintings has reached its peak, and the traditional meticulous painting style with professional painters as the basic creative force has reached the highest level. Most of the court paintings in Yuan Dynasty had obvious literati painting style, followed the tradition of Jin and Tang Dynasties, and paid attention to Mo Yun's brushwork and lyricism, which occupied an important position in the painting circle at that time.
Literati painting, also known as "literati painting" and "literati painting", is a kind of painting with literati interest and thoughts. There is a strong literati thought in the painting. As early as the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, some creative ideas and artistic practices of literati painting appeared, but as an official name, literati painting was put forward by Zhao Mengfu, a painter in the Yuan Dynasty.
Generally refers to the paintings made by literati in China feudal society. In the Ming Dynasty, Wen Zhiming advocated "literati painting", taking Wang Wei in the Tang Dynasty as the founder and aiming at the ancestor of Nanzong. Don't wait for the imperial edict in the painting academy. Tang Yin's "Six Flowers Paving a Stone Symbol Painting" in the Ming Dynasty: "Zhao Ziang asked Qian Shunju:' How about a stone symbol painting?' Shunju replied, "Painters paint." "But in the old society, it was often used to raise the painting art of the literati class and despise folk painters and institutional painters. In the Tang Dynasty, Zhang Yanyuan once said in Notes on Famous Paintings of Past Dynasties: "People who have been good at painting since ancient times are better than others without elegant clothes." This sentence has far-reaching influence. Modern Chen Hengke thinks that "literati painting has four elements: personality, knowledge, talent and thought, and with these four elements, it can be perfect. "
Usually, "literati painting" takes landscape, flowers and birds, plum blossoms, bamboo, chrysanthemum, wood and stone as the theme. , in order to express "spirit" or personal ambition, sometimes it also includes the oppression of the nation or the resentment of decadent politics in Liu Songnian's "Four Scenes" in the Northern Song Dynasty. They admire "morale" and "one product", advocate algae interest, stress pen and ink interest, get rid of similarities, emphasize verve, and attach great importance to the cultivation of literature and calligraphy and the creation of artistic conception of painting. Mang Fu Yao's Preface to Scholars' Painting in China once had a high evaluation: "King Youcheng of the Tang Dynasty (Wei) helped poems to enter the painting, and then the pen became interesting, and the method changed at will. Needless to say, the palace merchants, the mountains and mountains are all rhyme, and the righteousness does not have to be more prosperous. " Literati paintings in past dynasties have a great influence on the aesthetic thought of Chinese painting and the development of techniques such as ink painting and freehand brushwork.
Tang Yin's Autumn Fan Map in Ming Dynasty is a painting form with literati interest and thoughts, which is called literati painting. It includes three aspects of Chinese painting: landscape, flowers and birds, and juxtaposition of figures, and it is no different from painting or writing in terms of techniques. He is a good intersection of landscape, flowers and birds and figures in China's paintings. Chen Hengke said when explaining literati painting, "Don't pay attention to art in painting, but see the feelings of many literati outside painting". This is called literati painting or literati painting, knowing that painting is a thing. He is also a spiritual person, thinker, activist, non-tool person and non-pure person. "Literati painting is literary, philosophical and lyrical. In traditional painting, its unique "elegance" is unique, which is different from craftsman painting and courtyard painting. For example; Zhang Daqian, Wang Yachen, Wu Hufan, Qi Gong and Wang Dezu are all representatives of literati painting.
Palace painting is under the direct control of the royal family or nobles, created by the palace painting institutions or painters, or promoting the literary martial arts of rulers, or serving the aesthetic needs of emperors and nobles. Literati painting, on the other hand, was an artistic movement that rose in the mid-Northern Song Dynasty, which ran through the Song, Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties and ended in the ancient China. Literati painting is the product of the cultural life of the ruling and opposition literati. Although it has been constantly developing and changing, it represents the artistic purpose and aesthetic requirements of feudal intellectuals in different situations of official career or retirement. Because the literati were mental workers in China feudal society, their artistic purpose and understanding of artistic function were inevitably limited by history, but they had better conditions to study and grasp the artistic laws and made due contributions to expanding the expressive force of Chinese painting.
Speaking of shortcomings, Wang Bomin's A General History of China Painting is the most objective and authoritative one at present. In a word, the palace painting skills are exquisite, representing the highest level of painting skills at that time and the overall value tendency of society, which has a historical role in studying Chinese etiquette system. Palace painting can be used as a model for copying, which is conducive to the inheritance of painting skills. However, paying too much attention to technical expression will inevitably lead to rigidity, and may hinder the emergence and application of new techniques and new composition. Similar to stereotyped writing. In fact, the skills of literati painting are not very good. It can be said that except for a few geniuses, most of them are mediocre. But it represents another kind of voice and gradually becomes the mainstream. Literati painting is not "art", but "meaning". From their paintings, we can see obvious emotional expression, which is easy to cause the audience to sing. Moreover, literati painting makes "pen and ink" synonymous with Chinese painting. Palace paintings are meticulous and emphasize realism, which is a comparison with western oil paintings. Now we often say that "Chinese painting" is similar in spirit but not in shape, but actually refers to literati painting, that is, ink painting. After the Ming and Qing Dynasties, literati painting became the mainstream of painting, which continues to this day. However, each has its own advantages and disadvantages, and it is impossible to summarize which is more important.
Ah, ah, ah, ah, ah, ah, ah, ah, ah! What a bitch! I'll tell you the difference. Literati painting belongs to literati! Palace paintings belong to the court! You can say 15, but you still need 1500! ! Bitch! What a bitch!