Wang Fuzhi (16 19- 1692) was a thinker and philosopher in the late Ming and early Qing dynasties. He was an outstanding philosopher and thinker in the Ming and Qing Dynasties, and he was also known as the three masters of Ming and Qing Dynasties with Gu, Huang Zongxi. In his later years, he lived in Shichuanshan, Hengyang, and scholars called him "Mr. Chuanshan". People from Hengyang, Hunan. [Edit this paragraph] Life experience During Wang Fuzhi's Chongzhen years, Wang Fuzhi studied at Yuelu Academy, under the guidance of Wu Daoxing, and studied in Chongzhen eleven years (1638). Wu Daoxing taught Huxiang Family Studies and Zhu Zhidao at school, which influenced Wang Fuzhi's thought earlier and formed the basic thread of saving the world and the people in Wang Fuzhi's Huxiang School system.
After the death of Ming Dynasty, in the fifth year of Qing Shunzhi (1648), Wang Fuzhi sent troops to Hengyang to fight the Qing Dynasty, stopped the Qing army from going south, and retreated to Zhaoqing after defeat. He worked as a pedestrian in the ghost palace in Nanming to oppose Wang Huacheng and was jailed several times. When I arrived in Guilin, according to Qu Shi, Guilin fell into a trap and was martyred to hide. He moved from Xiangxi to Chen, Yong, Lian and Shao, fled to Yaodong and crouched in the mountains. Later, he returned to his hometown of Hengyang and devoted himself to studying. He built a thatched cottage at the foot of Shichuan Mountain, which was called "Xiangxi Caotang" in history, and he wrote many important academic works here.
After the age of 33, Wang Fuzhi began to "live in the valley of forests and hide in Tibet", and even changed his name to Nianren to avoid the world until his death. After studying hard and writing hard for forty years, I got a "put my hair in order, it's over" and never shaved my hair again. This is a lonely Geng Jieren, a rare figure among intellectuals in China. [Edit this paragraph] Personal achievements Wang Fuzhi is knowledgeable and has research on astronomy, calendar, mathematics and geography, especially in Confucian classics, history and literature. Philosophical summary and development of China's traditional materialism. It is believed that "everything in heaven and earth is qi, that is, everything is reason" (Reading Four Books, Volume 10), "qi" is a material entity and "reason" is an objective law. The dialectical essence of the change of qi is explained by "accumulation of biochemistry", and it is considered that "Yin and Yang are opposites, rigid and soft, cold and warm, life and death are opposites and enemies". Emphasize that "the world is just a tool" and "without tools, there is no way" (Book of Changes, Volume 5). Historical evolutionism is based on the relationship between Tao and implement, and opposes conservative and degenerate ideas. It is also believed that "practice is nature, success is success", and human nature changes with environmental customs, so "what has not been achieved can be changed" and education should "develop habits in children". On the relationship between knowledge and action, he emphasized that action is the basis of knowledge, and opposed Lu Wang's view of "taking knowledge as action" and the Zen master's view of "stopping knowing it". Politically, they oppose the powerful landlords and think that "enriching the people greatly" is the "national destiny", and agriculture, industry and commerce can all generate wealth. In literature, he is good at poetry and works. He has unique views on poetry, including Yi Shi and Preface to the Sunset Red. The book was edited by later generations as the suicide note of Chuanshan. He adhered to the fighting spirit of patriotism and materialism all his life until his death. Among them, the most important ones in philosophy are Zhouyi Zhuan, Shangshu Yi Yin, Reading Four Complete Works, Zhang Zizheng Zhu Meng, Lu Si's Internal and External Chapters, Huangshu, Nightmare and so on. Ink is rare from generation to generation. The book Song of Dayun Mountain is a rare treasure.
The thought of Qing Dynasty is a great synthesis of the thoughts of past dynasties. Scholars in the Qing dynasty criticized the shortcomings of the past ideological circles, some of which were very pertinent. However, limited by the times and knowledge, they seldom carry forward the thoughts of past dynasties except textual research and exegesis of classics. In carrying forward, Wang Fuzhi is the most profound, but he died without passing it on. [Edit this paragraph] Wang Fuzhi's thoughts and major works, especially in historical views and political thoughts, are mostly reflected in his two works, Zi Zhi Tong Jian and Song Lun. Thirty volumes of Zi Zhi Tong Jian and fifteen volumes of Song Lun. According to Wang Cai, the son of Wang Fuzhi, recorded in Jiang Zhai Gong Xing Shu, Wang Fuzhi wrote 30 volumes of Zi Zhi Tong Jian and 15 volumes of Song Lun in his later years, which made a difference because of the ups and downs of ancient and modern times. All kinds of papers are heavy and handwritten in regular script. Students who are poor and have no books, pens and paper, and many false old friends, the cause of books is to teach them; Few people hide at home with their children and grandchildren. It can be seen that the writing process of these books is very difficult.
Wang Fuzhi wrote 320 volumes in his life, all of which are recorded in the four libraries, including Zhouyi, Textual Research, Shangshu, Shishu and Chunqiu. Yuelu Academy built Chuanshan Temple in memory of this immortal master. His works were compiled into the Complete Works of Chuanshan in Qing Dynasty.