Wang Jian, who was born in a family of maritime merchants in Kaesong, replaced Gong Yi in 918 AD and became the first monarch of the Goryeo Dynasty. Silla surrendered to Goryeo in 935 AD and later Baekje in 936 AD. From then on, the separation of the three kingdoms ended, and Goryeo reunified the area south of the Datong River.
When the Goryeo Dynasty was founded, it coincided with the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period in mainland China (907-979 AD). The Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms were vassal towns at the end of the Tang Dynasty (in the middle of the Tang Dynasty, Jiedu envoys were set up on borders and important areas to take charge of local military affairs. Later, their power gradually expanded to take charge of civil affairs and finance, forming a military separatist regime that often confronted the imperial court. In history, it was called The continuation and development of the feudal separatist regime, and the chaotic situation was conducive to Goryeo's northward expansion. Wang Jian sent Wang Shilian to cross the northern boundary of the original Silla and occupied Pyongyang where "the Tibetan people (Mohe mòhé, a people from the northeast of ancient China) were hunting". After the Khitan (an ancient clan name. At the end of the Tang Dynasty, Abaoji, the leader of the Duesi Tribe, unified the Khitan and neighboring ethnic groups and established the Liao Dynasty, which stood side by side with the Five Dynasties and the Northern Song Dynasty) after destroying the Bohai Kingdom, they believed that Goryeo was actually Silla, a country of the Sanhan people. Unexpectedly, Therefore, from 993 AD to 1018 AD, they sent out large armies three times to fight against Goguryeo. As a result, they suffered a disastrous defeat in the face of Goguryeo's active defense and tenacious resistance.
After the establishment of the Song Dynasty, it attached great importance to friendly exchanges with the Goryeo Dynasty. Every diplomatic document was carefully written by scholars and knowledgeable people were sent as envoys to present it. In Goryeo, the king usually went to Guoxue regularly to worship Confucius, in order to advocate respect for Confucius. At that time, children from the king to Luxiang (1ǘxiàng, a small street, borrowed from the folk) received formal education based on Confucian classics. In March 1134, King Renzong of Goryeo ordered Confucian classics such as "The Book of Filial Piety" and "The Analects of Confucius" to be distributed to Luxiang children for the purpose of widespread education. The Goryeo Dynasty historian Kim Fu-sik commented on Inzong: "He has been talented since he was young. He is familiar with (Chinese) music and is good at (Chinese) calligraphy and painting."
Goryeo educator Cui Chong recruited young students and gave private lectures for the first time. The wind is very similar to the Chinese Confucius, so it has won the reputation of "Haidong Confucius". At that time, there were many students who came here to study, and Cui Chong set up "Nine Rooms" to accommodate these students. The contents taught include the Nine Classics including "Zhou Rites" and the Three Histories including "Historical Records". In addition to Cui Chong, there were 11 other people including Zheng Peijie, one of the servants, who successively opened private schools in other places, parallel to the Imperial College run by the state, and trained many talents for the country. At that time, the students under these 12 people were referred to as the "Twelve Disciples."
According to documentary records, from the reign of the last emperor of the Later Liang Dynasty (907 to 923 AD) in the Five Dynasties (named Zhu Youzhen, who reigned from 913 to 923 AD) and Zhenming (the reign name of the last emperor) to the reign of Emperor Huizong of the Song Dynasty (named Zhao Ji , reigned from 1100 to 1125 AD) during the Chongning period (the reign of Emperor Huizong of the Song Dynasty), many Chinese scholars and a few warriors went to Goryeo and served as officials there. 1052, 1060. In 1061, Zhang Ting, Lu Yin, Chen Wei, who were successively awarded the title of secretary and provincial secretary by the Goryeo court, and Shenxiu, who later served as a Goryeo official and participated in political affairs, were all entered into the Song Dynasty; the warrior Chen Yang was already a member of the Song Dynasty. He became a general and later defected to Goryeo in 1106. Civil and military personnel who defected to Goryeo generally had to pass an examination by the Goryeo court before being appointed.
Some Chinese scribes who served as officials in the Goryeo Dynasty made contributions to North Korea’s cultural and educational undertakings, and Shuangji was one of them. Shuangji was a native of the Later Zhou Dynasty (951~960 AD) in the Five Dynasties. He went to Korea with the envoys in 956 AD. King Guangzong of Goryeo loved his talents and asked Zhou Zhou to allow him to stay in Goryeo. Soon, Guangzong entrusted him with important tasks. In 958 AD, at Shuangji's suggestion, North Korea began to set up imperial examinations, and Shuangji was appointed as the minister presiding over the examination. Since then, North Korea has held regular scientific expeditions, which has played a role in revitalizing the literary style.
Many of the scribes from Goryeo to Song Dynasty were young students. In 976 AD, Goryeo sent Jin Xingcheng to the Song Dynasty to study at the Imperial Academy. In 1099, Zhezong of the Song Dynasty (named Zhao Xu, reigned from 1085 to 1100 AD) issued an edict to allow Goryeo to "raise his son Bingong" (Bingong: Binfu, surrender). In 1115, Goryeo sent Jin Duan, Zhen Weidi, Zhao Shi, Kang Jiuzheng, Quan Shi and other five Jin scholars to the Song Dynasty and to Taixue. They wrote in the imperial edict: "Without questioning the knowledge, how can the law be established? In the future." That is to say, young students from Goryeo came to the Song Dynasty to seek advice from accomplished scholars (zàoyì) on academic issues.
Jin Duan and other five people were personally tested by Emperor Huizong of the Song Dynasty in Jiying Hall, and four of them were awarded "Shangsheji"; Quan Shi was even more favored and was specially granted Chinese nationality.
The exchange of books between Song Dynasty and Goryeo Dynasty was also an important part of the friendly exchanges. According to records, the emperor of the Song Dynasty often took advantage of the envoys' visits to present books to the King of Goryeo. The content of the books covers various fields, such as "Wenyuan Yinghua" (a collection of poems and essays). "Taiping Yulan" (reference book), "Miracle Medical Remedies" (medical book) and Buddhist scriptures, etc. Of course, the exchange of books is by no means limited to the official, there are also many private channels. In 1027, Li Wentong, a native of Jiangnan in the Song Dynasty, went to Korea and presented (sold to the government) 597 volumes of books. In 1087, Song Shang also presented "New Commentary on the Huayan Sutra". The Goryeo Dynasty often paid high prices to encourage the valuable books brought by Song merchants. The Goryeo Dynasty also attached great importance to the publication and printing of books, and many books were printed under the orders of the king.
In calligraphy during the Goryeo Dynasty, Ou (Ouyang Xun) style was popular in the early period, and Zhao (Zhao Menfu fǔ) style was popular in the later period. Liu Shen in the reign of Emperor Wenzong, monk Dajian Guoshi Tanran in the reign of Renzong, Cui Yu (yǔ) in the reign of Emperor Gojong, and Jin Sheng in the Silla period were collectively known as the "Four Sages of Divine Rank". In addition, Jin Juxiong during the reign of Emperor Xianzong, Hong Huan (huǎn) during the reign of Emperor Suzong and Rui (ruì), and Li Ge (yán) during the period of King Zhongxuan were also famous calligraphers. European style is often used for inscriptions and scripture writing. During the process of inscription and scripture writing, the font will naturally undergo certain changes, as people can see in the Korean version of the Tripitaka, which is a typical "Korean style".
Paintings of the Goryeo Dynasty. It belongs to the Northern Song Dynasty painting style. Famous paintings include Li Ning's "Li Cheng Jiang" and "South Gate of Tianshou Temple", Li Jian's "Haidong Elder", Pu Ziyun's "Two Phases Return to Rest", King Gongmin (mǐn)'s "Samantabhadra Riding an Elephant", "Puxian Riding an Elephant" "The True Princess of Lu". "The Great Hunt in the Tianshan Mountains" and so on. Li Ning came to the Song Dynasty to study during the reign of Emperor Renzong of Goryeo (1122-1146 AD). He once followed the order of Emperor Huizong of the Song Dynasty and painted "Goryeo Li Chengjiang", which was highly praised. Song Huizong then ordered Hanlin Wang Kexun and others to learn painting from Li Ning, which shows his high painting skills.
In addition, "Riding Crossing the River" by the Korean painter Li Qixian is also worth mentioning. On the screen, five people wearing Hu costumes were riding horses across the frozen river. The river meanders from the center of the painting into the distance, intersecting with the snow-covered mountains; on the cliff in the close view, stands the qiú old pine tree that fully embodies the courtyard style of Southern Song Dynasty painting. With this natural scenery as the background, five people are riding horses leisurely. The layout of the picture is strict and the characters are vivid, especially the painting method of the horse is extraordinary. In 1319 (the Yuan Dynasty of China), Li Qixian traveled with King Zhongxuan of Goryeo to some places in the south of the Yangtze River in China. It was at this time that the Yuan Dynasty painter Chen Jianru painted a portrait of him. This painting is now in the Seoul Central Museum and is an important material for studying the portraiture of the Yuan Dynasty in China.
There are still many good stories about the exchanges between the Song Dynasty and the Goryeo Dynasty in calligraphy and painting. In 1117 AD, Quan Shi and other Goryeo scholars returned to China, bringing back Song Huizong's handwritten calligraphy and paintings and an edict commending Quan Shi and others. Therefore, Emperor Yeizong of Goryeo ordered the establishment of Cheonjang Pavilion in the palace to collect the edicts and artistic works of the Chinese emperor. In 1118, the Goryeo Dynasty rebuilt Anhe Temple, and took advantage of the envoy's trip to the Song Dynasty to write a plaque in Song Dynasty. After Song Huizong heard about this, he wrote the four words "The Hall of Nengren" in his own handwriting on the plaque of the Buddhist temple, and ordered the Taishi to do so. Cai Jing wrote "Jingguo Anhe Temple" on the temple gate as a gift to Korea. Later, Goryeo sent envoys to the Song Dynasty to express their gratitude to Emperor Huizong. The letter was drafted and written by Ruizong himself.
The invention of metal movable type in the Goryeo Dynasty was also the crystallization of cultural exchanges between China and North Korea. According to the "Ji Xiangguo Ji of Dongguo" written by Li Gyubo of the Goryeo Dynasty, between 1234 and 1241, Choi Yu, a powerful minister of the Goryeo Dynasty, ordered 50 volumes of "Ancient and Modern Separate Rites" written by Choi Yunyi to be printed with metal movable type. Goryeo invented metal movable type based on the clay movable type printing of Bi A of the Song Dynasty, which was earlier than Germany's use of metal movable type and China's use of copper movable type. The use of metal movable type not only played a great role in the development of Korean culture and academics, but was also an important initiative in the history of world printing.
Cheng-Zhu Neo-Confucianism was introduced to Goryeo during the Yuan Dynasty. In 1289, An Jian came to Yuan Dynasty with King Chungryeol promoted by Confucianism in Korea. He saw "The Complete Book of Zhuzi" for the first time and thought it was "the true lineage of Confucius". He was so happy that he copied it all and copied the portraits of Confucius, Zhuzi and other sages. , take it back to your country. This is considered to be the beginning of Cheng-Zhu Neo-Confucianism in Korea.
However, those who theoretically made further contributions to the popularization and dissemination of Neo-Confucianism in Korea were Bai Yizheng, Yu Miao (zhuō), Li Qixian and others later. Bai Yizheng and Li Qixian were teachers and students. They both lived in the Yuan Dynasty for a long time and engaged in research on Confucian classics and history with some famous Chinese scholars. Yu Zhuo also had a lot of experience in Neo-Confucianism through self-study. Later, Li Qixian came out from Li Qixian's family. Neo-Confucian scholars such as Zheng Mengzhou, Li Chongren, Zheng Daozhuan, and other Neo-Confucian scholars such as Ji Zai came under Zheng Mengzhou's sect. The spread of Neo-Confucianism in Korea had a great impact on the academic and political development of Korea.
During the Southern and Northern Dynasties, Silla monk Xuan Guang came to China and practiced Tiantai religious teachings from Nanyue Huisi (514-577 AD), but he failed to spread the sect after returning to China. It was not until the late 11th century that Goryeo monk Yi Tianren studied Tiantai Sect in the Song Dynasty. After returning to China, it was widely spread in Goryeo.
Yitian, named Dajue Guoshi, was originally a prince of the Goryeo Dynasty, and his common name was Wang Xu (xǔ). He became a monk at the age of 11 and became a monk at the age of 13. When he became an adult, he petitioned for permission to seek legal aid from Song Dynasty, but due to the risks of sailing and some objections, the trip failed. Yitian had no choice but to lead his disciple Shou Jie and two others incognito on a Song merchant ship to leave Korea in the early summer of 1085. They first arrived at Banqiao Town, Mizhou, Shandong, China, and then went to Bianjing (the capital of the Song Dynasty, now Kaifeng). After receiving the edict from Emperor Zhezong, Yitian began to travel around China and consulted famous monks from various places. In 1086, Yitian returned to Goryeo and served as the abbot of Heungwangsa Temple. During this period, he trained disciples and set up a teaching and administrative department in the temple. He published chapters and chapters about Buddhist scriptures purchased from the Song Dynasty, Liao Dynasty and Japan, as well as various ancient Buddhist scriptures collected in China, totaling more than 4,740 volumes. .
After Yitian returned to China from the Song Dynasty, he still maintained contact with Huiyin Academy in Hangzhou. Yitian once "translated three hundred parts of the Huayan Sutra with blue paper and golden script" and the funds for the construction of the Sutra Pavilion, and entrusted merchant ships to bring them to Huiyin Academy. Therefore, Huiyin Academy is also called "Koryeo Academy". In 1089, Yan Xian, a practitioner from the Huiyin Academy, came to Goryeo to announce the death of Master Jinshui, and brought the Master's true shadow and relics with him. Yitian specially sent his disciple Shou Jie and others to Hangzhou to pay homage and bring two gold pagodas with them to pray for the well-being of the Emperor of Song Dynasty and the Empress Dowager. Unfortunately, due to the rise of anti-Buddhism in China, this move was blocked, the golden pagoda was returned to Goryeo, and the disciples sent by Yitian were expelled from the Song Dynasty.