Zheng Xuan pointed out: "Young people, green collars, also serve students." So the word "stubborn" should now be pronounced "today".
Poetry of Zheng Feng Ji Zi and Qing Qing Ji Zi. Mao Chuan: "Young people, young people, are also served by students."
Han? Zheng Xuan wrote: "The students are all at school." Song? Lin Jingxi's poem "Pay a High Father" says: "Elegant hands give birth to a full house."
Xiao San's poem "He ……": "He is the most beloved professor of young students." Disciple: Yong Ye of the Analects of Confucius: "Ai Gong asked:' Who is a studious person?' "An apprentice is different from a master and an apprentice.
Song Ouyang Xiu's "Inscription of the Later Han Dynasty, Confucius and Zhou Dynasties": "His personal teacher is a disciple, and his teacher is a protege." Students should learn from their teachers and receive their education before they can succeed.
For teachers, students are apprentices. School-age children: young students.
Han Shu's Literary Annals: "Han Xing, Xiao He's grass method, also wrote its method, saying:' Taishi Kao Zi can satirize more than 9,000 words, so it is also history. "Lu Xun's" Scream for White Light ":"As soon as he arrived at his door, seven school children started to read together. "
Master: Yes, disciple. "The Book of Rites is good at bowing": "Zi Si cries in the temple, and the Lord comes."
Zheng Xuan's Note: "The master is also an apprentice." The door means the owner.
Student: It also refers to students. In the Eastern Han Dynasty, "protege" refers to re-passing disciples.
Master and disciple are different. Ouyang Xiu said in Records of the Historical Records Postscript Inscription of Confucius Temple in the Later Han Dynasty: "His teacher is a disciple, and his teacher is a disciple."
Later generations also refer to self-taught students. Under the door: refers to students and disciples.
Huai Nan Zi Dao Ying Xun: "Gong Sunlong said to his disciples,' Can someone call me?' Hu Shi's Zen genealogy in Bai Juyi's era:' Huai Hui is also the gate of Yi Dao, and his book will not be passed down today.' Disciples, students and guests: students and disciples.
The epitaph Liu Dakui gave to the doctor Min Fujun in the Qing Dynasty: "I make a living as a disciple and teach among the Party, Qianxi and Xunchuan. There are hundreds of people under his door. "
Guo Moruo's My Childhood: "He is a student of Zhang Zhidong and Wang Renqiu. I heard that some of Zhang Zhidong's theories were copied from him. " Tang Ming Shunzhi's poem "Sending Zou Dongguo to the South Courtyard" reads: "Speaking of guests, several people are sitting in the spring breeze."
Disciple: refers to the disciples under the door. The Analects of Confucius Taber: "Ceng Zi was ill, so he called his disciples".
Apprentices are also called "apprentices" in the province: they refer to disciples or apprentices. Acts, meaning disciples, disciples.
So some nicknames of students are also called "disciples". Such as apprentice, apprentice, apprentice and apprentice.
"Disciple", disciple and protege. Zeng Guofan's Preface to Sending Mr. Tang to the South Tour: "Without Zhong Ni, disciples are scattered in all directions."
Han Fei-Tzu's virtuous learning: "The strategy of collecting books, in terms of learning, is to gather disciples and discuss them in writing." Liang Qichao's "The General Trend of China's Academic Thought Change": "Those who create a theory need disciples to spread it to others, but those who lose thousands of miles will never stop."
Students, apprentices, apprentices and artists: "Students" refer to students and disciples. Guo Moruo said in the article "The Great Lessons of Appendicitis": "My own understanding of the economy is only a primary school student, and my opinion can't be counted."
"Students" refer to students who study Chinese studies and state and county studies. Preface to the History of Northern Scholars: "Set up imperial academy, set up a doctor of the Five Classics, and have more than one student."
"Apprentice" refers to a person who studies under a teacher. "Artist" refers to a student who studies with a master.
Dolly: The same teacher will have different students. Han Ying's Biography of Han Poetry Volume 7: "Those who love peaches and plums in spring get shade in summer and autumn is true;" Those who stab the spring tree cannot take their leaves in summer and get their thorns in autumn. "
In other words, if you plant peaches and plums in spring, you will reap green, cool and fruitful fruits; When you plant tribulus in spring, you can't pick its leaves, but you can only get thorns. Later, people used "peaches and plums" as a metaphor for students who were trained and recommended talents.
So today we often hear: "peaches and plums are everywhere", "peaches and plums are everywhere" and so on. High feet and high feet: it is a courtesy title for other students.
It is said that horses were divided into three classes in the Han Dynasty: high-footed, middle-footed and low-footed. "Gaozu" is a first-class fast horse, also called "Shangzu".
People compare "high-footed" and "high-footed" to "a talented student" as a courtesy to other students. Kid: "kid" is the address of elders to younger generations, and it can also be used as the address of teachers to students.
There is a famous saying in The Analects of Confucius, Yang Huo: "Boy, why don't you learn poetry? Poetry can be exciting, enjoyable, collective and resentful. Your father is a thing, and your father is a distant thing; Know the names of birds, animals and plants. "
Why don't students learn poetry? Poetry can inspire ambition, observe society, make friends and complain about injustice. You can serve your parents nearby, you can serve the king far away, and you can know the names of many birds, animals and plants. "
Qing Liu Dakui's Biography of Gong Min: "It is for the younger generation, and there is no hidden truth in teaching." Rendi: "Rendi" is also the teacher's name for students, which implies the teacher's admiration and love for students.
In addition, teachers usually call students "late classmates, late classmates, late classmates, underachievers, etc." This is the students' modest and prudent self-assertion in front of their predecessors and teachers. Late students: Students in Qing Dynasty called their teacher, father's teacher or teacher's father "Taishi" and called themselves "late students" to show their respect. Classmates, inkstone, classmates, classmates, classmates, book friends, schoolmates and inkstone friends all refer to studying under the same teacher's school.
We can all understand its meaning literally and often see it in ancient books. For example, "Nineteen Ancient Poems" contains "I used to be a friend of my family, holding high my voice and asking six questions".
To "risk one's life and forget one's death" is to give up one's mind in order to study. Song Gu Tao's Five Holes of Qing Louis: "An old chap like me, when I was a child, Liu Chuiyou, my roommate, was eloquent."
"The same inkstone seat" refers to the same table and inkstone seat, and refers to people or classmates who study poetry together. Liu Yuxi's poem: "I always sit at the same table, and I feel this sense of separation."
"The same pen and inkstone", also known as "the same pen and inkstone", refers to people who study together, that is, classmates. In Song Dynasty, Chen Liang wrote "Nomination Letter with Gou Jianzhai": "Today's gentleman is more or less the same as the pen and ink inkstone, or has been in business for twenty years. Once the nobles are few and different, he will be like a passerby. "
Brother, teacher.
2. Common words in classical Chinese in junior high school and their meanings 1- love 1 Aiko chooses teachers to teach (pity) 2 Qin loves luxury, and people also miss home (happiness, hobbies) 3 Although Qi is small, why do you love cows (pity, pity) 4 Make the three countries love their places (pity, pity).
Hide) 2- An 1 The wind and rain don't move, why should Anrushan (stable) 2 put people in a secluded place? (Safe) 3 Then rest for one night (Comfortable) 4. It is best to be peaceful and make a good alliance (comfort) 5. Wang Ping camped ten miles from the mountain. The general greeted him, and he wanted to be safe. Food and clothing (medical care) 8. He make-safe) 3- 65438 times when he came. Double) 3 How to accompany Zheng with dead neighbors (through "double", increase) 4 Every festive season, I miss my relatives (more and more). "Sun Tzu's Art of War, Tactics and Raiders" said: "The method of using soldiers: ten encirclement, five attacks, and different times; The enemy can fight, few can escape, and cannot be avoided. "
That is, the general principles and methods of using force are: surround the enemy when the strength is ten times that of the enemy, attack the enemy when the strength is five times that of the enemy, and divide the enemy when the strength is twice that of the enemy, thus creating absolute superiority and then destroying it all. When you are evenly matched with the enemy, you have the ability to defeat the enemy; when the number is less than the enemy, you have the ability to scratch the enemy ("escape" means "pick" and practice means "catch"); when your strength is weaker than the enemy, you have the ability to avoid the enemy.
) 4- Being 1 Yu, Tang being (bitter, bitter) 2 believing and seeing doubt, being loyal and being slandered, can there be no resentment (passive, auxiliary) 3 The general's body is determined and fierce (wearing it or putting it on his body) 4 being put (wearing it, wandering) for 5 days and nights. According to) 3 books are in the south of Jizhou (originally, originally). It is hard to waste today. It is not difficult to record the manuscript (version, manuscript) halfway. It has its own chapter (a memorial or letter from a courtier to the emperor). 6 If you stop printing three or two books (quantifiers, units of measurement of books). 7 This is called losing one's original heart (natural kindness). 8 books do not fall (roots) and so on. ) 9 Suppress the trace of its success or failure (investigate its origin and examine its right and wrong) 6- contempt 1 There are two monks in Shu, one is poor and the other is rich (frontier, noun) 2. I didn't know the general was so generous (vulgar, shallow, vulgar, described) 3. I don't know taboos.
(I, a compound word, boasting modesty) 4 Confucius despised his trifles (contempt, verb) 7- Soldiers 1 Receiving soldiers from various countries and assembling Xianyang (weapons, ordnance) 2 Zhao Yisheng stationed troops for Qin, but Qin dared not move (soldiers, troops) 3. So he went to the army to make a plan. Secondly, he cut (operational strategy, strategy) 4. Bing Gu's syndrome) 8- disease 1 Jun's disease is in the skin, but he doesn't treat me (disease, noun) 2. If you don't wait on me, you will be ill for a long time. Not as smooth as Duke Zhou, my illness is also (wrong, shortcoming, noun) 4. Fan is in power, the wealth of governors is heavy, while Zheng people are. Today people criticize frugality (resentment, shame, verbs) 9-examine it 1 Xu, and then all the stones at the foot of the mountain (look carefully and observe) 2. Looking at your opinions, I just want to miss the general (careful investigation) 3. Although we can't visit, we must (understand and clarify) four more people. Adjective) 5 Ming is enough to see the end of autumn (see clearly). 6 people can see no fish (smart, adjective)1chaochá o1chaotian (zhā o in the morning) 2 Like every dynasty, it is often called sick (see the court, worship). 3 Strong countries please take it, and weak countries enter the DPRK (see the court). So I went to see Wang Wei (the imperial court) and two generations, and he gave his sincerity (the DPRK) for six years. I didn't listen to the court (government). I'm sitting in the north (right, direction, verb) 2-1-Zeng1,one of the indestructible mountains (adverb, used for emphasis, sometimes equivalent to "Lian-"adverb) 3. Hou Sheng once gave it to me without saying a word (unexpectedly, adverb) 4. Noun) 5. Zeng Yi couldn't (increase, increase, verb) 12- rode in ch for six or seven hundred times, (sheng quantifier, there was a car and four horses in ancient times) 5 times in Ezhou and turned back (boarded) 6 times in wei county, Niuerqi Division (sheng si, numeral) 13- cheng/kloc. Adjective) 1 4-except1,sweeping the court at dawn (steps, nouns) 2. Eliminate the residue and filth for the Han family (cleaning and removing) 3. Take the rule of the former king to promote the advantages and eliminate the disadvantages (clearing and eliminating) 4. Demolition of Wei Yan's abandoned shrine site for burial (renovation and repair) 5. Give it to Prime Minister Right and Ambassador Tang. Noun) 15- Ci 1 and Hou Sheng once sent me a sentence and a half (words, words) 2 All words are called Fu Jian (words, literature) 3. Moving to the imperial court is an excuse) 4. I will not avoid death. I quit my job after drinking (declined) 5. Here I am, a year ago, far from the capital, and now I am in Jiujiang. Care) 8 Knowledgeable and willing, know how to control chaos, and be good at rhetoric (rhetoric, words of entertainment) 9 The king of Qin was afraid that he would break the wall, but he politely refused (politely refused, politely apologized) 10 guilty resignation (command) 16- riding from 1 Pei Gong Dan Ri (committing ... Fan Kuai, sit (lean) 5. From this road to our army. Until her brother went to war, then her aunt died. It is like a floating cloud (following).
3. The meaning of common words in classical Chinese in senior high school (1) is suffixed to indicate the state.
Equivalent to modern Chinese.
What does it look like? A tiger saw it. It was a monster.
(2) Kang Su said angrily: (3) promiscuous, wife suspicious.
(4) the teacher the manner of sighing. (5) and the situation of the day Ran Jing right eye.
However, however. Exodus: ① But when you read it, you will find it no different.
(2) But how many rich people study? (3) However, depending on its left and right, few people remember it. (4) However, the position of the monarch is difficult to understand.
(5) However, the group can enter the customs, and the Qin Dynasty will be broken first without knowing it. 6. But, it is said, and I especially doubt it.
However, you can see the promotion of knitting and hide your mind. Yuan was furious today, but he didn't repay him.
Pet-name ruby view Shou Yuan is welcome, but complacent. Yes, that's right.
Example: ① Nature. Li Zhongyi Shuai Tu was ordered to take 3,000 as the leader.
(Nature: Take it for granted) 2 If you are planted, say the holy gate, and the gate official will block it. 3 guangwu.
Nature is unbearable.
Go out early and come back late, carrying bamboo tubes and silk cages. (5) However, there are still people.
(4) so, so. Example: (1) then open the door to the outside world, as well as the inner city, and so on.
(2) Not only books are natural, but everything in the world is natural. (3) Zi Mozi said, "Hu is certainly not yourself?" (4) although the public lose, take me as the ladder, and you will take Song.
(5) Only Cui Bo's drought-striken fields and Yingchuan's Xu Shuyuan are straightforward, bright and friendly. This is not the case after 6.
⑦ Be natural. Persecuted, and so is your concubine.
Pet-name ruby this is natural to go, but it is not the case. Attending this is not.
5] Used at the end of the sentence, "Like it.
The same. "Former. His eyes are silent, but if he listens to the sound of tea, it is natural.
"Then" is equivalent to "then" and "then" in modern Chinese, which means to undertake. For example: (1) There is Bole in the world, and then there is Maxima.
(2) then lead to bail, out of the house. (3) Otherwise, the Third Team will be dead if it adds other weapons.
(4) Then the emperor and Mr. Kang can have a little understanding. 5] Then have a good sleep.
[6] Let Jianhua be the city, because the river is a pool. Once, and then make Liuhe your home.
(8) Then cross the Yangtze River. If you are correct, you will know the weight, the degree, and the length.
⑽ Restrain Wang Xingjia, a dangerous minister, to blame the governors, and then to be quick with the heart? (1 1) and was caught committing a crime and then punished. "However" is equivalent to "in this case, then" in modern Chinese.
",plays a connecting role.
Example: (1) However, if you are lucky enough to be impregnable, you will meet Zhang Hu. If you are lucky enough to be impregnable, what will you meet? (2) However, it leads to Wuxia in the north and Xiaoxiang in the South Pole. (3) However, it becomes the next thing.
(4) However, the vassal's land is limited. 5] but wasting the whole clock and? [6] However, if you don't lift a feather, you don't have to exert yourself.
However, once you know what the king wants. However, small cannot be big.
"However" is equivalent to modern Chinese (though), but. "
Represents a turning point.
Example: (1) However, the success or failure is different, but the achievement is opposite. However, be patient.
(3) The old people eat clothes, silk and meat, and the people are not hungry or cold, but they are not kings and have nothing. (1) auxiliary words.
1. refers to people, things, things, time, place, etc. "Of" and "of".
(1) There's a complicated sentence. If you are often taken hostage, the old woman will spit in her face! (Touching the Dragon and Telling the Empress Zhao) There were more than twenty emperors in the Qin Dynasty since Miao Gong, and they were never firmly bound (Biography of Lian Po and Lin Xiangru). 2. Used after numerals, it is translated into "...", ... and ... ". (1) the number of people, also.
("Battle of Red Cliffs") (2) Still different from the two, what? (The story of Yueyang Tower) 3. Used as the object of "if", "like" and "like", translated as "like". (1) In a word, people who look sad (Snake Catcher) (2) look at each other and feel powerless (Donkey of Guizhou) (4) put it behind the postposition attribute, which is equivalent to "de".
(1) Help can be reported to the Qin Dynasty, but not. (Biography of Lian Po and Lin Xiangru) (2) It was an instant when smoke filled the air and people drowned ("Battle of Red Cliffs") (5). Put it after the subject, resulting in no translation judgment.
(1) Lian Po, Zhao Zhiliang will also. ("Biography of Lian Po and Lin Xiangru") (2) Teacher, so I preach and teach.
("Shi Shuo") 6. When used in time words such as "today" and "past", there is no need for translation. (1) Close to the crime of resignation.
("Battle of Red Cliffs") (2) the ancient world is given priority to, ting? 3 Those who are far away count the world, and those who are near reach the body. 7. Put it at the end of the clause to lead to the reason.
(1) However, Cao overcame salt and took the weak as the strong, which not only made the weather bad, but also suppressed others. (Battle of Red Cliffs) (2) I went to visit my relatives and serve you. I admire your lofty righteousness.
(Biography of Lian Po and Lin Xiangru) The beauty of a wife is mine, and I am also private. (Zou Ji satirizes "Qi Wang Ke Jian") (2) Modal particles.
1. is placed at the end of the question, indicating the interrogative tone, etc. 1 which? The prestige of Yan State is to cultivate respect (Biography of Lian Po and Lin Xiangru) (2) Who is the king for this purpose? (Hongmen Banquet) ① Location.
Example: ① Take the child to the master. (2) and make wu times in plexus temple.
(3) It will make the array harmonious, with advantages and disadvantages. (4) The promised land won my place! (5) Do you have to teach me to hunt insects after repeated self-reading? Somewhere, but mother is here.
⑦ What is this? (2) Used before a verb or "preposition+verb" to form a noun phrase, equivalent to ".
Things and things? " .
This place.
People "and so on. Example: (1) Fishermen have said and heard them all.
(2) Have no worries about food and clothing. If you dare to specialize, you will be divided. (3) The existence of Tao and the existence of teachers.
Jing Ke waited and wanted to keep pace with everything. The cause of this disease is also innate.
What's the reason? It's the reason. ) "so" ① indicates the way of behavior.
Method or basis, equivalent to "accustomed to".
Method'' of is used for.
"and so on. Ex.: I know people are far away from their children, so I won't say anything.
(2) therefore, the first king's interpretation of the law, and the law is the law. (2) indicate the reasons.
Equivalent to ".
Reason ". Exodus: ① I am a relative and a minister, but I am far from a villain. This is the reason why the Han Dynasty flourished.
(2) Jing people still follow the table and guide them, which is also the reason for their defeat. (3) I went to my relatives to serve the monarch, and I admire the monarch's lofty righteousness.
(4) so sent will keep off, because he stole in and out, even. How to say "so-called".
Example: (1) What Li Daoyuan called the water cycle. This so-called victory over the imperial court.
(3) It is not what I call telling the truth to solve its confusion. (4) Emperor Gaozu's so-called "Who is in a certain industry, which is more important than China", and his interest in profit is beyond words.
"Everywhere". For example, loud stones are everywhere.
(2) location, location. Exodus: ① Finding its phase is where the earthquake is.
(2) run, bend the corner, lost his position. (3) The location of Gongque Mountain Mausoleum, go to the boundless.
.
4. Which word in classical Chinese means business card? Business cards first appeared in feudal society. During the Warring States Period, China began to form a centralized state. With the use of advanced production tools such as iron, the economy has also developed, which has led to the development of culture. Confucianism represented by Confucius and other schools have formed a scene of contention. Countries are committed to expanding their territory, supporting and spreading their own culture, and a large number of emerging nobles appear in the war. China, especially after the reunification of Qin Shihuang, began a great reform: unifying the national characters and enfeoffing the vassals. Xianyang has become the center of the country, and governors from all walks of life will report to Beijing every once in a while. In order to close the relationship with the court authorities, frequent contact with feelings is inevitable, so the early names of business cards began to appear. The so-called "phone call" means that visitors write their names and other introductory words on bamboo or wood chips (paper was not invented at that time) as an introduction document to the interviewee, which is now a business card.
When business cards are found in historical records of the Western Han Dynasty, they are called "swearing". "Interpretation of Famous Books" contains: "Yi, also. The name of the book is also on the list. " It was also called Ming thorn in the Eastern Han Dynasty. According to the Records of the Later Han Dynasty, Mi Fei once asked for a name. In the excavated tombs of the Han Dynasty, it was found that this bow or thorn was a wooden slip, 22.5 cm long and 7 cm wide. It has the name and place of origin of the famous assassin, similar to today's business card.
In the Tang Dynasty, the name thorn of wooden slips was changed to name paper. In the Tang Dynasty, new scholars in Chang 'an exchanged names and papers in red for communication. At the end of the Tang dynasty, it was also called "door shape" and "opening the door", which were all ways to contact people who reported themselves. The famous paper of the Song Dynasty still has the owner's handwriting. According to Zhang Shinan's records in Travels of Officials in Southern Song Dynasty, he has famous articles written by Huang Tingjian and given to him by Qin Guan, which are similar to today's New Year cards. The Forbidden City in Beijing also has a "curtain post" by Cai Xiang, a calligrapher of the Northern Song Dynasty. According to Lu You's Notes on Old Learning Temple, it is similar to a famous thorn.
In the Yuan Dynasty, it was renamed "Worship Post", and in the Ming and Qing Dynasties it was also called "Famous Post" and "Piece Post". The content has also been improved, except for the self-reported name and place of origin, the official position is written in the book. There are poems in Zhuzhici in Qing Dynasty as evidence: "Each new post is small, three inches long and two inches wide", and "The inscription book with red inscription is two inches long, which was once half worn". From the poem, we know that there are few famous posts in Qing dynasty, and they are also plum red paper. According to textual research, the famous posts in Qing Dynasty are different from those in Tang Dynasty, but written in regular script, engraved with wooden stamps and printed on plum red paper. Later, white business cards appeared (see Tsui Hark's Clearing Money and Customs for details).
The format of "name card" is almost the same as today's business card, and married people also add their husband's surname to the woman's business card. Its size also has a routine: two inches wide and three inches long. For the purpose of literati communication and visiting, the host usually visits his friends and asks the servant or extremely book boy to hand over the name card to the other party's door and then present it to his own host. There is a passage in Suzhou's "golden phoenix Xu", which is about a Suzhou man, Qian Zhijie, who went to Beijing to visit the Prime Minister because of his meritorious rainfall, and was only willing to pay him five hundred and twenty pieces of silver. According to Wang's "Tang Yanyan", this has become a common practice in the Tang Dynasty. Liu Lufeng, a native of the Tang Dynasty, handed over a famous thorn and was also banned by imperial edict. In the book "The Wizard of Oz", a candidate posted a post asking for an audience, but the owner Yu Bing didn't want to read it, so please see that the master said he was not at home, which shows that the famous post at that time was very popular.