2. translation: my field car has been built and my horses have been assembled; My car is well equipped and my horse is fattened. I was accompanied by countless officials and nobles, and the long beams under the standard fluttered in the wind.
Thirdly, there is a kind of drum-shaped stone engraved with an instant in Shi Guwen, and Shi Guwen is a four-character poem, which is the oldest stone carving in China. It is also called "hunting" because it describes hunting in Qin Huang.
The font is between ancient prose and Qin Zhuan, and is generally called "Da Zhuan". Wu Changshuo, a modern calligrapher, has profound attainments in writing stone drums, which are widely published in printed form for reference when reading.
-Fei, Appreciation of Ancient Inscriptions. Extended information 1. Shi Guwen's font inherited the inscriptions on bronze in the Western Zhou Dynasty and opened the seal script of Qin Dynasty.
From the calligraphy point of view, Shi Guwen inherited the tortoise from Qin Gong (bronze ware in the mid-Spring and Autumn Period, with an inscription covering ten lines and five elements, with the word 12 1. His book is the predecessor of Shigu and Qin Zhuan, and its writing is generous.
Where the pen is folded horizontally and vertically, it is contained in the circle, and the pen is drawn vertically at the turning point, and it is gradually stretched downward when descending. But it tends to be square and rich, and the beginning of the pen is a Tibetan front, round and muddy.
The ancient Mao Xiongxiu is the crown of ancient and modern times. Second, the incomplete knife method is a common technique in Wu Changshuo's seal cutting creation.
Most of the ancient seals in Qin and Han dynasties were incomplete in printing and writing lines. Wu Changshuo is good at wonderful workmanship. On the basis of traditional knife-cutting, supplemented by techniques such as knocking, chiseling, grinding or borrowing sandstone and nails, he greatly enriched the expression techniques of seal cutting, and creatively promoted the golden stone flavor produced by the knife-stone effect of seal cutting to a new aesthetic realm.
References:
Baidu Encyclopedia-Shi Guwen Reference:
Baidu Encyclopedia-Wu Changshuo.
2. Who knows the history books before and after the Qin Dynasty? Thank you 1
Spring and Autumn Annals is a chronicle of Lu, which was revised by Confucius. It records the history from the year of Luyin (722 BC) to the fourteenth year of Lu Aigong (4865438 BC+0 BC), and is the earliest existing chronicle work in China. The historical data of Chunqiu is of high value, but it is not complete. Wang Anshi even said that Chunqiu was a "waste newspaper". It is also one of the Confucian classics.
In ancient China, spring and autumn were the seasons when princes hired royalty. In addition, Spring and Autumn also represented the four seasons in ancient times. History books record all the major events that occur throughout the year, so "Spring and Autumn Period" is a general term for history books. The official name of Lu's history book is Chunqiu. Traditionally, Chunqiu is regarded as the work of Confucius, while some people think it is the collective work of Lu historians.
The writing in Chunqiu is very concise, and the record of events is also very brief. However, during these 242 years, the customs of vassal's attack, alliance, usurpation, sacrifice and disaster were recorded. It records the era of the twelfth generation of Lu, which is completely correct. Compared with the solar eclipse scripture written by western scholars, there are more than 30 solar eclipses recorded in it, which proves that Spring and Autumn Annals was not written by the ancients on the basis of nothing, and can be regarded as a history of faith. However, in the process of long-term circulation, it is inevitable that there will be problems such as escaping from the text and increasing channeling.
The original version of Chunqiu contained only 18000 words, while the existing version contained only 16000 words. The language is extremely concise and the wording is orderly. Because the text is too simple for later generations to understand, exegetical works have appeared one after another, explaining and explaining the records in the book, which is called "biography". Among them, Zuo Qiuming's Chunqiu Zuozhuan, Chunqiu Gongyang Zhuan, Chunqiu Gu Liangxi Zhuan and Chunqiu Gu Liangxi Zhuan are collectively called the three biographies of Chunqiu as Confucian classics. At present, the original text of Chunqiu is generally compiled into Zuozhuan as a classic, and the new content in Zuozhuan is biography. According to "History of Literature and Art in Hanshu", there were ***5 biographies in the Spring and Autumn Period:
Thirty volumes of Zuo Zhuan;
Ram biography (11);
Gu Liangchuan11;
Zou Chuan (11);
Jia Chuan 1 1.
The latter two have disappeared. Biography of Ram and Biography of Gu Liang were written in the early years of the Western Han Dynasty, using the official script prevailing at that time, which was called Jinwen. There are two kinds of Zuozhuan, one is written in ancient fonts before the pre-Qin period, called ancient prose; One was handed down by Xun Qing during the Warring States Period.
Biography of Ram and Biography of Gu Liang are quite different from Zuozhuan. Biography of the Ram and Biography of Gu Liang talk about "righteousness" in the hope of clarifying Confucius' original intention (the author thinks that Spring and Autumn Annals was written by Confucius), while some people think that some contents are far-fetched. Zuo Zhuan is based on historical facts, which supplements the events not recorded in Spring and Autumn Annals. Some records are different from Chunqiu. Some people think that the historical value of Zuo Zhuan is greater than that of Yang Gongzhuan and Gu Liangzhuan.
2
Introduction of Zuo Zhuan
Later Zuozhuan combined it with Chunqiu as a classic book, which was called Chunqiu Zuozhuan for short.
Together with Chunqiu Gongyang Biography and Chunqiu Guliang Biography, they are called "Chunqiu Sanzhuan". Zuo Zhuan is an independent history book in essence. The author of Zuo Zhuan, Sima Qian and Ban Gu, said that it was written by Zuo Qiuming, but now it is generally believed that it was written by people in the early years of the Warring States.
Zuo Zhuan, formerly known as Zuo's Chunqiu Zhuan, also known as Chunqiu Zuoshi Zhuan, or Zuoshi Chunqiu, is a historical masterpiece and literary masterpiece, and also the earliest chronological history book in China. According to legend, it was written by Zuo Qiuming at the end of the Spring and Autumn Period to explain Confucius' Spring and Autumn Annals. It began in the year of Lu Yin (722 BC) and ended in the twenty-seventh year of Lu Aigong (464 BC). Based on the Spring and Autumn Annals, it illustrates the outline of the Spring and Autumn Annals by describing the specific historical facts of the Spring and Autumn Period, which is one of the important Confucian classics. In the Western Han Dynasty, it was called Zuo's Spring and Autumn Annals, and in the Eastern Han Dynasty, it was renamed Chunqiu Zuozhuan. It is also called "Three Biographies of Spring and Autumn" with Biography of Ram and Biography of Gu Liang.
3. Names of history books
Guoyu is the earliest work on national history in China. It records the history of the royal family of Zhou Dynasty and the vassal states of Lu, Qi, Jin, Zheng, Chu, Wu and Yue. From Zhou Muwang's voyage to the Western Ocean (about 947 BC) to Zhi Bo's annihilation (about 453 BC).
Notes on the title or background of a book.
As to who is the author of Guoyu, there have been many arguments in academic circles since ancient times, and no conclusion has been reached so far. Sima Qian first mentioned that the author of Guoyu was Zuo Qiuming (Zuo Qiu was blind, so there was Guoyu). Later, Ban Gu, Liu Zhiji and others thought it was written by Zuo Qiuming, also known as Chunqiu Biography or Zuoshi Biography. However, after the Jin Dynasty, many scholars suspected that Guoyu was not written by Zuo Qiuming. Up to now, academic circles are still arguing endlessly, generally denying that Zuo Qiuming is the author of Guoyu, but lacking conclusive evidence. It is generally believed that Mandarin was compiled by some people familiar with the history of various countries in the early Warring States period according to the historical materials of the royal family and vassal States of the Zhou Dynasty at that time.
The Qin Dynasty sent someone to the king of Anling and said, "I want to change the 500-mile land into the country of Anling.
King Anling must promise me! An Lingjun said: "It is a good thing that the king can do us a favor and turn our small territory into a big territory. Even so, I still accepted the feudal land handed down by my ancestors, and I am willing to guard it all the time, but I dare not exchange it! " The king of Qin was very unhappy when he learned that.
So the Anling Army sent Tang Yong to the State of Qin. The king of Qin said to Tang Yong, "I exchanged 500 Li of land for Anlingjun, but Anlingjun didn't listen to me.
Why? Besides, the State of Qin destroyed the State of Wei in North Korea, but Anling Fiona Fang survived for 50 miles. Because I regard Anling Army as a loyal minister and elder, I didn't give him any advice. Now I use ten times the land of Anling to let Emperor Anling expand his territory, but he goes against my will.
Isn't this contempt for me? Tang Yong replied, "No, that's not true. An Lingjun inherited the feudal land of his predecessors, so he guarded this land, even if he exchanged thousands of miles of land, not to mention only five hundred miles of land? " The king of Qin flew into a rage and said to Tang Yong, "Has Mr. Tang ever heard of the emperor's anger?" Tang Yong replied, "I've never heard of it."
The king of Qin said, "When Tian Zi was angry, millions of people were dead everywhere and Wan Li was bleeding." Tang Yong said, "Has the king ever heard of people being angry?" The king of Qin said, "When people are angry, they take off their hats and fall to the ground."
Tang Yong said: "This is the anger of mediocre and incompetent people, not the anger of talented and courageous people. When they specifically assassinated Wu bureaucrats, the comet's tail swept the moon; When Nie Zheng assassinated Han Pu, a white light went straight to the sun; When the eagle landed in the palace, they were preparing to assassinate Qing Ji.
All three of them are brave people. Before the anger broke out in their hearts, God gave them a signal of good luck or bad luck.
(Now Zhu Zhu and Nie Zhenghe are leaving) Add me and they will become four people. If people with courage and ability must be angry, then let two people's bodies fall, five steps of bloodshed, and people all over the world want Dai Xiao.
Now is the time. "Take your sword out of its sheath and stand up.
The king of Qin turned and knelt down. He apologized to Tang Yong and said, "Please sit down, sir! Why ... I see: Han and Wei perished, but Anling lived for fifty miles, because you are here, sir! " Extended data:
Source: Tang Jushi, pre-Qin Liu Xiangzhu.
Creative background: In the 22nd year of Qin Shihuang (225 BC), after Qin destroyed Wei, he wanted to occupy Anling in the name of "Yi Di". Anling is a small country belonging to Wei State. An Lingjun was originally Wei Xiangwang's younger brother.
At that time, South Korea and Wei, which were closely related to Qin, perished one after another, while Zhao, Yan, Qi and Chu, among the other six countries in Shandong, were cut off by Qin for many years and were dying. After the demise of its suzerain state Wei, Anling once maintained its independent status.
The king of Qin wanted to take Anling lightly by deception. This is an old trick of Qin Jun, luring small fish and catching big fish to get profits.
At this time, Ying Zheng, king of Qin, did the same thing again. In this case, An Lingjun sent Tang Ju to the State of Qin to wage a tit-for-tat and resolute struggle with the State of Tiger and Wolf. This article records the struggle.
4. Ancient prose of six countries and the original text translated by Qin:
Su Qin started with Zhao of Yan State, saying that Zhao Wang said, "I stole the designs of the world. The land of governors is five times that of Qin, and the number of governors is ten times that of Qin. The six countries unite as one, attack Qin in the west, and Qin will be broken. Today, I was broken in Qin and became in the west, and I was in Qin. The husband breaks people, and the minister and the minister are also in people. How can you talk in the same breath! "
Translation:
From Yan State to Zhao State, Su Qin began to use the strategy of uniting the six countries against Qin State. He lobbied Zhao Suhou and said, "I took a map of the world privately. The land of the vassal is five times that of Qin, and the strength of the vassal is ten times that of Qin. If the six countries can unite to attack Qin, Qin will surely perish. Now all countries are going to be destroyed by Qin, but they serve Qin to the west and submit to Qin. Destroy or be destroyed by other countries, let other countries surrender or surrender to other countries. The two must not be compared. "