Its method is: use clay to carve words, and the font is as thin as the edge of copper coins. Each word is carved with a font and burned hard. First, set an iron plate covered with something like turpentine and wax mixed with paper ash.
If you want to print, put an iron frame on the iron plate, and then arrange the type closely in the iron frame. When the hob is full, it becomes a printing plate and is baked on the fire. When the medicine on the iron plate is slightly melted, press a flat plate on the type to make all the type on the plate as flat as a millstone. If only three or two books are printed, it will not be easy; If you print dozens or even hundreds of copies, it will be very fast (very fast).
When printing, two iron plates are usually made. This edition is in print, and the other edition is already in typesetting. This edition has just been printed and the second edition is ready. The alternate use of two plates can be completed in a very short time. Each word has several types (impressions), such as "Zhi" and "Ye", and each word has more than 20 types (impressions) in case of repeating words in the same edition.
When not in use, mark it with paper (label it with paper), label each rhyme according to the rhyme of the word, and store it in a wooden lattice. When you encounter uncommon words that you don't usually prepare (if there are uncommon words that you don't usually prepare), carve them out immediately and barbecue them with grass fire, and the carving will soon be successful.
The reason why wood is not used as a movable type mold is because the texture of wood is loose and delicate, it will become uneven when it is wet, and it will stick with medicine, so it can't be taken off when the board is removed; Unlike fonts fired with clay, they are baked with fire after use, so that the medicine melts, and then they will fall off by themselves (fall off by themselves), and will not be contaminated by drugs at all.
2. In the classical Chinese calendar printed by movable type, there is a kind of cloth Bi Sheng, which is also movable type.
Its method uses clay to carve words, as thin as money lips, and each word is printed, which is hardened by fire. First, an iron plate is erected, on which rosin wax and paper ash are exposed.
If you want to print, put an iron fan on the iron plate to print more densely. When a full iron fan is used as a board, hold it on the fire, the medicine will be slightly melted, and then press it with a flat plate, and the words will be as flat as a rock.
It is not easy to stop printing three or two books; If you print hundreds of thousands of copies, it will be very fast. It is often made of two iron plates, one of which is printed and the other is self-printed.
As soon as the printer was finished, the second board was already available. More interoperability and immediacy.
Each word has several prints, for example, etc., each word has more than 20 prints in case a board is duplicated. If you don't use it, stick it on paper, one for each rhyme, and store it in the wooden lattice.
There are grotesque figures, who are unprepared. If you spin them, the grass will burn them, and it will be done in an instant. Those who don't use wood as a material are dense, uneven and sticky, which is not desirable.
If it is not scorched earth, the medicine will be melted by fire and brushed by hand, and its seal will fall without pollution.
3. Movable type printing [1] is one of the four great inventions in ancient China. What printing was used before?
It was invented by the ancient working people in China through long-term practice and research. Since the invention of paper in the Han Dynasty, writing materials are lighter and more economical than Oracle Bone Inscriptions, bamboo slips, inscriptions and silk books used in the past, but copying books is still very labor-intensive and far from meeting the needs of society.
The method of copying rubbings appeared in Xiping period (AD 172- 178). In the Sui Dynasty around 600 AD, people got inspiration from seal cutting, and block printing was invented for the first time in human history.
Engraving printing is to paste neatly copied manuscripts on smooth wooden boards with a certain thickness. The thin and almost transparent manuscript paper is stuck on the front of the board, and the words become reflexive and the strokes are clear. The engraver used a carving knife to cut off the part of the layout without handwriting, and it became a raised font, which was completely different from the inscription on the tablet with a concave font.
When printing, apply ink to the raised font, then cover it with paper, and gently wipe the back of the paper, and the handwriting will remain on the paper. Song Dynasty was the heyday of block printing.
Block printing has played an important role in the spread of culture, but it also has obvious shortcomings: first, block printing is time-consuming and laborious; Second, it is inconvenient to store a large number of books; Third, it is not easy to correct typos. Bi Sheng, a folk inventor in the Northern Song Dynasty, invented movable type printing and improved block printing.
Bi Sheng was an ordinary civilian intellectual in the mid-Northern Song Dynasty, and was called Buyi at that time. He summed up the rich practical experience of block printing in past dynasties. After repeated experiments, he made clay movable type in Song Renzong in the Qing Dynasty (A.D. 104 1- 1048) and made typesetting and printing, thus completing a major revolution in the history of printing.
Bi Sheng's method is as follows: make a blank with the same specification from clay, engrave the reverse character at one end, the height of the character is as high as the thickness of the copper coin edge, and then harden it with fire to become a single clay movable type. In order to meet the needs of typesetting, when repeated in the same version, there are usually several or even dozens of commonly used words for use.
If you encounter uncommon words, you can use them with the system if you are not prepared in advance. In order to facilitate the choice of words, the clay type is put in the wooden lattice according to rhyme, and a note is attached to indicate it.
When typesetting, an iron plate with a frame is used as the base, and a layer of medicine made of turpentine, wax and paper scraps is coated on it, and then the required clay movable type is picked out one by one and arranged in the frame. After a frame is filled in, it becomes a version, and then it is baked with fire. When the medicine melts slightly, flatten the words with a flat plate, and after the medicine cools and solidifies, it becomes a version.
When printing, just brush the ink on the plate, cover it with paper, and add some pressure. For continuous printing, two iron plates are used, one with a writing brush and the other with typesetting, and the two plates are used alternately.
After printing, burn it with a torch, shake it gently with your hand, and the movable type will fall off the iron plate, and then put it back in the original wooden box according to the rhyme, and use it next time. Bi Sheng has also experimented with wood movable type printing, but because of uneven wood texture and difficult carving, wood movable type is deformed when it meets water, and it is difficult to separate from chemicals, so Bi Sheng has not adopted it.
Bi Sheng's method of printing books in clay type will not be easy if only two or three books are printed. If you print hundreds or thousands of copies, the work efficiency will be extremely impressive, which will not only save a lot of manpower and material resources, but also greatly improve the printing speed and quality, which is much superior to block printing. Although modern letterpress printing is incomparable to movable type printing in Bi Sheng in Song Dynasty in terms of equipment and technical conditions, the basic principles and methods are exactly the same.
The invention of movable type printing has made great contributions to human culture. Among them, the contribution of Bi Sheng, a civilian inventor in China, is indelible.
However, we know nothing about Bi Sheng's life story. Because Bi Sheng invented movable type printing, it was completely recorded in the famous book Meng Qian Bi Tan by Shen Kuo, a famous scientist in the Northern Song Dynasty. However, except for a few Buddhist scriptures in Xixia characters, it is speculated that they are printed with movable type, and there is no Chinese printed matter printed with movable type in the Central Plains! Block printing can print hundreds or even thousands of copies, which has played a great role in the spread of culture. However, it takes a lot of time and manpower to be rigid, and large books often take several years, and the storage of plates also takes up a lot of space, and they are often damaged by deformation, moth-eaten and corrosion.
Small quantities of books that don't need to be reprinted become waste. In addition, typos found in lettering are very difficult to correct, and it is often necessary to re-engrave the whole lettering.
Movable type plate making just avoids the shortage of engraving. As long as enough single movable type is prepared in advance, you can make up at any time, which greatly speeds up the plate making time. After printing, movable type can be disassembled and reused. Moreover, movable type occupies less space than lettering and is easy to store and keep.
In this way, the superiority of movable type is revealed. The idea of printing with movable type has a long history. Qin Shihuang unified national weights and measures and stamped 40 letters on pottery vessels. Archaeologists believe that "this is the beginning of China's movable type typesetting. Although he invented it, it was not widely used".
Ancient seals also have some enlightenment to movable type printing. The record of movable type printing was first seen in Meng Qian Bi Tan by Shen Kuo, a famous scientist in the Song Dynasty.
A.D. 104 1~ 1048, Bi Sheng Buyi made characters with clay, and each character was a seal, which was hardened by fire and made into pottery. When typesetting, prepare an iron plate and relax the mixture of incense, wax and paper ash. Put it on an iron plate with an iron shelf around it. The iron shelf is full of words to be printed. It is a plate.
Then bake with fire, melt the mixture, integrate it with the movable type block, and press it on the movable type with a flat plate while it is hot to make the text smooth. You can print it.
It is inefficient to print two or three copies like this. If there are many copies, dozens or even thousands, the efficiency will be high. In order to improve efficiency, two iron plates are often used, one for printing and the other for typesetting.
After printing one sheet, the other sheet is rearranged, which is very efficient for alternate use. Common words, such as "Zhi" and "Ye", are each made into more than 20 words, so as to be used when there is repetition in one edition.
Unusual words that are not prepared are temporarily engraved and immediately burned with vegetation fire. Put all the words removed from the printing plate together with the same word in a small wooden box, and put labels classified by rhyme on the outside for easy retrieval.
Don't put off till tomorrow what you can do.
This is a trap of classical Chinese, 1. What should I do if I encounter unfamiliar words that I have not prepared at ordinary times? Answer: rotate it and burn it with grass, and it will be done in an instant.
2. Why not use clay instead of wood for lettering? A: The arts and sciences are dense, but the water is uneven, so it is not appropriate to stick to medicine. If it is not scorched earth, the medicine will be melted by fire and brushed by hand, and its seal will fall without pollution.
3. The main part specifically introduces the production, use and efficacy of relief printing. Time sequence (process) and logical sequence are used to illustrate the "activity" of flying people in the following aspects: A-type activity, B-type activity (mudra), C-type activity (one board, one board, more intercommunication) and D-type printing activity (each word has several prints). Emergency use of rotary carving), f collection work 4. Introduction to letterpress production (lettering with clay-words are as flat as rocks) In chronological order (process), it is a process of lettering, plate making, typesetting (printing), (disassembling), word matching, firing and leveling. 5. The efficacy of relief printing, measures to improve the efficacy, and clay carving. Please answer with the two most critical sentences in the original text.
A: It's more interactive. There are several seals on each word. 7. Write a short relief printing process according to the content. Answer: The first step is lettering, typesetting, printing and disassembling. Movable type is made (lettering), the raw material used is (clay), and the purpose of burning movable type is (to make it firm) (please answer with one or two words in the original text respectively) 9. The text adopts (procedural) interpretation method.
10, answer with the words in the text. (1) Clay figurines are as thin as money lips. (2) The words printed after burning are as flat as a rock. (3) Movable type printing is characterized by extremely high speed. (4) The main features and advantages of movable type are: 1 1. In this paper, a variety of interpretation methods are adopted and three examples are given.
(3 points) A: List figures: I often make two iron plates, one is printed and the other is printed by myself. For example, every word has several marks, such as "zhi" and "ye", and every word has more than twenty marks.
For example: as thin as money lips and as flat as words. Contrast: not wood-oriented, arts and sciences intensive.
12. What is the reason why this article doesn't use woodcut? And what are the benefits of lettering with clay? Answer (in the original): dense arts and sciences, but uneven water, but also sticking to medicine; After use, melt the medicine with fire, and brush it with your hand, and the seal will automatically fall off without contamination. 13, the main feature of the trap is the word "live".
"One word and one seal" means that the word is alive; "Dense typesetting" means that typesetting is alive; "Every word has several impressions" means that the impressions are alive; "One board ... one board ... is more interoperable" means that printing is alive; "Strange words are unprepared, and the engraving is urgent", which shows that practice is also alive. 14. What are the two specific ways to improve the working efficiency of letterpress printing? Please answer with the two most critical sentences in the original text.
Answer: (1)_ _ More interoperable __(2) Each word has several stamps _ _ 15 to explain the content. Write a short letterpress printing workflow: lettering-plate making-typesetting-printing 16. This paper introduces the movable type plate making technology. 17, the paper is very fast, that is, it can be washed immediately after opening, without pollution, which shows the advantages of letterpress printing.
18. What is the status of movable type printing invented by Bi Sheng in the history of science and technology in China and even in the world? Printing is one of China's four great inventions. Engraving printing in China began in the Tang Dynasty and developed highly in the Song Dynasty.
During the Northern Song Dynasty and the Qing Dynasty, movable type printing was invented for a lifetime, which was more economical and convenient than block printing. This was a great technological revolution in China's world printing history, and later spread to Asian and European countries, which promoted the development and exchange of world culture.
5. Making movable type printing calligraphy, translating classical Chinese or bamboo books is called bamboo slips, or writing on silk books is called silk books. After that, books were widely soaked.
It's expensive and simple, it's not easy to use, and it's paper, so the word comes from towel. Before this case, Cai Lun in the later Han Dynasty made paper with wood bark, hemp head, our cloth and fishing nets, which became Cai Lun paper.
The article raises money, thinking it is a scroll, and it is easy to roll up, the purpose is to roll up. However, everyone writes a book.
Scholars are difficult to record, so old people value books. In the second year of Changxing in the Five Dynasties Tang Dynasty, Prime Ministers Feng Dao and Li Yu asked imperial academy to revise the Nine Classics and print it hard, and the court followed it.
The method of recording catalpa is based on this. Because there are so many books in the world.
But carpenters spend a lot of money, so much that they have word boards, which are not as good as craftsmanship, and it is difficult to make them in a few years. Although there are books that can be handed down, everyone is afraid of their labor costs and cannot be printed and disseminated.