1. What is classical Chinese
"Classical Chinese" is relative to "vernacular".
The first "wen" means written articles. "Yan" means writing, expressing, recording, etc. "Classical Chinese" means written language. "Classical Chinese" is the last word compared to "oral language". "Spoken language" is also called "literary". , means works, articles, etc., indicating the type of literature.
"Classical Chinese" means "articles written in written language" and "vernacular Chinese" means: "used in commonly used languages." "Articles written in straightforward spoken language".
Vernacular Chinese
In ancient my country, to express the same thing in spoken language and written language were different, for example, To ask someone if they have eaten, the verbal expression is "Have you eaten?" ", and to express it in books and language, it is "Fan? ". "Fan Fou" means classical Chinese. In ancient my country, all articles were written in written language. Therefore, now we generally refer to ancient Chinese as "classical Chinese"
Classical Chinese is the treasure of Chinese culture, and the ancients have left us a large amount of classical Chinese. In China, the study of classical Chinese plays a large role in middle school Chinese courses.
Of course, the ancients from other countries also play a large role. There is also a large amount of classical Chinese.
What is classical Chinese?
1. Classical Chinese is undoubtedly the main body of Chinese traditional culture. It is classical Chinese. It can be seen that the history of modern Chinese civilization is still very short, and it is still necessary to deconstruct or interpret traditional culture for modernization, because the inheritance of traditional wisdom is based on the correct interpretation of classical Chinese.
2. Classical Chinese is. Knowledge. Yes, because classical Chinese is no longer a language, it is purely text. But classical Chinese is knowledge, and oracle bone inscriptions are also knowledge. By the way, it is precisely because oracle bone inscriptions are more primitive writing, so classical Chinese is a further step. The basis for learning traditional advanced writing (study) such as oracle bone inscriptions
3. Classical Chinese is also a skill. Chinese expressions, descriptions, combinations, transformations, metaphors, metaphors, deductions... are used in the expression of ideas. It fully carries the style of Chinese civilization. Master the physical structure of classical Chinese and have a deeper understanding of modern Chinese. There will be "laws" to follow in the construction of new Chinese.
4. "Classical Chinese" is "vernacular". " is relative. The structure of this word is like this: classical Chinese-wen. The first "wen" is "writing" and "yan" is language. "Classical Chinese" refers to "literary language". It illustrates two levels Meaning: First, it indicates that the classical Chinese text is a kind of language; second, this language was later literalized. The "literalized" language also has two meanings: first, there can be a culture without language, such as Most ethnic minorities only have language but no writing; secondly, the language function has withdrawn from daily life and has become history in the form of writing.
The literal meaning of "classical Chinese" should be: a kind of language that has been written down. Style. The "wen" behind it refers to style.
So besides archaeological research, does classical Chinese have any "future"? In other words, does it have any practical value in life? . When traditional forms of life fade away in modern society, it is only that people ignore the social life in some marginal areas, which leads to doubts or neglect of classical Chinese in modern applications. For example, in religious construction, some inscriptions are still written in classical Chinese. , are still written in calligraphy and engraved with tools.
Looking further, classical poems belong to the category of "classical Chinese", and they have not left us in life. It's just that in terms of language form, Zhihu has also left the spoken word. After it became written, it obviously has definite normative requirements for the refinement of techniques and the expansion of meaning. Its "prospect" lies in its application and its ability to awaken ambiguous etymology and allusions. It can be said that the future is promising.
The term "classical Chinese" can also encompass the cultural and historical relationship between language and writing. In a certain form, once a certain language - including dialects - is "wen" or literalized, that is, written, the charm of its language is suddenly reduced, while the function of writing is doubled.
Because language is usually passed down orally and is closely related to life, language has not yet entered a cultural state. It is a preservation of life experience and does not have the extended performance of words.
In the process of reading classical Chinese, we will inevitably have an illusion: Did people in ancient times also say this? I think this can be "feeled" by the difference in expression between written language and spoken language in the present tense. There is no big difference in structure and rules between them. It can also be speculated that the ancient people's speech was just more casual and more popular than classical Chinese. The "three words and two beats" can also be used as a reference. As for when we read classical Chinese today, of course it does not mean that we are repeating what the ancients said, but that we are reciting or silently reading a literary style.
When reading classical Chinese, you feel a very clear line of thought, just like occasionally reading the works of Western philosophers, which has the solemnity it deserves. 2. What does classical Chinese mean?
1. Definition: Classical Chinese is a processed written language based on ancient Chinese.
Classical Chinese is a written language in ancient China. It mainly includes written language based on the spoken language in the pre-Qin period. Classical Chinese is relative to vernacular, and is characterized by writing based on characters, focusing on allusions, parallel antithesis, and neat rhythm. It includes a variety of literary styles such as policy, poetry, lyrics, music, eight-legged essay, and parallel prose.
2. Characteristics: The characteristics of classical Chinese are: separation of words and concise writing. The characteristics of classical Chinese are compared with vernacular (including spoken and written language), and are mainly reflected in grammar and vocabulary.
3. Structure: (1) Judgment sentence The so-called judgment sentence is a sentence pattern that uses a noun, pronoun or noun phrase as a predicate to judge the subject. Its common forms are as follows: 1). "·······,... also",...,..., "...,...", "..." "...person,...person" and other forms.
For example: ① "Chen She is from Yangcheng." ("Historical Records. Chen She Family") - Chen Sheng is from Yangcheng.
② "Although Cao Cao was named Han Prime Minister, he was actually a Han thief." ("Zizhi Tongjian") ③Yi was a good archer in ancient times. (p> Wang Anshi's "A Journey to Baochan Mountain") ⑤Those who are awkward are those who have no shots from King Zhou Jing.
2). Use the adverbs "nai", "ie", "ze", "all", "yes", "sincere", "wei", etc. to express judgment. For example: "This is the autumn when I serve my life.
" ① I don't know what year it is in the palace in the sky. ② Those who are still in the tomb today.
③Liang’s father is Xiang Yan, the general of Chu. ④This is the grand view of Yueyang Tower.
3). Use the negative adverb "fei" to express negation. For example: "The six kingdoms were destroyed not only because of the disadvantages of the army, but also because of poor fighting skills, but because of bribing Qin.
" ① Climb high and move, your arms will not be lengthened, but you will see far away. ②The city is not too high, the pond is not too deep, the army is not not strong and powerful, and the rice and millet are not not abundant.
③ It’s not like taking Mount Tai to reach the North Sea. Passive Sentence In classical Chinese, the subject of some sentences is the recipient of the action. This sentence pattern is a passive sentence.
The common types are: 1). "见" "...见...yu" "Yu" means passive. For example: "I often laugh at generous families.
" ① I am sincerely afraid of being deceived by the king. ② The city of Qin may not be accessible, but it will only be deceived.
③ Therefore, he was confused by Zheng Xiu internally and bullied by Zhang Yi externally. ④Zi Pan, a seventeen-year-old son of the Li family, was fond of ancient prose and was familiar with all the classics and biographies of the six arts.
2). "Wei" and "wei..." means passive. For example: "Parents and clans were all killed.
" ① When one dies and the country is destroyed, the world laughs. ② Those who serve the country will be robbed by those who accumulate prestige.
③For the benefit of others. ④ Fear of being ahead of others.
Inversion sentences in classical Chinese are relative to the sentence order of modern Chinese. Based on this, we divide classical Chinese inversion sentences into object preposition, attributive postposition, and adverbial Postposition, subject-predicate inversion, etc. 1). Object preposition. The so-called object preposition is a component that is usually used as an object and is placed in front of the predicate verb to show emphasis.
For example: "Zhi" in "Jie Bu Zhi Xin" is the prepositioned object. Object preposition is usually divided into four situations.
(1) In interrogative sentences, the interrogative pronoun serves as the object, and the object is placed in front. For example: "Why does the king come?" "Weisi people, who should I return to?" (2) In a negative sentence, the pronoun acts as the object, and the object is placed in front.
For example: "The ancients did not deceive anyone." (3) Use "zhi" and "shi" to advance the object.
For example: "I don't know how to read a sentence, and I can't understand it when I am confused." "Studying diligently is just a matter of urgency to learn, but it is not common.
" (4) The object in the introductory phrase Front. For example: "Otherwise, why would we be here?" 2) Postposition of attributive Usually the attributive should be placed in front of the central word, but there are many sentences in classical Chinese that place the attributive after the central word.
For example: "An earthworm has no sharp claws and teeth, but no strong muscles and bones. It eats earth and drinks from the underworld. It has the same intention." The "profit" and "strong" are all postpositioned attributives.
There are the following situations in which attributive postpositions are found in classical Chinese. (1) Use "之" to postposition the attributive.
For example: "How many people are there in the vast world?" (2) Use the postposition of "人". For example: "A horse that travels a thousand miles can eat one grain or one stone in one meal.
" 3) Postposition of adverbials In classical Chinese, adverbials with a prepositional structure are often placed at the end of the sentence as a complement. For example: "Yu Fu Zhe" is a prepositional phrase placed after the sentence as a complement.
4) Subject-verb inversion is rare and is often used to express strong exclamations. For example: "What a shame, I'm not doing you any favors."
"Blessed, this wind." "Beautiful, my young China.
"[Exercise] Determine the meaning in the following sentences Sentence structure. ① To protect the people and become king, no one can control it.
② The king is no different from the people who love the king. ③ How can you be a king if you are virtuous? ④ How do you know I can do it? Omitted sentences In classical Chinese, there are commonly situations where components are omitted. Grasping the omitted components will help to fully understand the meaning of the sentence.
The elliptical sentences in classical Chinese usually include: 1). Omitting the subject. (1) Inherit the former province.
For example: "The wild snakes in Yongzhou have black substance and white seals." (2) Inherited from the later province.
For example: "Pei Gong said to Zhang Liang: '(Gong) sent me to the army, and he entered.'" (3) Self-reported province.
For example: "(Yi) Love is like a stream, and when it enters two or three miles, (Yu) will find the home of the one who has the most extraordinary love." (4) Provincial dialogue.
For example: "(Mencius) said: 'To be happy (yuè) happy (lè) alone, to be happy (yuè) happy (lè) with others, which one is happy (lè)?' (Wang) said:' '" 2). Omit the predicate.
For example: "With one drum, the energy will be strong, then it will fade away, and after three drums, it will be exhausted." 3). Omit the object.
For example: "It can be burned and taken away." 4). Omit the preposition object.
For example: "After the public reading is completed, the marten will be reborn to hide the house." 5). Omit the preposition "yu".
For example: "Now the bell chime is placed (in) the water, even if the wind and waves are strong, it cannot make a sound." [Exercise] Complete the omitted elements in the following sentences.
① The Ran family lived here, so their surname was Shixi, Ranxi. ②Therefore, Ximen Leopard was the order of Ye and was famous all over the world.
③ Among the two strategies, it is better to defeat Qin Qu. ④ They all go out to the plains at the foot of the mountain, and they go out from the top of the mountain.
Fixed structure 1) Common fixed structures expressing questions are: nai he, ruo, how, how, nai...he, if...he, such (nai)...he, which and, There is nothing..., which one is better. For example: ① What can I do if I take my bi but don’t give me the city? ("The Biography of Lian Po and Lin Xiangru") ② What if my son takes the elk to free the city? ("Battle") ③It's better to be different, how about it? ("Zuo Zhuan·Qi Huan Gong's Attack on Chu") ④What if we laugh at a hundred steps with fifty steps? (.
3. What does classical Chinese mean?
What:
It means asking someone, something or the nature or nature of something
Where did you get it? What news
Indicates asking about something or something
Tell me what you are looking for
A virtual finger indicates something uncertain
Smell some kind of floral fragrance
To express denial
Who is he, you care about him
To express blame
You What are you laughing at?
Indicates asking for possibilities not included in the preceding word or series of words
Is this a reptile, an amphibian, or something else
Expressing surprise or excitement
What, no breakfast!
Excerpted from "Baidu Chinese"
Interrogative pronouns. express doubt.
And he asked, "What's your name?" '" Lu Xun's "Screaming Medicine": "It smells so good! What snacks do you eat?"
Li Guangtian's "Thirty Essays": "If you ask, what are these articles? The meaning, barely speaking, reflects some aspects of that old society."
Interrogative pronoun. It means no need, no need.
Tang Luyan's poem "Encouragement to the World": "If you have food and clothing, you will naturally be happy; what is your destiny, why ask for divination?!"
The fourth fold of Yuan Yuan's "Making Kuai Tong" : "If the Emperor of the Han Dynasty had handed down the book clearly, Marshal Han would have been protected from false accusations...I, Kuai Che, would have pretended to be a wind demon and used any tricks!" Such as: Tell me, why are you pretending to be dumb?
Excerpted from related entries in "Baidu Encyclopedia". 4. What does classical Chinese mean?
The first "wen" means written articles. "Yan" means to write, express, record, etc. "Classical Chinese" refers to written language. "Classical Chinese" is relative to "oral language", and "oral language" is also called "vernacular". The last "wen" means works, articles, etc., indicating the type of literature.
"Classical Chinese" means "articles written in written language". "Vernacular" means: "articles written in commonly used straightforward spoken language."
In ancient my country, there were differences between expressing the same thing in spoken language and written language. For example, if you wanted to ask someone if they had eaten, you would express it in spoken language, "Have you eaten?" ?", and expressed in book language, it is "Fan?" "Fanfou" is classical Chinese. In ancient my country, all articles were written in written language. Therefore, now we generally refer to ancient Chinese as "classical Chinese"
Classical Chinese is the treasure of Chinese culture, and the ancients left us a large number of classical Chinese. In China, the study of classical Chinese plays a large role in middle school Chinese courses. 5. What does "是" mean in classical Chinese?
"Yes" has the following interpretations in ancient Chinese:
① Correct, as opposed to "non". Tao Yuanshi's "Returning Words": "Today is what it is but yesterday was not."
② I think it is correct. "Mozi. Shang Tongshang" Whatever the king is, he must do it. "
③ Expresses affirmative judgment. "The Analects of Confucius."; "Knowing is knowing, not knowing is not knowing, this is it. "
④ Demonstrative pronouns. This, this. Liu Zongyuan of the Tang Dynasty's "Snake Catcher": "My ancestor died in this way, and my father died in this way." "Qing Dynasty. Fang Bao's "Prison Miscellaneous Notes": "This disease is easily contagious. "
⑤ Verb, used between the prepositioned object and the verb to emphasize the object. "Zuo Zhuan. The Twenty-eighth Years of Duke Xiang": "The general of a small country is looking for the king, and he dares not to obey orders. ”
It is my fault that the demonstrative pronoun should be translated as this instead of this. This is a typical mistake based on translation. Sometimes the sentences are not translated. You cannot extract words directly from it, but most of the time it is possible