2. Yuanmou lived about1700,000 years ago and was the earliest known human being in China.
3. Beijingers still retain some characteristics of apes, but they have a clear division of labor between hands and feet and can make and use tools.
Beijing people often get together with dozens of people, work together, share the fruits of their work and live in groups, which forms the early primitive society.
China has discovered the largest number of ancient human sites in the world.
6. Beijingers already know how to use natural fire, and they will also keep the kindling.
7. Neanderthals could make stone tools, but they mastered polishing and drilling techniques. They made artificial fires, lived by gathering and hunting, and fished. They can go far away to exchange daily necessities with other primitive people. Neanderthals sewed clothes with bone needles, knew how to love beauty, and were buried after death.
8. The collective life of cavemen is a clan combined by blood relationship. A clan has dozens of people, descended from the same ancestor. They live together, use public tools, work together and distribute food together. There is no difference between the rich and the poor.
9. China is the first country to grow rice in the world. The original inhabitants of Hemudu used grinding stone tools and cultivated land to grow rice about 7000 years ago.
10. The original inhabitants of Hemudu lived in dry houses and lived a settled life. They dig wells, raise livestock and make pottery. The primitive inhabitants of Hemudu also made simple jade articles and primitive musical instruments.
1 1, Banpo primitive residence, about five or six thousand years ago, plowed the land with polished stone tools and wooden plows, and harvested crops with stone knives. Their main food crop is millet, and China is the first country to grow millet in the world. Banpo residents raise animals such as pigs and dogs, and also hunt and fish with bone arrows, harpoons and hooks.
12. Banpo residents live in semi-basement houses. They can make colored painted pottery, and some depicting symbols appear on the pottery. Some scholars believe that this is the embryonic form of early Chinese characters.
13, the original inhabitants of Dawenkou four or five thousand years ago had black pottery and white pottery.
14. About four or five thousand years ago, Huangdi Tribe and Yan Di Tribe United and defeated Chiyou in Zhuolu World War I. Since then, Yan Di Tribe has formed an alliance with Huangdi Tribe, and after long-term development, it has become the future Huaxia Tribe.
15. It is said that the Yellow Emperor built palaces, made clothes, taught people to dig wells and invented boats and cars. His wife Lei Zu invented sericulture and silk reeling, his subordinate Cang Xie invented writing, and Ling Lun compiled music scores.
16. In primitive society, the system of democratic election of tribal alliance leaders was called "abdication" in history.
17 Around 2070 BC, Yu established the Xia Dynasty, which was the first dynasty in the history of China.
18, the hereditary system replaced the abdication system, and the "public world" became the "home world".
Before 19 BC, about 1600 BC, the Tang Dynasty was defeated, the Xia Dynasty perished, and the Shang Dynasty was established.
20. BC 1046, the two sides fought in Konoha, the Shang army defected, and Zhou army invaded Shangdu. Shang and Zhou fled to Lutai and died of self-immolation, and the Shang Dynasty perished. Zhou Wuwang established the Zhou Dynasty with the Western Zhou Dynasty as its capital.
2 1. In order to consolidate the rule (purpose), the Emperor of Zhou distributed land, civilians and slaves to relatives and heroes, making them princes, developing the frontier, strengthening the rule and becoming a powerful country (role).
22. In 77 1 year, the Western Zhou Dynasty perished.
23. At the end of primitive society, bronzes appeared in China. The types of bronzes in Xia Dynasty gradually increased, and Shang Dynasty was the glorious period of bronze culture in China.
24, bronze production scale, variety, exquisite craftsmanship.
25. China was the first country in the world to invent porcelain.
26. Xia, Shang and Zhou dynasties are a society dominated by agriculture, and agriculture and animal husbandry are quite developed. Crops called "five grains" (rice, millet, millet, wheat, and beans) have existed since the Shang and Zhou Dynasties.
27. The prosperity of agriculture, animal husbandry, handicrafts and commerce has formed our splendid bronze civilization in Xia, Shang and Zhou Dynasties. 28. Two versions of the five tyrants in the Spring and Autumn Period: Qi Huangong, Jin Wengong, Chu Zhuangwang, King He Lv of Wu, and King Gou Jian of Yue; Qi Huangong, Song Xianggong, Jin Wengong, Qin Wengong and Chu Zhuangwang.
29. In 770 BC, Zhou Pingwang moved eastward to Luoyang, known as the "Eastern Zhou Dynasty" in history.
30. In the Spring and Autumn Period, it was named after the annals of Lu. During the Spring and Autumn Period, from 770 BC to 476 BC; The Warring States was named after years of fighting in the Warring States. During the Warring States Period, from 475 BC to 22 BC1year.
3 1, Qi Huangong was the first overlord in the Spring and Autumn Period.
32. Jin Wengong has rectified its internal affairs, developed production and trained its army. In the battle of Chengpu, the Jin army was defeated by the Chu army, and Jin Wengong became the overlord of the Central Plains.
33. In the early years of the Warring States, among the ministers of the State of Jin, three were Han, Zhao and Wei, and later four were doctors of the State of Qi, replacing the original monarch and establishing the State of Qi in Tian, thus forming a situation in which Qi, Chu, Yan, Han, Zhao, Wei and Qin stood side by side.
34. During the Spring and Autumn Period, iron farm tools began to appear in China.
During the Warring States Period, Dujiangyan, which was built on the Minjiang River by Li Bing, the prefect of Shu County of Qin State, was a world-famous flood control and irrigation project. For more than two thousand years, Dujiangyan has been benefiting the people.
36. The background of Shang Yang's political reform:
(1) Since the Spring and Autumn Period, due to the use and promotion of iron farm tools and Niu Geng, a large number of wasteland has been reclaimed, and some slave owners have turned newly reclaimed fields into private property for rent, becoming feudal landlords themselves, and those who rent landlords' land have become farmers; (2) During the Warring States Period, the emerging landlord class set off a political reform movement in various countries in order to establish feudal rule and develop feudal economy.
37. Contents of Shang Yang's political reform: (1) The state recognizes the private ownership of land and allows free trading; (2) those who reward ploughing and produce more grain and cloth can be exempted from corvee; According to the size of military service, the title and residence were granted, and the privileges of the old nobles who refused to serve in military service were abolished; Establish a county system, and the monarch directly sends officials to govern.
38. After Shang Yang's political reform, Qin's economy developed, and the fighting capacity of the army continued to strengthen, and it developed into the most prosperous feudal country at the end of the Warring States Period.
39. The feudal society in China was formed during the Warring States Period.
40. The words carved by businessmen on tortoise shells or animal bones are called "Oracle Bone Inscriptions". Oracle Bone Inscriptions already has the basic form of Chinese character structure, which is a relatively mature writing.
4 1, Xia Dynasty had a calendar. Today's lunar calendar, also called the summer calendar, is said to have originated in the Xia Dynasty.
42. The World Peace Council designated Qu Yuan as a world cultural celebrity.
43. Confucius education: 1. Establish private schools; 2. There is no class in teaching; He educates students to have an honest learning attitude and be modest and studious. He asked students to review what they had learned from time to time in order to "review the old and learn new things"; 4. Teach students in accordance with their aptitude.
44. Later, Confucius' theory became the orthodox thought of feudal culture, which played an important role in China's traditional culture and had a great influence on later generations.
45. The founder of Mohism is Mozi; Mencius was a representative figure of Confucianism in the Warring States Period. The representative figure of Taoism in the Warring States period was Zhuangzi; The representative figure of Legalism is Han Fei at the end of the Warring States Period. The originator of the militarist was Sun Wu, an outstanding militarist at the end of the Spring and Autumn Period. 46. The reason why Qin Neng unified the six countries: 1, Qin Wang was good at employing people; 2. The function of Shang Yang's political reform; 3. Qin enjoys superior geographical position and natural conditions.
Qin Shihuang established the first unified and centralized feudal country in the history of China, the Qin Dynasty, with Xianyang as its capital.
48. In order to adapt to the new unified form and strengthen feudal rule, the Qin Dynasty established a feudal autocratic centralization of authority. The central government has a prime minister, A Qiu, an imperial adviser and a doctor. They are in charge of administration, military affairs and supervision, and the final decision is made by the emperor. The local county system is implemented, and the world is divided into 36 counties.
49. Economically: unified currency and unified measurement; Culturally: unified writing; Ideologically: burning books and burying Confucianism; Politically: establish centralized rule.
50. In order to stabilize the north and safeguard national unity, Qin Shihuang built the Great Wall of Wan Li.
5 1, Qin Shihuang built a Lingqu to connect the Yangtze River and the Pearl River.
52. Qin was the first unified multi-ethnic feudal country in the history of China, and it was also a big country in the world at that time.
53. Reasons for the peasant uprising in the late Qin Dynasty: 1, heavy corvee; 2. Heavy taxes; Strict criminal law; Qin Ershi is even more cruel.
54. In 209 BC, Chen launched a wide uprising.
55. The Guangwu Uprising in Chen Sheng was the first large-scale peasant uprising in the history of China. Their revolutionary initiative inspired millions of working people to rise up against cruel rule.
56. In 207 BC, Xiang Yu defeated Qin Jun at Julu.
57. In 202 BC, Liu Bang established the Han Dynasty with Chang 'an as its capital.
58. After Liu Bang entered Xianyang, he abolished the tyranny of Qin and took three chapters, which won the hearts of the people.
59. Background of Wenjing Governance: The society in the early Han Dynasty was very poor; Liu Bang, the Emperor Gaozu of Han Dynasty, and his successors all learned the lesson of Qin's death.
60. Content of Wenjing governance: attaching importance to agriculture; Advocate frugality and set an example; Moral education for the people.
6 1, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty adopted Zhu's suggestion and weakened the strength of the vassals; Adopt Dong Zhongshu's suggestion of "ousting a hundred schools of thought and respecting Confucianism alone"; Set up a business school.
62. During the reign of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, the Western Han Dynasty achieved great unity in politics, economy, military affairs and ideology and entered its heyday.
63. In AD 9, Wang Mang, a consort, seized power.
64. In AD 25, Liu Xiu, the royal family of the Western Han Dynasty who participated in the peasant uprising, proclaimed himself emperor, with Luoyang as its capital, which was known as the Eastern Han Dynasty in history.
Historically, the rule of Emperor Guangwu of Han Dynasty was a "revival of martial arts".
66. Emperor Hanming of the East ordered Wang Jingxiu, a water conservancy expert, to repair the river, and the Yellow River remained unchanged for more than 800 years.
67. Du, the magistrate of Nanyang in the Eastern Han Dynasty, invented the drainer, which was used more than one thousand years before Europe. The method of steelmaking was invented by China.
68. During the reign of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, local coinage rights and salt and iron management rights were centralized. Chang 'an, the capital of the Western Han Dynasty, and Luoyang, the capital of the Eastern Han Dynasty, are called East and West Beijing.
69. Mao Dunhan, the outstanding leader of Xiongnu, unified Mongolian grassland for the first time.
70. In the middle of BC 1 century, Uhaanyehe surrendered to the Han Dynasty, and Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty married Wang Zhaojun to Uhaanyehe. Since then, the border has been stable for a long time. Uhaanyehe and Wang Zhaojun have made great contributions to the friendly coexistence and cultural exchanges between China and Hungary.
In 7 1 and 60 BC, the western Han government set up the Western Regions Duhu to take charge of the affairs of the Western Regions. Since then, Xinjiang has been under the jurisdiction of the central government and has become an inseparable part of China.
72. After Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, merchants of the Western Han Dynasty often went to sea for trade, and opened up a major maritime traffic route, which was called the Maritime Silk Road in history.
73. With wisdom and strategy, Ban Chao helped western countries get rid of the control of Xiongnu. It was appointed as the capital of the Western Regions by the Eastern Han government.
74. Ban Chao sent his men Gan Ying to Daqin. 166, Daqin sent envoys to visit Luoyang, which was the first direct contact between European countries and China.
75. Papermaking in most countries of the world was directly or indirectly transmitted from China. The invention of papermaking is a great contribution of our people to world culture.
Four great inventions: gunpowder, compass, papermaking and printing.
77. Nine Chapters of Arithmetic was written in the Eastern Han Dynasty, covering most of the contents of arithmetic, algebra and geometry in elementary mathematics, and it has advanced level in the world.
78. The seismograph made by scientist Zhang Heng is considered to be the earliest seismograph in the world.
79. "Ma Fei San", a general anesthetic made by Hua Tuo, and "Wu Qin Xi", a medical gymnastics; Zhang Zhongjing wrote Treatise on Febrile Diseases, which comprehensively expounded the theory and treatment principles of traditional Chinese medicine. Later generations revered him as a "medical sage".
80. Buddhism was introduced to China in the late Western Han Dynasty. The spread of Buddhism has had a far-reaching impact on the development of China culture.
8 1, one of the founders of Taoism is called Zhang Ling, and Taoism respects Laozi as its leader. Rulers use Taoism to rule the people and allow all localities to establish Taoist temples. Taoism also has a profound influence on China culture.
82. Historical Records (Sima Qian) describes the historical events from Huangdi to Emperor Wudi of the Han Dynasty.
83. In 200 AD, Cao Cao defeated Yuan Shao in the battle of Guandu and unified the north.
In 84 and 208 AD, the Sun-Liu Alliance defeated Cao Cao in Battle of Red Cliffs, which basically laid a tripartite confrontation between the three countries.
In 85 and 220, Cao Pi, the son of Cao Cao, abolished Emperor Xian of Han Dynasty, calling himself Emperor, with the title of Wei and its capital. The following year, Liu Bei proclaimed himself emperor in Chengdu, with the title of Han and the name of Shu in history. In 222, Sun Quan became king.
In 86 and 230, Sun Quan sent Wei Wen to Yizhou (Taiwan Province Province).
In 87 and 266 AD, Sima Yan, the grandson of Sima Yi, usurped the throne and established the Jin Dynasty, with Luoyang as its capital, which was called the Western Jin Dynasty in history. In 280, the Western Jin Dynasty wiped out Wu, ending the separatist regime. In 3 16, an inward-moving armed force of Xiongnu perished in the Western Jin Dynasty.
88. Si Marui rebuilt the Jin Dynasty and built Jiankang as the capital, which was called the Eastern Jin Dynasty in history.
In 1989 and 383, Fu Jian was defeated in the Battle of Feishui, and the rule of the former Qin Dynasty collapsed, and the north once again fell into a state of separatist melee. In 420, General Liu Yu ended the rule of the Eastern Jin Dynasty. Since then, the South has experienced four dynasties (Song, Qi, Liang and Chen), known as the Southern Dynasties.
In the late 1990s and the 4th century, a branch of Xianbei nationality became strong, established the Northern Wei Dynasty, and unified the Yellow River valley in 439.
9 1, Zu Chongzhi in the Southern Dynasties was a famous mathematician and astronomer in ancient China. The most outstanding thing is to get more accurate pi in the field of mathematics, which is nearly a thousand years ahead of the world.
92. Jia Sixie in the Northern Dynasties was a famous agronomist in Chinese history. His book "Qi Yao Min Shu" is the first complete agricultural scientific work in China, which occupies an important position in the world agricultural history.
93. Li Daoyuan of the Northern Wei Dynasty was an outstanding geographer in ancient China. His Water Mirror Notes is a comprehensive geography monograph.
94. At the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, calligraphy gradually became an art. Wang Xizhi of the Eastern Jin Dynasty was a masterpiece of calligraphy, including Preface to Lanting, which was known as "the best running script in the world" and Wang Xizhi was called "the sage of calligraphy" by later generations.
95. Gu Kaizhi in the Eastern Jin Dynasty was the most outstanding painter in the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties. Representative works include A History of Women, A Picture of Luoshen, etc. He has three unique skills: talent, painting and infatuation.
96. Fan Zhen wrote "The Extinction of Immortals", which exposed the fact that the ruling class bullied the people with Buddhism and systematically expounded atheism, and was a valuable legacy in the history of ancient China's thoughts.
97. Yungang Grottoes in Datong, Shanxi Province and Longmen Grottoes in Luoyang, Henan Province are two famous grottoes. essay
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