Xiao Zhuan, also known as Qin Zhuan, is a well-known text compiled by Li Si, the prime minister after the unification of Qin Dynasty. Before the reunification of the Qin Dynasty, due to the long-term regional separatist regime, "different sounds and different characters", the writing form was very inconsistent, and the phenomenon of more than one character was very serious. For example, there are more than twenty ways to write "sheep", which brings great inconvenience to the development of economic and cultural exchanges. Therefore, while unifying the system of money, rail and weights and measures, we also strive to implement the policy of "book peers". The preface to Shuo Wen Jie Zi records that "Prime Minister Reese played with it and didn't cooperate with it. The secretary wrote "Heaven and Heaven", Che Fu ordered Zhao Gao to write "Love Calendar", and Tai Shi ordered Hu Wu to write "Bo Xue", all of which took history as a great seal, or it was quite preserved, so-called small seal. " It can be seen that the system of Xiao Zhuan evolved from Da Zhuan. On the basis of prose writing, Li Si simplified the complicated and abolished the variant characters, and created Qin Zhuan with unified national characters. This kind of book is relatively simple, with horizontal lines and vertical characters. This is a great progress of Chinese characters and an important milestone in the development history of Chinese characters. It opened up a broad road for the changes of later books such as Kai, Li, Xing and Cao. Some of them are cast on iron, and some are carved on stone tablets and stone tablets. There are large and small characters, natural composition, dignified words and neat branches, which are the essence and representative of Xiao Zhuan. His masterpiece is the remains of Qinshan stone carving, with only 10 left. In addition, the rubbings of Mount Tai and Langyatai are handed down from generation to generation. It is said that all the carved stones on it were written by Li Si.
Taishan remembers that stone is also called Taishan Monument. In the 28th year of the King of Qin (2 19 BC), the emperor traveled east to Mount Tai, which was written by Prime Minister Li Si. The stone is 4 feet high and is engraved with big characters around it. The first emperor wrote three letters and the second emperor wrote one letter. The main content is Ode to Qin De. Font seal script, the original existing Daisi residual stone. There are many rubbings handed down, which are characterized by rounded strokes, smooth strokes and iron lines; The structure is dignified and rigorous; The font is slightly longer and the shape is bodybuilding; The branches are neatly dressed and are the representatives of Xiao Zhuan. Tang Li Sizhen said, "The essence of Li Sizhen's seal script lies in ancient and modern times. The mountains of the King of Qin and the decrees of the emperor, the mighty crossbows of Fu You and the Hong Zhong of Shiwan are all masterpieces of scholars. It is also a valuable asset of the country. "
Yishan Stone Carving, commonly known as Yishan Monument, was built on Yishan (Zouxian County, Shandong Province) in the 28th year of Qin Shihuang (2 19 BC), and Prime Minister Li Si handed down as Xiao Zhuan. The content is preceded by the imperial edict of the first emperor, with the word 144, and followed by the imperial edict of the second emperor, with a total of 79 words and slightly smaller characters. The second imperial edict was carved in 209 BC. Its stone has long been lost. What we are seeing now is post-imitation. Although Qin Zhuan's ancient clumsy brushwork is lost, his brushwork is clear and vigorous, which is of great value to the study of the evolution of seal script art. Qin Zhao was written in the 26th year of Qin Shihuang (22 BC1year) and recorded the contents of the imperial edict issued by Qin Shihuang. His strokes are vigorous, his style is free, his size is the same, and he is happy with the situation; Between the lines, sometimes sparse and sometimes dense, although not neat, before and after into interest.
(2) seal script is the Warring States writing:
Mr. Xu, a famous scholar and calligraphy seal engraver, believes that it is impossible to do it overnight in a very short Qin dynasty, and it takes a long time to form a seal character. Qin Shihuang only processed, sorted out and popularized the seal script that had been formed during the Warring States Period. After Qin Shihuang unified the world, he implemented a series of reforms. Among them, unifying Chinese characters is a very important policy. This kind of calligraphy inherits the inscriptions and stone inscriptions of the Eastern Zhou Dynasty and Qin State, and will be integrated with the calligraphy styles of various places. It is the first unified font in China and the key to change the history of books.
During the Qin Dynasty, there were few traces of seal script preserved in stone carvings, among which the monument erected by Qin Shihuang was the most important, while the original stones and rubbings of Langxietai and Taishan still existed. The truth can be seen in the imperial edict of Shi Quan for twenty-six years. After Wang Ziping moved eastward to Luoyi (now Luoyang, Henan Province) in 770 BC, it experienced more than 500 years of warlord regime in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Seven Kingdoms hegemony in the Warring States Period. In terms of language, there are "abnormal words" and "abnormal words". According to historical records, there were 194 ways to write "Bao" at that time. There are 104 ways to write "Mei" and 100 ways to write "Shou". Some fonts are soft and flowing, dense and exaggerated, some vertical and long, and some structures are crazy. Although this provides rich content for the development of calligraphy art, it also brings inconvenience to the exchange of ideas.
Representative works:
In 22 1 BC, Qin Shihuang unified the world, and in order to facilitate his rule, he reformed the script, and implemented the policy of "homonym" and "forbidding those who did not cooperate with Qin Wen". Qin Wen is a writing style developed on the basis of "bronze inscription" and "seal script" following the cultural tradition of the Western Zhou Dynasty, so Qin Wen is also called "Qin Zhuan", and later generations use "small seal script" to distinguish it from "big seal script". "Yishan Stone Carving" is the first stone carving erected in Dongxunfeng (Yi County, Shandong Province) in the 28th year of Qin Shihuang (2 19). Carving Stones on Mount Tai was written when Qin Shihuang visited Mount Tai in the east. Langya stone carving (Jiaonan, Shandong Province) and Zhifu stone carving were carved in Zhifu Mountain (northwest of Yantai, Shandong Province) in the 29th year of Qin Shihuang (2 18).
Ode to Jieshi was written in the thirty-second year (2 15) when the first emperor visited Jieshi (now northwest of Changli County, Hebei Province).
"Carving Stone in Huiji" was carved in the fifth tour of Huiji Mountain (now southeast of Shaoxing, Zhejiang) in the thirty-sixth year of the first emperor (2 10 years ago). These stone carvings are all standard Xiao Zhuan, which is said to have been written by Prime Minister Li Si.
The Stone Carving of Yishan is the representative work of Qin Zhuan (Biography). The points and strokes of the characters are lines with the same thickness, rounded and closed. The font is dignified and rigorous, with the combination of reality and reality, proper density, calm and peaceful, and strong and powerful. Some people commented that "painting like a stone is a spent force." The structure of the word is tight and loose, and the feet are elongated, which has a condescending state. It seems that readers must look up. In composition, the ranks are neat and the rules are harmonious. This uniform style is consistent with the political ideal of the Qin Dynasty. On the whole, the artistic style of stone carving in Qin dynasty is calm, overbearing and strong, which is consistent with the spirit of the times in Qin dynasty at that time.
The merchant's Oracle Bone Inscriptions is to communicate the information between man and god and gain psychological induction in the mysterious world. People in Shang and Zhou dynasties carved words on bronzes in order to worship gods, record events or show wealth or authority. Qin Shihuang carved a stone and stood on the top of the famous mountain, showing off his achievements in unifying the six countries, his majesty, self-confidence and willingness to govern the world as an emperor. However, in the process of realizing the spiritual purpose of stone carving, the Qin Dynasty also created a form that could make calligraphy last longer and opened up a new artistic world. China's calligraphy art has two systems, one is the tablet system and the other is the post system. The stone carving in Qin Dynasty is a pioneering work of the stone carving system established on the basis of Shi Guwen.
The original stone of Yishan stone carving was destroyed by Emperor Tuoba Tao of the Northern Wei Dynasty. Yan Feng Wen Jian Ji in Tang Dynasty said: This monument was knocked down by Tuoba Tao while climbing Yi Mountain. However, because Li Si's seal script is well known, although the tablet has fallen, there are still an endless stream of literati and dignitaries who come to copy and expand. Because local officials and people are often tired of being sent to meet them, they gather under the monument and burn it. Since then, it has been damaged and cannot be copied. But left an inscription. What we see today was carved by the Song Dynasty people in the Five Dynasties according to the copy of Xu Xuan in the Southern Tang Dynasty, and now it is hidden in the forest of steles in Xi 'an. After Li Si, Li in the Tang Dynasty, Xu Xuan in the Five Dynasties, Deng in the Qing Dynasty, and Wu Changshuo, a close friend, all took seal script as their strengths. There are stone carvings such as Mount Tai, Langxie, Yishan and Huiji. , and countless Qin Liang, Qin Quan and imperial edicts. In the Eastern Han Dynasty, Xu Shen wrote Shuo Wen Jie Zi and received 9353 words of Biography. Although Xiao Zhuan has not been produced for a long time, it is numerous and occupies a special position in the development history of China characters, and it is a bridge between ancient Chinese characters and modern Chinese characters. From the existing cultural relics such as Taishan stone carving, Langyatai stone carving and power inscription, we can see the style of Xiao Zhuan in Qin Dynasty. Xiao Zhuan's strokes are fine, so it is also called "Jade Zhuan". The shape is rectangular, and the structure is often symmetrical, giving people a tall and beautiful feeling.