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Laozi's Thought of Governing by Taoism
Laozi is a book with more than 5,000 words, which mainly focuses on Laozi's Tao and Tao thought. Wang Bi said in Laozi's Wisdom:? The book Laozi can be summarized in almost one word. Well, I just don't respect the principal and interest. ? Laozi worships Tao, believing that Tao is the foundation of all things, while virtue, benevolence, righteousness and propriety are the ends, the manifestation of Tao and man-made regulations.
Taoism and morality advocated by Laozi are different from those advocated by Confucianism. Confucianism's Taoism and virtue are artificially prescribed Taoism and virtue, which can exist independently and have fixed contents, so we can say what is Taoism and what is virtue. Laozi's Tao and virtue are natural Tao and virtue, and there is no fixed content. He believes that Tao is the way things are produced, and virtue is the external expression of Tao. Therefore, Tao and virtue can't exist independently, Tao is dependent on each other, and virtue is dependent on Tao.
? Tao gives birth to everything? Saying is the way of creation, not the foundation of creation. ? Tao gives birth to one, two, three and everything. ? (Chapter 4 1, most of the chapters and sentences of Laozi quoted in this paper are from the A and B versions of Laozi in Mawangdui Han Tomb, and some sentences are different from this chapter. The chapter number is Lao Tzu's chapter, and the following quotations only indicate the chapter number)? Tao gives birth to righteousness? You mean? One? How to generate? Tao? Instead of saying? One? What is the original cost of production? Tao? ; Same? One life two, two lives three, three lives everything? The way to generate is Tao. Tao is not the origin of everything, but the way everything is generated. It's all over? Tao? And generate. Tao is not a physical object, but the life track of all things. A grain of wheat produces an ear of wheat, and the resulting form is wheat. How did it come about? Tao? . ? Tao gives birth to everything? It is in terms of its generation mode, not in terms of generating ontology. Tao is the life track of things, and there is no Tao without things; Morality is the external expression of Tao, which can only exist from Tao and cannot exist independently.
Lao Tzu advocated. He said: Comte's tolerance is only obedience. ? (Chapter 2 1) Where's Wang? Kong? For what? Empty? Comte is a virtue advocated by Laozi, and virtue has no fixed content. Comte's performance is the natural performance of following Tao. Lao Tzu said:? Tao, beast, longevity, pavilion, poison, accomplishment and cover. Call Xuande born blessed, born with a temple, born blessed. ? (Chapter 5 1) Do you have any silk books? De? Written in words and passwords? Daosheng, Desheng? , add one? De? Word, it seriously distorted Lao Tzu's thought. Following Taoism is a natural journey, while following morality is a deliberate move. What I mean by virtue is attaching importance to the expression of nature. Isn't artificial virtue advocated by Laozi? Kant? But? Xuande? . ? Born with it, blessed with it and blessed with it. ? If such behavior is the natural expression of Tao, is that what Lao Tzu said? Kant? ; If such behavior is regarded as a noble standard to ask people, what is this? De? Didn't Lao Tzu say it, but Confucianism said it? De? , Lao tze said such virtue is it? Xuande's virtue of being polluted is recognized by people. ? Xuan? Is it dyed black silk? Sue? This is natural silk. So Lao Tzu advocates simplicity, but opposes it? Xuande? .
The virtue of Confucianism is stipulated, and the virtue mentioned by Laozi is only a natural expression of Taoism, not an artificial recognition. All recognized morality and advocated morality are not the morality that Lao Tzu said.
The diaosi version of Laozi said at the beginning:? Virtue is not virtue, but virtue. Virtue without virtue is virtue without virtue. Virtue thinks without doing anything, benevolence thinks without doing anything, and righteousness thinks without doing anything. It is arrogant and rude not to respond. Therefore, losing morality means virtue, losing morality means benevolence, losing benevolence means righteousness, and losing righteousness means courtesy. Those who treat their husbands with courtesy are loyal and trustworthy, and they are the first in chaos. Those who know before, the gorgeous way, the head of a fool. ? (Chapter 38)
This passage of Laozi pointed out the main means of social rule: rule by knowledge, rule by courtesy, rule by law, rule by material and rule by Tao.
The law of knowledge is to educate and preach with prescribed morality, benevolence and righteousness. Lao Tzu said:? Those who know before, the gorgeous way, the head of a fool. ? Notes on Yan Zun's Guide to Moral Truth in Han Dynasty? The former knower? For what? What is the default? ,? The former knower? That is, morality, righteousness and righteousness are set in advance, and there are standards and regulations before doing it, so it is called? Previous knowledge? This? Previous knowledge? Is it? Do you know? , using foresight? To govern society by virtue, benevolence and righteousness recognized in advance is to know how to govern.
The rule of knowledge is that rulers make morality, benevolence and righteousness to educate and preach. The earliest form of knowledge rule was rule by virtue, for example, during the period of Three Emperors and Five Emperors, saints respected it. Therefore, a typical form of transfer of sovereignty appeared in ancient China: abdication system. ? Zen is also a virtue, also known as a saint. ? (Bamboo Slips of Guodian Chu Tomb "The Way of Tang Yu")? Suntech? Is it? Suntech? Advocate virtue. Did I say that? Suntech? Ren Shang? Shangyi? Is it? Suntech? Ren Shang? Shangyi? That is, advocating morality and benevolence. Morality, benevolence and righteousness are all artificially recognized, right? The former knower? , is it? Do you know? . Advocate? De? It is a good performance of artificial recognition; ? Ren? It is the name of all morality, and it takes all morality as benevolence; ? What are the ancient characters in China? Righteousness, from sheep to me. ? Sheep? Show? Okay？ Righteous me? Express yourself. What kind of charity do you think should be done? Justice.
Righteousness is what you think you should do, while courtesy is what society thinks you should do. It can be said that righteousness is an individual's private virtue and propriety is a social morality, so propriety is mandatory.
Ceremony is the norm of people's daily words and deeds. Because etiquette stipulates how to speak and do things and needs education; Etiquette is a public rule recognized by the society and must be observed, so it is mandatory.
Knowledge rule is the ruling means of education, courtesy rule is the ruling means of strengthening education, and the rule of law is the ruling means of violence and coercion.
The rule of etiquette and the rule of law are both important people who must abide by them, and they all rely on the military, police, prisons and other state machines for strong rule. The fundamental difference between the rule of etiquette and the rule of law lies in the different emphasis. Etiquette is what people should do. Nip in the bud? First, educate people to know how to do it and do it; What the law does is what people can't do. Has it been banned? , is the punishment after things happen.
Confucius said:? Politics is the Tao, punishment is the punishment, and people are free and shameless; Morality, courtesy, shame and dignity. ? ("The Analects? What Confucius said in this passage is the difference between the rule of law and the rule of courtesy. Rule of law? Qi was punished? , is it? Political rule? , mainly rely on laws and force as a means; Ritual therapy? Add courtesy? , is it? Persuade people with virtue? Mainly rely on education as a means. What are the rules of ceremony? Teach well, but persuade (force) if not? ("The Analects? What is the rule of law? Teach evil and punish what you do. ?
Confucius values benevolence, Mencius values righteousness, Xunzi values propriety, and Han Fei values law. It is the only way for Confucianism to learn from others that Xunzi and Han Fei are apprentices.
? Busy arm? Is the rule of law, refers to the use of violent means to enforce; ? Is it? This is the law of things. ? Is it? A glyph is a side view of a human breast, isn't it? Milk? The original word ""refers to people's necessary means of subsistence. ? Do you want to do it? what's up Sticks and carrots? Governing the law, the stick is the rule of law, and the carrot is the rule of law.
Material governance is social governance by economic means. ? Food and color? The pursuit of material things is human instinct. What are the main means of material treatment? Shang Xian (Bao)? Expensive goods? See what you want? (Chapter III), etc. Arouse people's desire to pursue and control these resources to achieve the purpose of ruling society.
Wang Bi said Lao Zi? Worship the end of principal and interest? This is the rule of Tao, the rule of knowledge, the rule of courtesy, the rule of law and the rule of things. ? Interest? Not to stop or cancel, but to use it as appropriate.
I don't advocate knowledge rule, he said. Therefore, people who say they are Tao will be ignorant if they are not enlightened by the people. It is well known that the people are refractory. Knowing the state, the thief of the state is also; Knowing the country by ignorance is also the virtue of the country. ? (Chapter 65)? For the road? Is it to stipulate moral righteousness? Do you know? Govern the people. Ruling the people with knowledge limits people's thinking, so? Are you stupid if you don't know the people? . ? It is well known that the people are refractory. ? It means that people are difficult to treat, just for use? Do you know? Governance. ? Do you know? Not the wisdom of the people, but the use of the rulers? Do you know? Governance.
Laozi believes that the rule of knowledge is the fundamental reason for the complexity of human heart and the deterioration of human nature. As long as what is true, good and beautiful is determined, there will be false, evil and ugly. Because teaching people beauty is actually equal to teaching people ugliness; When you teach him good, you also teach him evil. Lao Tzu said:? Everyone in the world knows that beauty is beauty or evil; Everyone knows whether it's good or not, but it's not. Whether there is mutual existence, difficulty complementarity, length complementarity, high and low competition, sound complementarity. ? (Chapter II) Beauty and ugliness, good and evil, existence, difficulty, competition and order are all comparisons, but they are not natural states. After being educated, people cannot keep their original truth, goodness and beauty. If there is no distinction between beauty and goodness, there is no ugliness. Lao Tzu said:? Virtue is thicker than children. ? (Chapter 55) Human nature has noble moral character, but knowing how to govern distorts human nature.
Why did Lao Tzu oppose courtesy? Etiquette is a social norm that people must abide by. No matter how you feel, you should follow the rules of etiquette, so what you do according to etiquette may be hypocritical, which is not loyalty. So I said:? Husband is also polite, loyalty is also thin, and chaos is the first. ? (Chapter 38) Laozi believes that the formulation of etiquette makes people lack loyalty and is the cause of social chaos.
The rule of law is not enough to be the basis of rule. Lao Tzu said: Min Heng is not afraid of death, but how can he kill fear? (Chapter 74) Violence is not the foundation of governing the country. ? Helping others with Tao, without soldiers, is better than the world. ? (Chapter 30)? Soldiers are ominous weapons. ? (Chapter 3 1) Violence is never the best way to solve the problem.
Laozi also opposes the principle of material governance. He thinks: Don't use virtue to make the people do not dispute; Expensive and rare goods, so that people do not steal; If you can't see what you want, you can save the people from chaos. ? (Chapter III) Jiang Xichang's Laozi Doctrine says: Say:? Virtuous and rich; From the north plexus. ? Without Shang Xian, you are still not rich; Use the following? Expensive and rare goods? ,? Can't see what you want? Unity refers to attributes. "Dun" book? Xian? Do what? Bag? Stamping as a footnote for future generations, if there is not much money, the people will not dispute. ? Agreeable? Of wealth, honor, power, etc.
Laozi does not advocate the law of things, because the law of things confuses people. But he stressed that he is not against people living a rich material life? A real belly? Strong bones? (Chapter III)? I want to eat, I want to wear, I want to be vulgar, and I want to live. ? (Chapter 8 1)
"Is it easy? Loss "said:? Profit and loss, keep pace with the times. ? Rule by knowledge, rule by courtesy, rule by law and rule by things have their own disadvantages, which can only be used appropriately and cannot be used as the basis of social rule.
Does Taoism follow the development of nature and science? Empty inside? (chapter 3, there is not much constraint and pressure on the mind) and it is like this. Rule by knowledge, rule by courtesy, rule by law and rule by things are the purpose of rule, and rule by Tao is the foundation of rule. Start with the basics. Only when the husband is the Tao, can the good be done. ? (Chapter 465438 +0) Taoism pays attention to the beginning and focuses on the root cause.
What words are used to summarize Laozi's thought of governing by Taoism? Doing nothing? ,? Sages live by doing nothing and teach without words. ? (Chapter II)? Doing nothing? Not for, but for? Nothing? Because.
? Nothing is the beginning of all things; Yes, the mother of all things. ? (Chapter 1)? Doing nothing? Is to pay attention to everything Start? Yes, lay a good foundation and grasp the fundamentals. Because? Safe and easy to take; Not a sign, easy to find; Very brittle and easy to judge; It is small and easy to disperse. If it's not there, it's not chaotic. ? (Chapter 56) It's easy to change everything from the root, but it's hard to change if it's too big. ? Why not? Is it? Doing nothing? ,? Cure it without chaos? Is it? Governing by doing nothing? .
Laozi made two analogies to Tao:? How can you treat people? (Chapter 59) What else? Governing a big country is like cooking small and fresh? (Chapter 60) refers to laying a good foundation and then letting it develop naturally.
Lao Tzu said:? It's hard to manage people. Being stingy means getting clothes early. ? Hey? Pass? Hey? Grow crops. ? Early service? It is early agriculture. Farming the soil as early as possible and whitening its depth can enhance soil fertility. Deep ploughing, fine raking and a large amount of base fertilizer can grow good crops. Paying attention to laying a good foundation and letting it grow naturally is inaction; And then what? Pull out the seedlings and encourage them? Very promising. Managing people like planting crops is the key.
? Governing a big country is like cooking small and fresh? what's up Cooking? The ancient meaning refers to boiling rather than frying, which means that you don't have to turn it over. How can I not turn it over? Choose the right pot, add enough water, you don't have to turn over the small fresh vegetables, and naturally roll in the pot. Adding water to the pot is the foundation, that is, doing nothing, and stirring is the hope.
For social governance, the basis of social governance is cultural management rather than material management.
Lao Tzu said:? Thirty spokes are the same hub, which is used for cars when nothing happens; Think of it as a device, when it is nothing, when it is a device; Carve the house into a room, and when there is nothing, use it as a room. Therefore, thinking is beneficial, but thinking is not. (Chapter 1 1) Five-color blindness, five-tone deafness, five tastes cool, galloping wild, and rare goods are harmful. It's based on the rule of saints, not for the stomach, so I went somewhere else to get this. (Chapter 12)? This passage is divided into two chapters in the current edition. If understood together, it can better reflect Laozi's thought of governing the country by Tao. It says here. Nothing? No? Nothing? , not empty.
Lao tze said? 30 spokes * * * A wheel hub? Make a wheel. Because of the wheel, there is a car, not that the wheel is hollow, so there is a car. Lao tze said? what do you think? , ? For the equipment? Instead of. For this dish? ,? Food? It is hollow and can hold things. And then what? Equipment? Otherwise, it also includes physical things, such as pestles and weapons. Lao tze said? Chisel the door? ,? Room use? . No doors or windows? Nothing? Only then? Room use? . Rooms are not used for doors and windows. The ancients lived in caves, and so did animals. The difference between animal caves and caves where humans live is that caves where humans live have doors and windows.
Cars, home appliances and rooms are all visible and tangible, right? what's up , so called? Make good use of it. ? The pleasing of five colors, the intoxicating of five tones, the refreshing of five flavors, the stimulation of hunting and the temptation of commodities are all invisible or intangible, right? Nothing? . ? Nothing? It can't bring direct benefits, but it has indirect uses and gives people spiritual enjoyment, so it is useless?
Is Mohism particular? what's up , emphasizing only the pursuit of material interests, so it is not fun; Confucianism emphasizes spiritual enjoyment, so it advocates music. Laozi's attitude is not praise or criticism, but understanding from the beginning and end of governing the country. He said:? It's based on the rule of saints, not for the stomach, so I went somewhere else to get this. ? Peter. Refers to the existence of materials such as cars, devices and rooms; ? This? Refers to five colors, five flavors, five tones, hunting, expensive goods and other spiritual enjoyment. This is an invisible existence, right Nothing? , is the culture. The key to the rule of saints is the rule of culture. Because people will consciously pursue material wealth, not spiritual nobility.
Culture is the foundation of society, country and unit, and inaction is the foundation of managing culture well. Only a country with a good culture can have a healthy society; Only when a unit has a good culture can it be harmonious, develop and sustainable?
Taoism does not emphasize political achievements, but emphasizes political effectiveness. Political achievements often refer to visible material construction; Political effect refers to intangible cultural construction. Confucius disciples asked Zheng, and Confucius answered:? Make haste slowly. Haste makes waste, and seeing small profits can't achieve great things. ? ("The Analects? Lutz's political achievements can be immediate, but the political effect can't be immediate, but its influence is far-reaching and significant.
Laozi worships the essence and benefits the end, and thinks that social rule should be based on the rule of Tao, and the rule of knowledge, courtesy, law and things is the end of rule, so it can only be used properly. This is a fundamental move for long-term social stability and long-term development.