1 Xie Fangduan, a talented woman of the Qing Dynasty
Xie Fangduan, a native of Meilunshui Village, Yangchungang, was born in 1724 AD and died in 1513, at the age of 89. She was played by the honest official Xie Zhong Eldest daughter. Xie Fangduan lost his mother when he was young, and he followed his father in officialdom. He was intelligent and good at reading. He often read and recited words, and never forgot them. He studied and learned pronunciation and rhyme from his father when he was young. In his youth, he loved to write poetry and lyrics. He is the author of a book of poems and poems and the book "Xiaolou Yin Manuscript" (the poems and poems have now been lost, and the book "Xiaolou Yin Manuscript" is collected in the Zhongshan Library of Guangdong Province), and enjoys a high reputation in Guangdong. In the 43rd year of Emperor Qianlong's reign in the Qing Dynasty, Li Tiaoyuan, the inspector of schools in Guangdong, and Feng Minchang, the editor of the Hanlin Academy, respectively wrote the preface and biography of the book "Xiaolou Yin Manuscript", praising her talents and personality.
When Xie Fangrui was a teenager, he traveled all over Hainan and the two lakes areas, visited many famous mountains and scenic spots, witnessed countless ups and downs of the world, and gained profound experience. These have accumulated solid materials for her future writing.
Although Xie Fangduan has lived abroad with her father for a long time, she still has deep feelings for her hometown. In her manuscripts, many psalms of praise can be found, which are very moving when read now. Once, She had been away from home for ten years, and followed her father from Changning, Hunan to Yangjiang by boat to return home. When the boat was parked beside the village, she composed a poem "In the Boat on Wheels of Water", which used the scene to create emotions and express her innocent heart:
< p> The boat is parked beside the small bridge, and the famous Sangzi Garden is in front of you.The misty clouds of the Momo Mountain enter the painting, and the long stream is green and smokey.
The fragrance of orange flowers is near the secluded house, and the sound of fishermen singing and billiard boats is noisy.
After ten years of returning to Ningxia, the mountains and rivers are still the same.
She also has deep feelings for her father. This is not only her gratitude to her parents for their upbringing, but more importantly, her respect for her father's noble character of being an official for 46 years and being honest throughout his life. Her father's integrity throughout his life left a deep mark on her soul. In the poem "Farewell to the Younger Brother Fang Zexuanli", he said: "It is difficult to say goodbye to elderly sisters, and the children and grandchildren of honest officials should not be disgusted with poverty. There are still poems and books left, and the family legacy can be laid out early." She returned to the state for her father. The robbery case refused to be sealed (trial), and was summoned by Emperor Qianlong in Wuchang. He was overjoyed and wrote a "Xi Fu" immediately:
Twenty years of Laolao County? , Dajiang North and South No. Xunliang.
The bronze medal is not in vain, and the Danshao must be announced to Wuchang.
Is it true that the emperor is betrayed thousands of miles away? , Jiuzhong asked Xiaochen Guang.
From a distance, Zhiyang looked at Tongqi, and the incense from the stove filled the clothes.
When Xie Fangduan was young, he married Liu Zongyan, a local scholar in Xinlou Village, Sanjia Village. The couple loved poetry and music, and often sang with them. However, their good times did not last long, and they lost their husband at the age of three, leaving two sons and two generations of widows to rely on for support. At this time, she worked hard on the family business, "nurturing children to become talents, spinning and teaching scriptures at night, all the time." In her later years, she lived with her eldest son Liu Xianggu (Yougongsheng, who served as an eunuch in 10 prefectures including Panyu, and later a professor in Qinzhou Prefecture), and lived in the government office . During her leisure time, she enthusiastically taught people poetry, cultivated peaches and plums, and was respected wherever she went. She was often called a scholar and a loving mother. When she was over 80 years old and returned to her hometown from the government to take care of herself, "all the lives were sent off on their way, and some I chased her for more than 30 miles and said goodbye with tears."
2
The talented woman of the Qing Dynasty fell silent. The character is Zhaiji, one is Ji Zhai, the other is Mogu, and the other is Mogu. He was born in Jiashan, Zhejiang Province. Dan gave birth to a girl. Born with extraordinary intelligence, he could write poems at the age of nine, and his embroidery with a knife and ruler was all wonderful. He studied small regular script, copied Li Gonglin's white sketch of a great scholar, loved to care about his wife, painted a piece of bamboo, and slept and stood up with him. He died without a word at the age of sixteen. Set in seclusion in a boudoir. "槜李诗集"
3 Chen Duansheng
(1751-about 1796)
Female writer of Tanci. Zi Yunzhen, a native of Qiantang, Zhejiang (now Hangzhou). Married to Fan Qiutang from Huainan. Fan was relegated to garrison in order to deal with the case in the examination room (one theory was that his stepmother was accused of disobedience). Duansheng served at home and wrote the Tanci of "Rebirth Fate". Later, when Fan was pardoned and returned home, Chen died before he returned home. "Rebirth Fate" has 20 volumes, and Chen wrote up to 17 volumes, but died before completing it. The remaining 3 volumes were continued by another female writer Liang De Sheng. Finally, the female writer Hou Zhi compiled it into 80 chapters.
There was the Baorentang publication in the second year of Daoguang's reign (1822), and later there were many publication, stone and lead seal editions. This work has been adapted into the Suzhou Tanci Bibliography and has had a certain influence.
A native of Qiantang, Zhejiang. He is the author of "Huiyingge Poetry Collection" (lost) and the tanci novel "Rebirth" (volumes 1 to 17).
His grandfather Chen Zhaolun (Jushan) He once served as minister of Taipu Temple and editor of "Tongkao of Xuwen".
Father Yudun, mother Wang.
Duan Sheng was not yet eighteen when he wrote "Rebirth" Years old, in Beijing.
She was still under 20 years old when she finished sixteen volumes, and she was in Dengzhou, Shandong Province at that time. She stopped writing because of the death of her biological mother, and married Fan at the age of 22. The relationship between the couple was not bad. , later because Fan had to take the Shuntian Provincial Examination, Qianren's ghostwriting was discovered and he was sent to Yili as a slave. At the age of thirty-three, under the urging of relatives and friends, he spent nearly a year writing the seventeenth volume, and he never wrote again. .
Anyone who has watched the Peking Opera "Meng Lijun" will be deeply impressed by the strange woman who disguised herself as a man, won the first prize in the scientific examination, and was selected by the emperor as his consort. But I don’t know how many people know that this famous Peking Opera drama is adapted from the Tanci novel "Rebirth" by the Qing Dynasty female writer Chen Duansheng (1751-circa 1796). Meng Lijun's legendary story has attracted people's attention for two reasons. First, the protagonist of the story subverts the traditional concepts of gender and female social identity in a special way. Such a conceptual breakthrough was accomplished by a female writer, adding a special layer to the social and ideological significance of the novel. Therefore, it has been classified as a "feminist novel" in Western sinology circles, and some scholars have even conducted in-depth research on it from the perspective of modern feminism. Second, the narrative style of the story is very special. Compared with the plot arrangement of Western novels, traditional Chinese novels are relatively slow and loose. After reading one chapter, you don't have to rush to read the next chapter. You can pick it up a few days later. Even "A Dream of Red Mansions" is the same. This is not the case in "Rebirth". The plot arrangement of "Rebirth" is very similar to that of a Western novel, one link after another, one thrill after another, making people eager to know what will happen next and not wanting to put it down for a moment (the same is true for Jin Daxia's novels). Regardless of its content and ideological nature, as far as the plot layout is concerned, it is enough to surprise our contemporary people that such a special female writer appeared in the Qing Dynasty.
Another thing that is very special is that "Rebirth", like "A Dream of Red Mansions", is an unfinished draft. Chen Duansheng only wrote the first seventeen volumes and then passed away, leaving a regret in the world. About thirty years later, Xu Zongyan and Liang Dechun felt that the original author had "abandoned his previous life halfway" and continued to write the last three volumes, making it a complete 20-volume work. Although the sequel is not as good as the original, it is a great contribution to complete the story. This novel has the original Tanci text and a prose adaptation (74 chapters). If you are interested, you can read it. I guarantee you will not be disappointed. Of course, if you read the prose adaptation, there will be no barrier of writing habits.
The story of "Rebirth" is so famous, but its author's life is little known. I think such a talented woman is worth getting to know. Fortunately, in his later years, Mr. Chen Yinke devoted himself to "doing useless things to save his destined life" and wrote a nearly 80-page long paper "On "Rebirth"", which sheds light on the lives of the two authors, allowing future generations to learn more about them. For example, when we read novels, we can "know people and discuss the world" and understand the historical background of the work and its relationship with the author's personal experience. Like "Liu Rushi's Farewell Biography", Mr. Chen's essays are all textual research, which most people can't understand and don't like to read. They have to be written in a way that ordinary people are accustomed to in order to be interesting.
Chen Duansheng is from Hangzhou. Jiangnan not only produces talented men, but also many talented women. I remember I went to Hangzhou last summer and took a walk near the West Lake after dinner. When I walked to a place, I saw a short wall with three characters "Rebirth Fate" written on it, occupying the entire wall. At that time, I felt sad and stayed there for a while. Unfortunately, it was too late at that time to find out what kind of place it was, or whether it was Chen Duansheng's former residence. Something happened the next day, so I left Hangzhou in a hurry, leaving a suspense. If you have a chance in the future, you must check it out again.
The Chen family has been a scholar for generations. Chen Duansheng’s grandfather, Chen Zhaolun, was a Jinshi during the Yongzheng reign and authored the "Zizhu Shanfang Collected Works", which was highly regarded by people at the time.
His father, Chen Yudun, was elected as a civil servant and served as a local official in Yunnan, Shandong and other places. Chen Duansheng's grandfather was a very enlightened old man of letters. He once wrote the article "On Talented Women" and believed that women satirize "Xi Zhang", "recognize more allusions", "enlighten spirituality", and are "not helpless in running a family, husband, and lessons." , and can make women become "gentle and honest", so we can conclude: "Talent is also contained in virtue." Although the ultimate goal of a talented woman in his eyes is to become a more competent housewife, after all, he elevated cultural accomplishment to a useful status, which at least opened the door for his female descendants to receive cultural education. Chen Duansheng and her sister Chen Changsheng were both talented in literature and should have benefited from their grandfather's enlightened thinking.
Chen Duansheng’s mother, Wang, had an unusual background. She was the daughter of Wang Shangyu, who had served as the prefect of Yunnan Prefecture and Dali Prefecture. Wang Shangyu was a Jinshi, so it is natural that his daughter is educated. It is not surprising that Chen Duansheng, who was educated by his daughter, was very talented. In addition, Chen Duansheng, who is from Hangzhou, places the starting point of the story of "Rebirth" in Yunnan, and places many of the activities of the hero and heroine in the capital of Yunnan, which is very puzzling. Knowing her mother's family background, everything is explained. Chen Duansheng must have heard his mother tell a lot about Yunnan when he was a child, and was deeply attracted to it, creating a lot of fantasy and mystery about Yunnan. When writing a novel, I naturally started from the mysterious Yunnan. Or perhaps Yunnan is far away from the stubbornly traditional capital, and people's thoughts are less constrained. The ideas passed down to their children by the Wang family are very open-minded. Only then could Chen Duan be free from restraints when examining traditional social concepts, and that's why he wrote "Rebirth" "Works like that. Looking back at mm, it seems to be circumstantial evidence.
Chen Yudun and the Wang family seem to have no sons, only three daughters, Duansheng is the eldest, Qingsheng is the second, Changsheng is the youngest, but Qingsheng died young, so in fact they only have two sisters as companions in life. Sisters Duansheng and Changsheng are both talented in literature. It goes without saying that Duansheng is born, as evidenced by the "Rebirth Destiny". Immortality is not inferior either. At that time, the social customs in the Jiangnan area were enlightened, and the protection between men and women was not strict. Her sister Changsheng was one of the "female disciples" of the literary giant Yuan Mei at that time. Changsheng later married Ye Shaoe (Qin Ke), a former editor of the Hanlin Academy, which was another cultural marriage. One characteristic of the Ye family is that the women are full of talents and poetic skills, and their level is so high that people at the time were amazed. Yuan Mei once commented, "There are many beauties in my hometown, but none are more prosperous than Ye Fangbo's Peisun family. There are two wives, two young masters, and a son-in-law (referring to longevity). They are all flying generals in the poetry world." (Supplement to Suiyuan Poetry Talk. 》3) (From the fact that Jiangnan women are versatile and good at singing in groups, we know that the sister association described in "A Dream of Red Mansions" is not a fabrication or ideal of Cao Xueqin. It was indeed a very common phenomenon among aristocratic families at that time) At home or in the living environment It is indeed difficult to cultivate the stereotype that men are stronger than women in a female-only environment, because the person who does things that moves you or admires you is either your elder sister, your younger sister, or your mother. This point can be circumstantial evidence from my family’s situation. Therefore, Chen Duansheng's ability to break the traditional way of thinking and write "Rebirth" is probably also related to the family environment around women (and talented women).
The first sixteen volumes of "Rebirth" were written when Chen Duansheng was eighteen or nineteen years old. At that time, she was still in the boudoir. Although some people say that her grandfather was very frugal and the family was very poor, after all, he had a high official position and was not as poor as ordinary poor people. It was in the autumn of 1768 when I started writing:
In front of the small window with no curtains on the boudoir, the early autumn night turned cold and I couldn't sleep.
The shadow of the lamp swayed sideways on the side of the desk, and the sound of rain dripped down the side of the railing.
It is difficult to write new thoughts into a sentence, but you can write an article by picking up some subtle words.
Tonight, take your time and relax, and talk about writing a good relationship with a colorful pen.
This is the opening statement of "Rebirth", which explains the writing season. The specific time is about September of the thirty-fourth year of Qianlong (1769). Chen Duansheng was eighteen years old that year. Talented women in ancient and modern times matured precociously, and Grandma Zhang became famous in her teens. For those of us who are old and have not yet become talents, we should just be ordinary people with peace of mind. A smile.
When Chen Duan vividly wrote "Rebirth", he lived in Wailingying, Beijing (mm, please help me find where Wailingying is now). At this time, her grandfather was working as an official in Beijing, and the whole family was accompanying him in Beijing. In September, her grandmother and uncles all went back to Hangzhou, but because her father "stayed in Beijing to work," Chen Duansheng's family did not return to South China. Chen Duansheng should be freer than usual now, and the environment at home is relatively quiet, which is a good time to write.
It is worth noting that Chen Duansheng and Cao Xueqin (1717-1763) were almost the same generation. When Cao Xueqin died, Chen Duansheng was twelve years old. Six years later, she started writing "Rebirth" in Beijing. "A Dream of Red Mansions" has been circulating in Beijing for many years. Did Chen Duansheng have the chance to read "A Dream of Red Mansions"? Mr. Chen said that she may not have read "Dream of Red Mansions", which may be true, but it may not be that she has not read it. If you have read it, how would the talented Chen Duansheng view the talented sister Lin, and how would she view the sisters in the Grand View Garden and their fate?
Chen Duansheng's writing has no utilitarian color. Her earliest readers were probably her mother and sister, but she wrote very diligently, often burning the midnight oil and working at night. Chen Duansheng said that she was still thinking about writing in the cold winter:
The weather is already extremely cold, and the westerly wind blows and all the trees are gone.
The short days are too short for diligent embroidery work, but it is still the continuation of "Rebirth".
Also said:
Although the book is clear and the moon is clear, the world needs to know that it is the end of the year.
I love to stand by the window while the morning sun is warm, but worry about holding the tube when the night is cold.
The reason why she writes so hard is entirely driven by the uncontrollable urge to write, which is similar to what Sister Lin said about "the helpless poetry demon invades at dusk". When the urge to write comes, the writer can't stop it even if he wants to, but God helps him. The famous works of ancient and modern times, both at home and abroad, are probably all products of this kind, and hard work alone is not enough.
The writing activity at that time was very enjoyable. Chen Duansheng described it:
The sisters listened to the night rain in bed together, and Chun Xuan learned poetry in rhyme.
The red apricots on the partition wall are flying with clear snow, and the high locust trees on the couch are covered with evening smoke.
When I am tired of embroidering in the afternoon, I still have to straighten the thread, and after trying the spring tea, I will have more spring water.
In the first month of the next year, Chen Duansheng's grandfather left Beijing and returned to Hangzhou. However, Chen Duansheng's father was still an official in Beijing, and the sisters and mother continued to stay in Beijing. By May, in about eight months, she had finished writing the first eight volumes.
In August, my father took office in Dengzhou Prefecture, Shandong Province, and the whole family followed him there. The seat of Dengzhou Prefecture is today's Penglai City. Penglai is close to the sea, with beautiful scenery and myths and legends. The life there makes the talented girl Chen Duansheng feel very comfortable and comfortable:
The land is close to the East China Sea and the tide is approaching, and people in Pengshan feel happy.
Thousands of castles appear in the sky, and sails and rafters hang at several points outside the island.
It is not difficult to imagine that Chen Duansheng’s life is very comfortable. In addition to the beautiful natural scenery, her family were not ordinary people there, but local governors, and they were officials from the capital, so they enjoyed special treatment. It goes without saying. That sense of superiority of being the first in the city cannot be found in Beijing. However, the superior and comfortable material life did not erode Chen Duansheng's spiritual pursuits. During this time in Penglai, she continued to write diligently. She writes very quickly, and it can be said that this is her creative climax. She lived in Dengzhou for about seven months and completed nine to sixteen volumes. Mr. Chen speculated that her diligent writing may be related to her mother's poor health. She was afraid that her mother would pass away before she could finish the book.
Unfortunately, her writing climax also ended with the completion of sixteen volumes. After that, Chen Duan's writing was interrupted. In the forty-ninth year of Qianlong's reign (1784), ten years later, he resumed writing the seventeenth chapter. This is a later story.
After writing sixteen volumes, Chen Duansheng wrote a sentimental poem lamenting the passage of time:
At the beginning, only when the grass is green can the rain be good,
At the end , the red apricot blossoms have disappeared in spring.
What is good can be lamented, but what is really worthy of ridicule,
The flowing time returns to the twilight;
Let’s put away the farewell and leisurely feelings,
I will Wait, the poem will be published on the 17th and it will be updated with new cents.
The phrase "flowing time" comes from "The Peony Pavilion", which is also the sentiment that Daiyu once expressed sadly, "like flowers and beautiful families, like the passing of time". Mr. Chen said that Cao Xueqin only tried to figure out the woman's mentality, "a writing of indirect imagination", while Chen Duansheng wrote "a writing of direct personal experience", so the words of "Rebirth" are more worth pondering. I think this similarity can at least make people who don't believe that sentimental beauties like Du Liniang and Sister Lin can be found in the world, believe it.
Chen Duansheng did not continue writing after finishing sixteen volumes because her mother was ill, and in July, her mother died of illness. Calculating her age, her mother would not have been more than fifty when she died. Based on today's life expectancy, she would have reached middle age.
Presumably Chen's mother was also a talented woman, that's why she was so short-lived. Chen Duansheng said: "Since I was haggard, I asked Yunxiang Caihua to donate." In fact, her mother was her first close friend. During this period of her writing, her only readers were her mother and sister. The Chen Duansheng sisters have a very close relationship with their mother. Not only do their mothers take care of them in daily life, but their mothers also teach them to read and write. The two sisters' talents are all due to their mother's supervision. The main reason why Chen Duansheng worked so diligently on "Rebirth" was to please his mother. The death of his mother was probably the first loss in Chen Duansheng's life. The greatest loss in the world is to lose a close friend, especially for those who are talented and need someone to appreciate and encourage them. A close friend is more important than anyone else, not to mention that the close friend is your loving mother. How can I still be in the mood to write when my mother is gone?
The next year, in the summer of the thirty-sixth year of Qianlong's reign (1770), she and her family returned to their hometown in Hangzhou, probably because her father had left office. When returning to the south, we first took a bus from Penglai to Dezhou, and then took a boat from Dezhou, taking the waterway. The journey was tiring and the journey was very hard for the delicate Chen Duansheng. At that time, transportation was not as developed as it is now. No matter how wealthy people were, they still had to experience bumpy roads.
This year, Chen Duansheng is twenty years old.
When I returned to Hangzhou, I didn’t seem to have the energy to resume writing. I just made some revisions and polishes to the old draft. The next few years will probably be a period of dating and preparing for marriage, and there will be a lot of troubles and setbacks in between. Three years later, when Chen Duansheng was twenty-three years old, he finally married Fan Shu, the son of a famous family. At that time, Fan Shu was a student and had not yet passed the examination. However, Fan Su was already over 30 years old and was probably already married. Chen Duansheng was a second marriage, not his first wife. Fan Suo was the son of Fan Can, a good friend of Chen Duan's grandfather. He was from Xiushui, Zhejiang Province, and was from the same hometown as Chen Duansheng's mother. His family has lived in Huzhou for generations, and is close to Duan Shengmei's husband's family. The marriage between Fan and Chen seems to be a natural progression. Fan Can was a Jinshi during the Yongzheng period. He served as governor of Hubei, governor of Anhui, senior official, minister of the Ministry of Industry and other senior officials. Chen Duansheng married his son and was a good match. Therefore, Chen Duansheng's material life will not change much. She and her husband are in love and are very happy. She described her married life like this:
Fortunately, Weng Gu was sympathetic to her weak character, and her husband was a top scholar.
Light up the lamp to read tea and soup waste, and carve candles to remind you of poems and couplets with laughter.
Jinse is happy to be in harmony, and the pearl is hanging in the palm of the hand.
Life was going smoothly, but my writing had not returned to its previous state. Although her husband may also be her bosom friend, this bosom friend is not that bosom friend. The compatibility between people varies from person to person. Specific inspiration cannot come from other than that specific person. However, I think happiness is more important than happiness in marriage and continued inspiration for writing. Chen Duansheng must have thought so too, so she did not have the urge to write in her happy life. However, she completed another kind of creation, giving birth to a daughter one year after marriage and a son a few years later.
It is not difficult for people to obtain happiness in the world. What is difficult is how to maintain happiness for a long time. This seems to be a difficult problem for most people to solve, because happiness is always so fleeting, but misfortune is often so stubborn. A young lady from a rich family married Chen Duansheng, a man from a well-known family, never imagined that bad luck would suddenly befall her.
Chen Duansheng's husband has not yet passed the imperial examination, let alone Jinshi. Considering his family background, social relations, and marriage to Chen Duansheng, he cannot avoid the common custom of obtaining fame. Therefore, Chen Duansheng said: "The road is prosperous and peaceful, but the power of the road is tied to fame and fortune." Yes, we obviously have a good life, so why is it so bad? But in that kind of social atmosphere and that kind of family environment, it is impossible to break away from the "lock of fame and fortune". But for Chen Duansheng's husband, the "profit" and "fame" in the "profit lock and fame rein" were all in vain, while the "lock" and "rein" became a real reality.
In September of the forty-fifth year of Qianlong's reign (1780), a huge case of examination fraud occurred during the Shuntian Provincial Examination. A man named Chen Qi was the main culprit, and Chen Duansheng's husband Fan Shi was also implicated. in! The general facts of the case are that during the provincial examination, the examiner caught several candidates on the spot with notes and imposters taking the examination. Chen Qi was the main culprit. After he was captured, he confessed to Fan Su. Also committing the crime were two bannermen brothers. Mr. Chen's research revealed that Fan Shu was not Chen Qi's accomplice, but was framed. Chen Qi probably has a good background, because the official documents have never specified his name, and he is only called by his ranking. I'm afraid that telling the real name will bring trouble to someone with a bigger name.
The investigators also judged the Hulu case and let the real accomplice go, leaving Fan Shu to take the blame.
This incident in the examination room was a rare major case during the Qianlong period, which made Long Yan furious. Qianlong issued an edict to severely punish seven criminals. Chen Qi was sentenced to death by hanging (probably the execution of the hanging was suspended), and the other six were sent to serve in Ili, Xinjiang. Naturally, Fan Shu had no chance to see Chen Duansheng again, so he was escorted to Xinjiang.
The impact that her husband was sent to Xinjiang on Chen Duansheng cannot be overestimated. First of all, the loving couple was separated, and the sentimental Chen Duansheng could not bear it. When Chen Duansheng's husband was exiled, she was twenty-nine years old and her married life lasted only six years. For people today, six years of marriage may be unbearable, but for people back then when most people grew old together, six years might still feel like a newlywed. What's more, Chen Duansheng and his wife do live a harmonious married life. This kind of life and death without hope is no different from death. It is only natural that Chen Duansheng should be in pain:
A piece of music is shocking and the strings are broken, and the half-broken mirror cannot be rounded.
The geese that have lost their flock are marching outside the setting sun, and the traveling geese are worried about the border crossing.
From then on, my heart was broken and my soul was lost. Over the years, my heart was broken and my heart was broken.
My wife is deeply in love without repayment, so I forcefully caress my two children to strengthen their ambition.
The sun is sitting in the city with blood and tears, and the gods fly thousands of miles to block the wind and smoke.
An ordinary person might feel such sadness and grief, but they would not be able to express it. The pain will be much lighter. Chen Duansheng is extremely empathetic and very expressive. That kind of kindness and kind expression is tantamount to being addicted to the wound, which will make the pain more painful. This is why talented women and men in ancient and modern times suffered more than ordinary people. If Chen Duansheng were Meng Lijun in her story, it would not matter if her husband was exiled. She could disguise herself as a man, go out and achieve a career, and finally move the emperor to return her husband to her. If she were Liu Rushi and dared to do anything, she could find a way to open the joints and save her husband. Unfortunately, in real life, she is nothing. Faced with the disaster that fell from the sky, she could only "scratches her head and cry to heaven, asking if the way of heaven can be restored?" Chen Duansheng's helplessness and helplessness really make people cry.
Losing her husband was one level of disaster, and there was probably another level of disaster at that time. She and everyone in the Fan family would be politically implicated. Because at that time Qianlong not only punished the seven people who violated the ban, but the parents of two of them were also punished by dismissal from their posts for lax discipline of their children. China's politics has always been extremely harsh in dealing with problems when they arise. At the cusp of the storm, there is a real fear that dark clouds are threatening to overwhelm the city. I remember that more than ten years ago, my neighbor’s husband went abroad because of something bad, and the neighbor’s house was also arbitrarily raided by the police. At that time, the neighbor, who was holding his child under one year old, watched helplessly as the police ransacked his home without daring to say a word. I think she must be extremely scared because she doesn’t know how that will affect her life, work and future, as well as the life, work and future of her family, not to mention the future of her children. For Fan's family, being able to survive this disaster safely requires a lot of hardships. Therefore, Chen Duansheng's relatives and friends were tight-lipped at the time, and no one dared to leave any information about Fan Su in writing. Therefore, people today are very lacking in information when studying Chen Duansheng's experience. Only Chen Duansheng dared to miss a criminal who was sent to the frontier by the emperor and write out his true feelings. He must have had superhuman courage and took a huge risk. At this point, she is indeed a bit deviant.
However, no matter how loudly Chen Duansheng calls to God, God only helps those who can help him. It seems that God is not so merciful to weak and helpless women like Chen Duansheng. Her husband had been away for ten years, and he did not return home until her death. This is something to talk about later.
All that Chen Duansheng has experienced, I can only write about it for one or two pages today. But what kind of suffering it was at that time, if Chen Duansheng had written it by himself, I would not be able to write it for hundreds of pages. All. It's a pity that she didn't write in detail except for a few mentions in the seventeenth volume of "Rebirth".
Chen Duansheng's current situation is very similar to Li Wan in "A Dream of Red Mansions", but she is more difficult than Li Wan. Li Wan's husband died of illness, and his so-called "widow's unemployment" gained sympathy from many people, and also received support from old ladies. Chen Duansheng is not a widow. Her husband is still alive, but he carries the heavy cross of being sent to frontier criminals. I don’t know what the interpersonal relationships in the Fan family are like, but according to her own words, Aunt Weng pities her very much.
However, the big families in the old days not only had Weng Gu, but also other people. If there were such villains, she would be the easiest person to be criticized and excluded. However, Chen Duansheng still has a strong side. It can be seen from the harsh words she said, "Forcing both children to caress each other will make them stronger", it can be seen that she has very strong nerves. This includes the support and help of her sister, which I will write about later. Therefore, in these difficult days, Chen Duansheng, in addition to raising his children, was also active in the cultural circle.
When I wrote the first sixteen volumes of "Rebirth" in Beijing and Shandong, the only readers were my mother and sister. After she returned to her hometown in Hangzhou, "Rebirth" quickly spread in Zhejiang Province:
However, this book has only been known to people for a long time, and it has only been passed down in Zhejiang Province.
The writing skills of Chang Nian are very funny, but they are better than that, and the articles are worthless.
In the boudoir, the acquaintance listens to the audio, and the court curtains are full of beauty.
I have been telling you sincerely that I will make sure that Feng Youluan and Feng Youluan renew their old ties.
Not only are the "boudoir confidants" and "court elders" vying to read her "Rebirth", but everyone is still unfinished and urges her to continue and let everyone see the final ending. As I mentioned before, the storyline of "Rebirth" is one link after another, thrilling one after another. It is not surprising that so many people passed it on to read it and urged Chen Duansheng to continue writing. Such an excellent work as "A Dream of Red Mansions" was not so widely circulated during Cao Xueqin's lifetime. He became famous after his death. But not Chen Duansheng. She was already famous during her lifetime, and many "Yuan" fans followed closely and stared at her. This is Chen Duansheng's luck. Although writing at that time had no practical benefits for a woman, talented men loved fame and talented women sought friends. There are so many people who approve of her writing, which is a wealth more precious than money. In "A Dream of Red Mansions", all the sisters were very worried when they heard that Baoyu said that he would take his writings outside to show off. Chen Duansheng, on the other hand, not only doesn't mind that her works are being circulated, but is also very proud of them. She does seem to have a "crab" gene in her bones. Because the response from readers was very enthusiastic, she felt obliged to continue writing:
If my bosom friend loves me, I won’t rush you, I will continue it in my free time.
The white peony root will send wax away, and the red plum blossom will welcome the spring.
To take advantage of the three poles of the sun, I often pick up a lamp at night.
The servant is worried about others, but it is not the case. Picking up a hair and making ink is as old as the heart.
There may be errors or omissions in it, so I’m sorry for that. The reader will add ax marks when reading.
In February of the early spring of the forty-ninth year of Qianlong's reign (1784), Chen Duan finally resumed writing "Rebirth" twelve years after his mother's death and four years after his husband was exiled. This twelve-year pause in writing is just like what she said: "The events of the past twelve years were all recorded in a single moment in the Mingtang." "Mingtang is drunk" refers to the fact that Li Mingtang (Meng Lijun)'s gender aroused suspicion among people in the palace. He was drunk and was about to take off his boots to check whether he had small feet. At the critical moment, the story stopped, and it stopped for twelve years. No one could have imagined that the twelve-year gap would be filled by Chen Duansheng's own joys and sorrows. Outsiders didn't know the bitterness, but Chen Duansheng knew it all too well, so he couldn't help but sigh.
Of course, now and then, the current writing mood and living environment have changed drastically. As she said herself, "I am worried about others, but it is not the same as picking up a hair and writing ink." "Heart," the writing speed was not as fast as before, so Chen Duansheng's ambition to complete "Rebirth" was not realized. She only wrote the seventeenth volume and never continued writing.
Chen Duansheng, male, born in May 1945, is from Qu County, Zhejiang Province. Senior engineer. Graduated from Fudan University in 1970. Currently working in the Science and Technology Commission of Mengshan County, Guangxi. In his early years while working in a motor factory, he successfully designed generators with third harmonic excitation of 5, 20 and 200KW. A number of patents have been applied for in recent years. For example: lens-type car lights, low cost and no scattered light. The condenser can efficiently convert the scattered polychromatic light emitted by the electric light source into a condensed beam that can be gathered into a small beam. It is a cheap polychromatic light stream with high energy density, and its power and efficiency far exceed that of the laser. Its color picker can easily pick out monochromatic light in any frequency band (i.e. monochromatic dimming) during the process of generating dimming.
Applying it to lasers not only allows the resonator to have a sheet-like or stack-like structure, but also has a system for color picking of excitation light, recycling of excitation light, and residual light utilization systems, thus enabling current lasers to achieve improvements in both power and efficiency. All can achieve breakthrough improvements. Applying it to a telescope not only makes it extremely lightweight in structure, but also greatly increases the angular magnification and brightness. The phase-changing transformer can easily convert single-phase alternating current into three-phase alternating current that meets power supply quality requirements, thereby realizing the desire to transmit electric energy with a single wire. The motor disconnection operation monitor is extremely low-cost and can be used to monitor three-phase motors of all sizes from small to large using the same monitor. It is convenient, reliable and durable. His main works include: "On Prime Numbers and Their Pairs" (the article not only proved Goldbach's conjecture, but also solved a series of difficult problems related to prime numbers - such as the formula for finding prime numbers, etc.). "A Brief Discussion on the Reform of Three-Phase AC Power Transmission and Transformation System" (the article proposes two new power transmission systems: two-phase three-wire and single-phase single-wire). "Geometric Lines and Surfaces Related to Optical Reflection" (the article points out the method of drawing quadratic function curves directly without table calculation, which is accurate and fast).