Confucius (September 28, 551 BC - April 11, 479 BC), his surname was Kong, his given name was Qiu, and his courtesy name was Zhongni. His ancestral home was Liyi, Song Dynasty (now Shangqiu, Henan Province). Xiayi County, Xiayi City), was born in Zouyi, Lu State (now Qufu City, Shandong Province) during the Spring and Autumn Period. A famous Chinese thinker and educator, he traveled around the world with his disciples for fourteen years. In his later years, he revised the Six Classics, namely "Poetry", "Book", "Ritual", "Music", "Yi" and "Spring and Autumn".
According to legend, he had three thousand disciples, including seventy-two sages. After Confucius's death, his disciples and his subsequent disciples recorded the words, deeds, quotes and thoughts of Confucius and his disciples, and compiled them into the Confucian classic "The Analects of Confucius".
Confucius was revered as the "Sage of Heaven" and the "Muduo of Heaven" in ancient times. He was one of the most erudite scholars in the society at that time, and was respected as the Saint of Confucius and the Holy Saint by the rulers of later generations. , the most holy teacher, the most holy teacher of Dacheng Wenxuan Wang, the teacher of all generations. His Confucianism has a profound influence on China and the world. Confucius is listed as the first among the "Top Ten Cultural Celebrities in the World".
Confucius is revered as the founder of Confucianism. With the expansion of Confucius' influence, Confucius' sacrifice once became a "great sacrifice" on the same level as God and the ancestral gods of the country. Apart from Laozi, only Confucius has this honor.
The Analects of Confucius
The title of "The Analects of Confucius" is usually taken from the first two characters at the beginning of the chapter; if the first two characters at the beginning of the chapter are "Confucius said", skip the sentence The first two characters in; if the first three characters are one word, take the first three characters. The title of the chapter has no logical relationship with the chapters and can only be treated as a page number.
Study first (mainly talks about the principle of "serving the foundation", guiding beginners to enter the "gate of morality")
Government second (mainly talks about the principles and principles of governing the country) Method)
Bayi No. 3 (mainly records Confucius’s discussion of rituals and music)
Liren No. 4 (mainly talks about benevolence and morality)
Gongye Changdi Five (mainly about evaluating ancient and modern figures and their gains and losses)
Yongye Sixth (recording the words and deeds of Confucius and his disciples)
Shuer Seventh (mainly recording Confucius' appearance, words and deeds)
The eighth chapter of Taibo (mainly records the remarks of Confucius and Zengzi and their comments on the ancients)
The ninth chapter of Zihan (mainly records the remarks of Confucius, focusing on Confucius’s style of behavior, Things that are encouraged and discouraged)
The 10th Township Party (mainly records Confucius’ speech and behavior, clothing, food, housing, transportation and living habits)
The 11th Advanced (mainly records Confucius’ educational remarks and opinions Comments by his disciples)
Yan Yuan No. 12 (mainly talks about how Confucius taught his disciples how to practice benevolence, how to conduct politics and conduct life)
Zi Lu No. 13 (mainly records Confucius’s discussion of human nature and harmony) The principles of government)
Xianwen No. 14 (mainly records Confucius and his disciples’ discussion of self-cultivation and their evaluation of the ancients)
Wei Linggong No. 15 ( Mainly records the remarks of Confucius and his disciples on benevolence and virtue in governing the country when they traveled around the country)
Ji's Sixteenth (Mainly records Confucius's talk about gentleman's self-cultivation and how to govern the country with etiquette and law)
Yang Huo No. 17 (mainly records Confucius's discussion of benevolence and virtue, and elucidates the way of governing the country with rituals and music)
Wei Zi No. 18 (mainly records the deeds of ancient sages, the words and deeds of Confucius and his travels around the world) People's views on the troubled times on the way)
Zi Zhang Nineteenth (Mainly records Confucius and his disciples' discussions about the pursuit of learning as the way of education, and the disciples' admiration and praise for Confucius)
Yao said Twenty (mainly recording the remarks of ancient sages and Confucius’ discussion of politics)
Extended information
Educational Thoughts
Educational Thoughts: Confucius in Chinese History It was first proposed in the book that people have similar innate qualities, and personality differences are mainly due to the influence of acquired education and social environment ("Sex is similar, but habits are far apart"). Therefore, everyone can be educated and everyone should be educated. He advocated "education without distinction", founded private schools, and recruited students widely, breaking the monopoly of slave-owning aristocrats on school education, expanding the scope of education to common people, and conforming to the trend of social development at that time.
He advocated that "one who excels in learning will become an official". If you have enough energy after studying, you can become an official. The purpose of his education was to cultivate gentlemen who would serve in politics, and gentlemen must have high moral qualities. Therefore, Confucius emphasized that school education must give top priority to moral education ("Disciples will be filial when they enter, be cowardly when they leave, be cautious and trustworthy, Love everyone universally and be kind to others. If you have enough energy to practice, study literature.")
The main contents of Confucius’ moral education are “propriety” and “benevolence”. Among them, "propriety" is the moral norm, and "benevolence" is the highest moral principle. "Ritual" is the form of "benevolence", and "benevolence" is the content of "ritual". With the spirit of "benevolence", "ritual" can be truly enriched. In terms of moral cultivation, he proposed methods such as establishing ambition, self-denial, practice, introspection, and the courage to make corrections.
“Learn to know” is the dominant idea of ??Confucius’ teaching thought. While advocating not being ashamed to ask questions and being open-minded and eager to learn, he emphasized the combination of learning and thinking ("Learning without thinking is a waste, thinking without learning is peril"). At the same time, he must also "apply what he has learned" and apply the learned knowledge to social practice. He was the first to propose heuristic teaching. He said: "If you are not angry, you will not be enlightened; if you are not angry, you will not be angry."
This means that teachers should inspire and enlighten students appropriately when they think seriously and have reached a certain level. He is also practicing teaching The earliest educator in China to adopt the method of teaching students in accordance with their aptitude.
Through conversation and individual observation, he understands and is familiar with the students' personality characteristics. On this basis, according to the specific situation of each student, he adopts different educational methods to cultivate moral, speech, and political skills. , literature and other talents. Confucius loved education and was engaged in educational activities throughout his life. He is tireless in learning and teaching.
Not only teach by words, but also teach by example, and influence students with their exemplary behavior. He loves his students and they respect him very much. The relationship between teachers and students is very harmonious. He is a shining example of ancient Chinese teachers. Confucius' educational activities not only cultivated many students, but also the educational theories he proposed based on practice laid the theoretical foundation for ancient Chinese education.
Reference materials: China.com - Confucius - the founder of Chinese Confucianism?
Baidu Encyclopedia - The Analects