Slips and slips unearthed from the Han Dynasty beacon sites in Dunhuang, Yumen and Jiuquan, Gansu Province, China. Collectively known as Dunhuang Han bamboo slips. The era is approximately from the last years of Emperor Wu of the Western Han Dynasty to the 1st century BC to the middle of the Eastern Han Dynasty to the 1st century AD. Among them, the majority of the bamboo slips are the middle and late Western Han Dynasty and the early Eastern Han Dynasty. It is a very important treasure of our country. It is an important cultural relic for the study of calligraphy culture. The following is what I compiled for you, I hope it is useful to you!
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Description of Dunhuang Chinese bamboo slips
Shape of Chinese bamboo slips
The shape of Dunhuang Chinese bamboo slips is roughly the same as The bamboo slips of Juyan and Han Dynasties mainly include bamboo slips, slippers, gou, ji, seals and inspections, etc. Dunhuang Han bamboo slips contain mostly official and private documents. Official documents include edicts, judicial documents, contracts, talismans, biographies, routine documents and various books, while private documents include sales contracts, letters, etc. Among the edicts, the edict unearthed in Yumen Huahai has the largest number of words. The full text is 133 words, and it was copied on a wooden goblet. There are other simple texts of 79 words on the same wooden goblet. The content is complete and has not been found in historical records. The laws and orders include arrest laws, "orders to attack those who surrender the Huns", etc. The law of capture involves the punishment of those who give up guarding the pavilion, surrender, and kill those who surrender. The "Order to Attack the Huns Who Surrender" involves the specific provisions of beheading the captured captives, judging their merit, worshiping them, and giving them money. The judicial document is as follows: "The law says that if livestock and property are killed by thieves, they will be rewarded and reconciled. Order Shaozhong to pay three thousand and the bones and flesh of the dead horse to ask for peace." Cite applicable law and clearly discuss the outcome. Pinyue is about guarding utensils and beacon fire. Defensive equipment refers to the regulations on the type and quantity of defensive equipment. Today, it can be seen as "defensive equipment for counties, captains, waiting guards, and pavilions." The beacon fire code is a specific regulation on the beacon signal, which can be seen today such as the "Dunhuang County Beacon Code" and so on. Routine official documents include descending, parallel and ascending official documents. Today we can see it as "In December, Guichou Dajianduhou Prime Minister dismissed the army and took charge of Fuchang Sui. It was said that the officials of the ministry had written and moved the documents, and recorded the entry and exit of the officials, people, animals, vehicles and weapons." Things are like official documents. On the third day of the first lunar month, all officials must be gathered together to communicate with each other, and they must not be ignored like laws and regulations." It is a downward official document. Routine documents have specific forms. Common books include the names of officials and soldiers, entry and exit records, military records, guards' books, food records, diary records, etc. Official documents also include seals, postal records, etc. formed during document processing. Many of these documents were undoubtedly converted into archives at the time.
Contents of Dunhuang Chinese Bamboo Slips
Dunhuang Han Bamboo Bamboo Slips also include "Cangjie Pian", "Jijiu Pian", "Li Mu", "Nine Nine Skills", and Calendar , medical prescriptions and books about Xiangshan swords, swords and horses. Among the better-stored calendars, there are the calendars dated in the third year of Yuankang (63 BC) and the calendar in the third year of Shenjue (59 BC).
The contents of Dunhuang Han bamboo slips are mostly related to garrisoning. Modern scholar Wang Guowei once restored the series of beacons at that time based on records in bamboo slips, which has certain reference value. Han bamboo slips unearthed in recent years have provided new information for research in this area. The Dunhuang Butter Slips have an inscription: "On the fifth day of April in the middle of Dunhuang, the captain Guo Lun called Ping Wang, Po Hu, Tun Hu, and Long Live the official to write a serious case on the official pavilion." Indicates the names and series of the four waiting officers under the central Dunhuang captaincy. A brief text from Maquanwan in Dunhuang reads, "There are five officials in the Yumen Department, seven Hou Chang, eight Hou Shi, twenty-nine Sui Chang, and three Hou Ling Shi". It provides the title and number of the officials and subordinates of Yumen Pass; the brief text about the entrance and exit of the gate provides new clues for exploring the geographical location of Yumen Pass; there are also many brief texts recording the exchanges with the Western Regions at that time, and the country names include "Che". "Shi", "Yanqi", "Wusun", "Weili", "Shanshan", "Beilu", etc. The contents of the Dunhuang Han bamboo slips also involve other aspects of social life at that time, such as the contract slip "In July of the first year of Yuanping, Feng Shi, a soldier of the Gengzi poultry bandits, sold six pieces of Luo to Yang Qing, and made an appointment with Shi Maiqi on August 10. "Six Dou of Stones, on the fifteenth day of the lunar month, we will use the Dou of Stones as a day plan, and we will be responsible for your appointment." Reflects the lending relationship at that time.
Academic research on Dunhuang and Han bamboo slips
After the first batch of Dunhuang and Han bamboo slips were unearthed, E.E. Shawan***1865~1918*** published annotations and illustrations in 1913; The second batch of Dunhuang Chinese bamboo slips was not fully published until 1953. In 1914, Luo Zhenyu and Wang Guowei published "Slips Falling from the Quicksand", which included 588 Han bamboo slips newly discovered in Dunhuang in 1907, and detailed textual research laid the foundation for the study of Han bamboo slips.
Some of Wang Guowei's arguments and methods in the study of Dunhuang Han Bamboo Bamboo Bamboo Bamboo Bamboo Bamboo Bamboo Bamboo Bamboo Bamboo Bamboo Slips have influenced later research on Juyan Han Bamboo Bamboo Bamboo Slips. He paid great attention to linking the contents of the Han bamboo slips with the situation of the Han Dynasty beacon sites in Dunhuang, and tried to restore the arrangement and organization of the Han Dynasty beacons. The discovery of the Han bamboo slips in Dunhuang triggered a discussion on the location of the Yumen Pass. This discussion has continued for half a century and has yet to reach a generally accepted conclusion, which has yet to be confirmed by archaeological discoveries.