The origin of the concept of poetry
Poetry is a literary genre that focuses on emotion. It is highly condensed and concentrated in reflecting social life in a lyrical way, with rich imagination and a sense of rhythm. , rhythmic language and the form of line arrangement to express thoughts and emotions. Poetry is a rhythmic, rhythmic and emotional language art form. It is also the oldest and most basic literary form in the world. Poetry originated from ancient social life. It is a rhythmic and emotional language form produced by labor production, sexual love, primitive religion, etc. "Book of Rites. Yushu": "Poetry expresses aspirations, songs chant words, the sound is eternal, and the rhythm is harmonious." "Book of Rites. Yue Ji": "Poetry expresses aspirations; songs sings their sounds; dance refers to movement Its content is that the three originate from the heart, and then the musical instruments follow it. "In the early days, poetry, song, music and dance were integrated. Poems are lyrics, and they are always sung in conjunction with music and dance in actual performances. Later, poetry, song, music, and dance developed independently and became independent. Poems and songs are collectively referred to as poetry.
An overview of poetry styles
The classification of poetry styles is a complex issue. Now, let’s just talk about the poetry styles of Han, Wei, Six Dynasties and Tang and Song Dynasties in general terms.
The poetry of the Han, Wei and Six Dynasties is generally called ancient poetry, including ancient Yuefu poems of the Han and Wei Dynasties, Yuefu folk songs of the Southern and Northern Dynasties, and literati poems of this period. Yuefu was originally the name of the official office. Yuefu lyrics were collected by the Yuefu organ and paired with music scores for singing. "Wen Xin Diao Long Yuefu" chapter says: "Every musical word is called a poem, and the sound of a poem is called a song." From this we can see the relationship between the three concepts of poetry, song, and Yuefu: Poetry refers to what the poet wrote Song lyrics and songs refer to the music that goes with the poems, while Yuefu refers to both. Later works that copied the old Yuefu titles or imitated the Yuefu style were also called Yuefu although they did not have music. In the middle Tang Dynasty, Bai Juyi and others launched a New Yuefu movement, innovating topics and writing about current affairs, so it was called New Yuefu.
Poem styles after the Tang Dynasty can be roughly divided into modern poetry and ancient poetry from the perspective of rhythm. Modern poetry is also called modern poetry, which has a certain rhythm. Ancient poetry is also generally called ancient style. It is written according to the method of ancient poetry. The form is relatively free and not bound by meter.
From the word count of poems, there are so-called four-character poems, five-character poems and seven-character poems. Four words are one sentence with four characters, five words are one sentence with five words, and seven words are one sentence with seven words. After the Tang Dynasty, four-character poems became rare, so they were usually only divided into five-character and seven-character poems. Five-character ancient poems are referred to as Wugu; seven-character ancient poems are referred to as Qigu; those using both three, five, and seven characters are generally considered Qigu. Five-character rhymed poetry is referred to as Wulu, which is limited to eight lines and 40 characters; seven-character rhymed poetry is referred to as Qilu, which is limited to eight lines and fifty-six characters. Anything with more than eight sentences is called long rhyme, also called row rhyme. Long rhymes are generally five character poems. Those with only four sentences are called quatrains; five quatrains have 20 characters, and seven quatrains have 28 characters. Quatrains can be divided into two types: regular quatrains and ancient quatrains. Rhythm must be restricted by the rhythm of flat and oblique, but it is not restricted by the regular rhythm of oblique and oblique. Ancient Jue is generally limited to the Five Jue.
The name "Modern Poetry" began to be used in 1953 when Ji Xian founded the "Modern Poetry Society". The meaning of modern poetry:
1. The form is free
2. The connotation is open
3. Image management is more important than rhetoric.
Comparison between "classical poetry" and "modern poetry": "Poems" are all written by people who are inspired by things and are reflections of the soul. "Classical poetry" uses the poetic concept of "innocent thinking" to express gentleness, sincerity, sadness but not resentment, emphasizing the "between the incomprehensible and the incomprehensible". "Modern poetry" emphasizes the spirit of freedom and openness, and communicates "between the sensible and the insensible" with straightforward situational statements.
Poetry mainly has the following parts:
(1) The origin of poetry
Poetry is the oldest and most literary style of literature. Originated from the labor chants and folk songs of ancient people, it was originally a general term for poetry and songs. In the beginning, there was no distinction between poetry and song. Poetry was combined with music and dance, collectively called poetry. Chinese poetry has a long history and rich heritage, such as "The Book of Songs", "Chu Ci" and "Han Yuefu" as well as the works of countless poets. Poetry in Western Europe began with poets such as Homer and Sappho in ancient Greece and Virgil and Horace in ancient Rome.
(2) Characteristics of poetry
Poetry is a literary genre that highly summarizes and reflects social life. It is full of the author’s thoughts, feelings and rich imagination, and its language is concise and vivid. It is highly visual, has distinctive rhythm, harmonious phonology, and is full of musical beauty. The sentences are generally arranged in separate lines and pay attention to the beauty of structural form.
He Qifang, a modern Chinese poet and literary critic, once said: "Poetry is a literary style that most concentratedly reflects social life. It is full of rich imagination and emotion, and is often written in a direct and lyrical way. Expression, and in the degree of refinement and harmony, especially in the distinctness of rhythm, its language is different from the language of prose. "This defining statement summarizes several basic characteristics of poetry: First, it is highly concentrated. , reflect life in a general way; second, express emotions and aspirations, full of rich thoughts and feelings; third, rich imagination, association and fantasy; fourth, the language has musical beauty.
(3) Techniques of expression in poetry
There are many ways of expression in poetry. The earliest and most popular traditional expression techniques in my country and still commonly used today
are "Fu, Bi, Xing". "Preface to Mao's Poems" says: "There are six meanings in poetry: one is wind, the other is Fu, the third is Bi, the fourth is Xing, the fifth is Ya, and the sixth is Ode.
”
Among the “six meanings”, “wind, elegance, and song” refer to the types of poems in the Book of Songs, and “fu, bi, and xing” are the expression techniques in poetry.
< p> Fu: It is a way of expressing things directly. Zhu Xi, a scholar of the Song Dynasty, said in the annotation of "Collected Poems": "Fu is a way of describing things directly. "For example, "Ge Tan" and "Fu Tuo" in "The Book of Songs" use this technique.Bi: It is to use metaphors to describe things and express thoughts and feelings. Liu Xie in "Wen Xindiao" "Long·Bixing" said: "And what is Biye? It is also a person who writes things with attached meanings and threatens to express things. Zhu Xi said: "To compare, compare this thing with that thing." "For example, chapters such as "Katydid" and "Shuo Mouse" in "The Book of Songs" were written using this method.
Xing: It is to set things off, that is, to use the beginning of something to trigger the main topic to be described. Kong Yingda of the Tang Dynasty said in "Mao Shi Zhengyi": "Those who thrive are those who rise." Using examples to draw inspiration from one's own thoughts, poems and essays that use plants, trees, birds, and animals to express one's thoughts are all inspired by speech. Zhu Xi pointed out more clearly: "Those who are interested must first talk about other things to trigger the words to be chanted." "For example, "Guanyong" and "Taoyao" in the "Book of Songs" use the expression technique of "Xing".
These three expression techniques have been handed down and are often used comprehensively to complement each other. It has a great influence on the poetry creation of the past dynasties.
Poetry has many expression techniques, and they have been continuously developed and created throughout the ages, and their application is also flexible, such as exaggeration, duplication, overlap, jumping, etc. , it is difficult to describe it all. However, all methods are inseparable from imagination. Rich imagination is not only a major feature of poetry, but also the most important expression method in poetry. Another important expression method is symbol. , to put it simply, means "with symbolic meaning", but in modern poetry, symbols are also expressed as direct images of the soul. This should be noted from a modern point of view, there are three main ways of shaping images in poetry. :
1. Comparison. Liu Xie said in the book "Wen Xin Diao Long": Comparison is "either to sound, or to appearance, or to imitate the heart, or to imitate things. "There are many examples of these in the poems we listed above. There is also a commonly used technique in comparison, which is "personification": using things to imitate people, or people to imitate things. The former is like Xu Zhimo's "Farewell Cambridge" : Gently I left, / just as I came gently; / I waved gently, / bidding farewell to the clouds in the western sky. / The golden willows by the river, / are the bride in the sunset; / the beautiful shadows in the ripples, / Flowing in my heart. Treating "clouds" and "golden willows" as people, such as Love's "Because of the Wind": ... My mind / is also bright. The candlelight in front of your window/is slightly ambiguous/is inevitable/because of the wind/... with a lifetime of love/light a lamp/I am a fire/may be extinguished at any time/because of the wind. "Heart" is compared to a candlelight, and I am compared to a lamp. Of course, in the final analysis, the essence is still "personification".
2. Exaggeration. It is to enlarge the thing to be depicted, just like the "capital" in the movie. "Close-up" shot to arouse readers' attention and association. Li Bai's "The water in the Peach Blossom Pond is a thousand feet deep, not as deep as Wang Lun's gift of love" ("A Gift to Wang Lun") "The water flows down three thousand feet, suspected to be the Milky Way falling from the sky" ("Wang Lun") "Lushan Waterfall"), which mentioned "thousand feet deep" and "three thousand feet". Although it is not the truth, the image he created vividly shows the characteristics of things and expresses the poet's passion. Not only can readers accept it, And it is convincing and surprising. However, this kind of exaggeration must be artistic and beautiful, and cannot be too absurd, or too realistic or too vulgar. For example, there is a poem describing the cotton harvest: "A cotton flower is packed / pressed. The truck's head is cocked, and it is three feet high. It looks like an anti-aircraft gun. "After reading it, it makes people feel unreal and does not produce a feeling of beauty.
3. Metaphorism. It is to use one thing to replace another thing. It is similar to analogy
, but they are different. The difference is that comparison is generally both the things being compared and the things being compared are concrete and visible; while metonymy is one side is concrete and the other side is more abstract, building a bridge between the concrete and the abstract. To make the image of poetry more vivid and prominent to trigger readers' associations, this is what Ai Qing said: "giving wings to thoughts, clothes to feelings, color to sounds, and solidifying the changes in time." ”
To shape the image of poetry, you can not only use the materials taken from the perspective to depict the picture, but also use the materials obtained from the senses such as hearing and touch to embody the image from many aspects, making it vivid, vivid and novel. . The poet Jia Dao of the Tang Dynasty rode on a donkey and recited "The bird stayed in the tree beside the pond, and the monk pushed the moon gate", but he thought it could be better to use "the monk knocked on the moon gate", whether it was "pushing" or "knocking". He couldn't make up his mind, so he used his hands to make a gesture. Unexpectedly, a donkey blocked the way of a senior official. This man was the great writer Han Yu. When the guards brought Jia Dao to his horse, Jia told him the truth. Han Yu pondered for a long time. , it is better to use knocking. Because "knocking" has a sound. On a moonlit night in the mountains, one or two knocks on the door make the scene "live" and make the environment more silent. The "crow" and "bells" of "Mooring at Night" are also the highlight of this poem.
There is also the music description in Bai Juyi's "Pipa Xing", the section "Big beads and small beads falling on the jade plate" is even more lifelike and wonderful! The modern one is like the "Morning Song" of Yellow River Waves: "There is also the reef/listening stubbornly/beyond the sound of wind, rain and waves/the faint/dawn/morning bell of Lingquan Temple/just like the spring of Gushan." /Response from afar/A few sparse stars/The red corolla/The vigorous rooster's crow/As if coming from across the sea/Crowing the dawn/Like a surging tide. This poem is also very well written. If we master the technique of using sound to shape images, it will open up a broader field for poetry creation.
Whether it is comparison, exaggeration or metaphor, it all depends on the poet's keen observation of objective things. Incorporate your own emotions, use bold imagination, and even fantasy. It can be said that whether you are a romantic or a realist, you cannot be a poet without imagination (fantasy). , Li Bai, who is known for his boldness, has rich imagination and magnificent poetic style, and Du Fu, who is known for his realism, also wrote such things as "There are tens of thousands of mansions in Guangzhou... When did I suddenly see this house before my eyes..." ( "Song of Thatched Cottage Broken by the Autumn Wind") and "The fragrant mist and clouds make the servant girl wet, and the clear radiance jade arms are cold." When do I lean on Xuguo, my tears will dry when I shine with my eyes. "("Moonlight Night") and other imaginative masterpieces.
(4) Classification of ancient Chinese poetry
1. Poems can be divided into two categories: ancient poetry and modern poetry according to rhythm. . Ancient poetry and modern poetry are concepts formed in the Tang Dynasty, and are divided from the perspective of poetry.
(1) Ancient poetry: including ancient poetry (poetry before the Tang Dynasty), Chu Ci, and Yuefu poetry. Poems in ancient poetry genres such as "Ge Xing", "Yin", "Qu" and "Li" also belong to ancient poetry. Ancient poetry does not focus on antithesis and rhymes more freely. The development trajectory of ancient poetry: "The Book of Songs" → Chu Ci → Han Fu → Han Yuefu → Folk songs of the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties → Jian'an poems → Tao poems and other literati's five-character poems → Ancient style and new Yuefu of the Tang Dynasty
①Chu Ci Style: It is a poetry form created by Qu Yuan of Chu State during the Warring States Period, with its characteristics. The "Songs of Chu" edited by Liu Xiang of the Eastern Han Dynasty uses Chu dialect and rhymes, and has seventeen chapters, mainly Qu Yuan's works, and Qu Yuan's "Li Sao" is his representative work. Also known as "Chu Ci Style" and "Sao Style"
② Yuefu: Originally the name of the official office in charge of music during the reign of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, it later became the name of the Yuefu official office in the Han, Wei, and Southern and Northern Dynasties. The music and songs created by Yuefu are called Yuefu for short. Although the poems written by poets in the Wei, Jin and Tang Dynasties and later are not included in Yuefu, they are also called Yuefu and Yuefu, such as "Chile Song", "Mulan Poems" and "Dan Ge Xing" ( Cao Cao). Generally speaking, the titles of Yuefu poems are
added with "ge", "line", "qu", "yin", etc.
③Song style. : It is a variation of Yuefu poems. There are many Yuefu poems after Han and Wei Dynasties titled "ge" and "xing". Although the two have different names, there is actually no strict difference. They both mean "song". The syllables and rhythms are generally relatively free, and the form adopts the ancient style of five-character, seven-character, and miscellaneous words, which is full of changes. Later, there was the "Ge Xing" style. In the Tang Dynasty, poets in the early Tang Dynasty wrote Yuefu poems, except for the Han and Wei Dynasties. In addition to the old titles of Yuefu in the Six Dynasties, a few poets have created new titles. Although they are called Yuefu, they are not limited to the rhythm, so they are called new Yuefu. This type of poetry has been greatly developed by Li Bai and Du Fu. For example, Du Fu's "Bei Chen". "Tao", "Aijiangtou", "War Chariots" and "Beautiful People", many of Bai Juyi's works adopt the Yuefu song style, and most of them use a mixture of three-character and seven-character poems.
(2) Modern poetry. : Modern poetry, which is opposite to ancient poetry, is also called modern poetry. It is a kind of metrical poetry formed in the Tang Dynasty. It is divided into two types. There are strict regulations on the number of words, the number of sentences, the rhythm, and the use of rhyme.
① One type is called "quatrains", each poem has four sentences, and the five-character poem is abbreviated as Wujue, and the seven-character poem is abbreviated as Qijue.
② One type is called "Lvshi", each poem has eight sentences, and it is abbreviated as Wujue. Wulu, short for Qilu, has more than eight lines, which is called Pailu (or long rhyme).
Rhythm poetry has a very strict rhythm. The chapters have definite sentences (except for Pailu), and the sentences have definite characters. The rhymes have fixed positions (the rhyme positions are fixed), the characters have fixed tones (the flat and oblique tones of each character in the poem are fixed), and the couplets have fixed pairs (the two couplets in the rhythmic poem must be in opposition). For example, the rhythmic poetry originated in the Southern and Northern Dynasties and matured in the early Tang Dynasty. Each four-couplet has eight sentences. Each sentence must have the same number of words and can have four or five rhymes. The two middle couplets must be in opposition. The second, fourth, sixth and eighth sentences rhyme. The first sentence may or may not rhyme. If the verses are laid out and extended to more than ten sentences based on the fixed patterns of the verses, it is called rhythm arrangement. Except for the first and last couplets, the upper and lower sentences need to be in opposition, and there are also opposite sentences in every other sentence, which is called "fan pair". For another example, quatrains are only four sentences and two couplets, also known as quatrains, truncated sentences, and broken sentences. They all have certain requirements for level, rhyme, and antithesis.
(3) Ci: Also known as poetry, long and short sentences, tunes, tune lyrics, Yuefu, etc. Its characteristics: the tune has a definite pattern, the sentences have a definite number, and the words have a definite tone. Depending on the number of words, it can be divided into long tune (more than 91 words), middle tune (59~90 words), and small tune (within 58 words). Words can be divided into monotonic and bimodal. Bimodal is divided into two paragraphs. The two paragraphs are equal or roughly equal in number of words. Monotonal only has one paragraph. A section of a word is called a block or a piece, the first section is called the front block, the upper block, and the upper piece, and the second section is called the back block, the lower block, and the lower piece.
(4) Qu: Also known as Ciyu and Yuefu. Yuan opera includes Sanqu and Zaju. Sanqu originated in the Jin Dynasty and flourished in the Yuan Dynasty, and its style is similar to the lyrics. Features: You can add lining words to the fixed number of words, and mostly use spoken language.
Sanqu includes two types: Xiaoling and Taoshu (set of songs). A set is a continuous set of tunes, at least two tunes, and as many as dozens of tunes. Each set uses the tune of the first song as the name of the complete set, and the whole set must be of the same tune. It has no guest introduction and is only for a cappella singing.
2. Classified by content: it can be divided into narrative poetry, lyric poetry, farewell poetry, frontier poetry, landscape pastoral poetry, nostalgic poetry (epic poem), poetry about objects, mourning poetry, and allegorical poetry.
(1) Nostalgic poetry.
Generally, people and deeds in ancient times are remembered. Poems about chanting history and remembering ancient times often combine historical facts and reality, either lamenting personal experiences or criticizing social reality. For example, Su Shi's "Niannujiao·Chibi Nostalgia" laments his personal experiences and the contradiction between ideals and reality. He was over fifty years old and had no achievements. Xin Qiji's "Yong Yu Le·Nostalgia for the Past in Beigu Pavilion, Jingkou" expresses dissatisfaction with the imperial court's meager existence and criticizes social reality. There are also some poems that praise history and remember ancient times. They are just calm rational thinking and evaluation of history, or they are just objective narratives. The poet's own experiences are not included in it, and the poet's emotions are just voice off-screen. For example, Liu Yuxi's "Woyi Lane" expresses the poet's sense of historical vicissitudes by contrasting the past and present.
(2) Poems about things.
The characteristics of poems about objects: in terms of content, a certain object is used as the description object, and some of its characteristics are grasped and described deliberately. In thought, it is often based on things to express one's ambitions. From objects to people, from reality to virtuality, the spiritual character is written. Commonly used expression techniques such as metaphor, symbolism, personification, and contrast.
(3) Landscape idyll.
Xie Lingyun in the Southern Dynasty pioneered landscape poetry, and Tao Yuanming in the Eastern Jin Dynasty pioneered pastoral poetry. In the Tang Dynasty, there was a landscape pastoral poetry school, represented by Wang Wei and Meng Haoran. Landscape and pastoral poetry is famous for describing natural scenery, rural scenery and comfortable and tranquil seclusion life. The poetic environment is meaningful and beautiful, the style is quiet and elegant, and the language is clear and concise.
(4) War poetry.
Since the pre-Qin Dynasty, there have been poems with the theme of frontier fortresses and wars. It developed into the Tang Dynasty. As wars were still frequent, the rulers emphasized martial arts and neglected literature. Scholars claimed merit in the frontier court to gain fame rather than advance through the imperial examination. It was much easier to get married, and coupled with the positive and enterprising atmosphere of the prosperous Tang Dynasty, the strange and magnificent frontier fortress poetry developed greatly, forming a new poetry genre. Its representatives are Gao Shi, Cen Shen, and Wang Changling. .
(5) Travel poems and poems about friendship.
The ancients may have been away from home for a long time, or wandered for a long time, or guarded the border for a long time, which will always arouse a strong feeling of homesickness and nostalgia for others, so there are many such poems. They may write about the thoughts of traveling. , or write about missing relatives and friends, or writing about missing someone's hometown, or writing about cherishing someone in the boudoir. In writing, one may be moved by touching a scene, or be moved by a moment, or convey one's feelings by holding an object, or convey one's feelings through a dream, or express one's feelings through a wonderful metaphor.
(6) Farewell poem.
Due to the inconvenient transportation and underdeveloped communication in ancient times, it was often difficult for relatives and friends to see each other for several years, so the ancients paid special attention to separation. On the occasion of parting, people often bid farewell with wine, break willows to see each other off, and sometimes recite poems to say goodbye. Therefore, the emotion of parting has become an eternal theme for ancient literati. Because everyone's circumstances are different, the specific content and ideological tendencies of farewell poems often vary. Some directly express the feelings of parting, some use it to express the resentment in the chest or express one's aspirations, some focus on writing about separation and sorrow, some focus on exhortation, encouragement, comfort, and some are both.
(5) Classification of modern poetry
There are also many ways to classify poetry, which can be divided into different categories according to different principles and standards. The basic ones are as follows:
1. Narrative poetry and lyric poetry. This is divided according to the expression of the content of the work.
(1) Narrative poetry: The poem has a relatively complete storyline and characters, which are usually expressed in the poet's passionate singing style. Epic poems, story poems, verse novels, etc. all belong to this category. Epics such as "The Iliad" and "The Odyssey" by Homer of ancient Greece; story poems such as "Wang Gui and Li Xiangxiang" by Chinese poet Li Ji; poetic novels such as "Don Juan" by British poet Byron, and "Don Juan" by Russian poet Pushkin "Eugene Onegin".
(2) Lyric poetry: mainly reflects social life by directly expressing the poet's thoughts and feelings, and does not require the description of complete storylines and characters. Such as love songs, odes, elegies, elegy, pastoral and satire. There are many such works and it is not possible to list them all.
Of course, narrative and lyricism are not completely separated. Narrative poetry also has a certain degree of lyricism, but its lyricism must be closely integrated with the narrative. Lyric poems also often narrate certain segments of life, but they cannot be extended and should be subject to the needs of lyricism.
2. Metrical poetry, free verse and prose poetry. This is classified according to the phonological rhythm and structural form of the work's language.
(1) Metric poetry: It is poetry written according to certain formats and rules. It has strict regulations on the number of lines of poems, the number of words (or syllables) in poems, tones and rhymes, word antithesis, sentence arrangement, etc. For example, the "rhymed poems", "quatrains", "ci" and "qu" in ancient Chinese poetry, European "Sonnets".
(2) Free verse: It is a poetry style newly developed in Europe and America in modern times. It is not restricted by meter, has no fixed format, pays attention to natural and inner rhythm, rhymes with roughly similar rhymes or no rhymes, has relatively free number of words, lines, sentence patterns and tones, and the language is relatively popular. The American poet Whitman (1819-1892) is the founder of European and American free verse, and "Leaves of Grass" is his main collection of poems.
This style of poetry has also been popular since the May 4th Movement in my country.
(3) Prose poetry: It is a literary genre that has the characteristics of both prose and poetry. The works contain poetic artistic conception and passion, are often full of philosophy, focus on natural rhythm and musical beauty, are short in length, and have no lines or rhymes like prose, such as Lu Xun's "Wild Grass".
(6) Appreciation of Bai Pu's "Tian Jing Sha·Qiu"
When it comes to "Autumn", people's first reaction is the well-known and popular song "Tian Jing Sha·Qiu" "Sha Qiu Si" (written by Ma Zhiyuan). As everyone knows, there are many works about "autumn" in Yuan opera, and the most vivid one is undoubtedly Bai Pu's "Tianjingsha·Autumn". If Ma Zhiyuan is called the "ancestor of autumn thoughts", then Bai Pu should be regarded as the "sage of autumn thoughts" without hesitation. In the first two sentences of this song, Bai Pu cleverly juxtaposes six groups of nouns without using a predicate to describe a harmonious picture of the ground and the sky: the sun is level in the west, the sky is full of sunset, and the small village is covered with flowers. There is a slanting glow; the smoke from the kitchen is almost frozen, the old branches are motionless, and the crows' feathers are standing on the branches.
The second sentence is a special scene in the large area described in the first two sentences.
In this peaceful autumn scene, a wild goose suddenly passed by and flew down to the ground. The sudden appearance of this movement breaks the perception of the quiet scene and makes people's hearts move. "One point" shows how far away "Feihong" is, and "shadow" shows how fast it is!
The third sentence is the sentence that best conveys the spirit of autumn. The first is the combination of near and far in terms of perspective. In the distance are autumn mountains and autumn water, with characteristic colors - blue and green; nearby are autumn plants: grass, leaves and flowers, white, red and yellow are harmonious and colorful. The various colors constitute a beautiful "autumn picture", exaggerating the autumn scenery and conveying the strong autumn mood. Secondly, the whole sentence does not contain the word "Autumn" but "Autumn" can be seen everywhere. As the saying goes, "Without a single word, everything is romantic"! This is exactly the genius of the author!
Looking at the whole song, its structure is novel and unique, that is, "arranging the still scene - intermediary Feihong moving scene - arranging the still scene", which is standardized but not rigid; secondly, the composition combines dynamic and static, changing but not monotonous; Thirdly, if the autumn scenery in the first two lines of this song inevitably seems quiet and cold, then in the third line, the artistic conception changes and becomes even more clear and peaceful. These show the author's superb mind-refining ability and creative thinking skills.
(7) Appreciation of Guo Moruo's "Sky Market in the Sky"
Guo Moruo's poems have always been known for their strong emotional catharsis. His "Phoenix Nirvana" is passionate and majestic; his "Tiangu" brings With the momentum to destroy everything; his "Good Morning" and "Coal in the Furnace" once made our hearts beat. But this poem is calm and peaceful, with beautiful artistic conception, fresh and simple. The poet was studying in Japan when he wrote this poem. Like many Chinese students at that time, he had nostalgia for his motherland and confusion about his ideal future. The poet wants to use nature to think about these, and often wanders by the sea. One night, the poet was walking on the beach, looking up at the beautiful sky and twinkling stars, and his mood became cheerful. The poet seemed to have found his own ideal, so he wrote this ideal in his poem - it seemed to be a scene of heavenly paradise.
The poet compares stars to street lights. Dots of stars are scattered on the sky, and the distant world arouses people's infinite reverie. Street lights are a common sight, very close to us and can be seen almost everywhere. The poet compares the distant street lights to the stars in the sky, and also describes the stars in the sky as street lights in the world. Is it the poet's illusion, or does the poet want to lead us into "the misty sky"? In the poet's mind, earth and heaven are one.
There is a market in the misty sky, a bustling and beautiful market. There are many items on display there, all of which are human treasures. The poet did not specifically write about these treasures, leaving us a lot of room for imagination. We can use them as things we need to bring us peace of mind and comfort.
It is not only a street market, but also a scene of life. What kind of lives are the Cowherd and the Weaver Girl, who are separated by the shallow Milky Way and are devoted to love, living? Are you still guarding the Milky Way and can only look at each other from afar? "You will be able to ride on an ox," the poet said. On that beautiful night, they must have wandered in the street market full of rare things. The shooting star is the lantern they are holding. A few simple words overturned the myth that had been circulating for thousands of years, and resolved the tragedy and the lovesickness and sorrow that people had sighed for thousands of years.
This poem has a tranquil style, using natural and fresh language, neat short sentences, and harmonious and beautiful rhythm to express the poet's innocent ideal. The artistic conception is ordinary, and the rhythm is slow, like a trickle, like ripples. But it is this plain artistic conception that brings us rich imagination, allowing our hearts to roam in the distant sky with poetry and enjoy beautiful dreams.