During the Yongzheng period, Yong Zhengdi paid more attention to the production of enamel porcelain and put forward quite strict requirements. In the first year of Yongzheng (1723), with the expansion of the staff of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, under the auspices of the most trusted Prince Yi (the thirteenth brother), the Ministry of Internal Affairs actively carried out the production of enamel porcelain. However, according to the records in the archives of Qing Dynasty, Yong Zhengdi was not satisfied with the slow production of enamel porcelain six years ago. The reason may be that enamel pigments are imported from the west, and the quantity is limited, so we must use them carefully and not damage them. For example, Volume 58 of Guangdong Tongzhi, written by Yongzheng in Qing Dynasty, records: "Western countries ... resumed envoys to pay tribute in May of Yongzheng four years ... fourteen pieces of enamel of various colors." Another example is written in "Records of Yongzheng Work Files and Clearing Files": "On February 4, the second year of Yongzheng, Prince Yi handed in five white wine glasses, two of which contained dark dragons. Order: This cup of burnt enamel. I admire that. On February 23, two pieces were burned and the eunuch in charge, Prince Qi Zhiyi, was informed. According to the king's instructions, you should burn the other three pieces carefully. Follow this. On May 18, I made three white porcelain painted enamel wine glasses, which were presented by Prince Yi. " From the memorial of Nian Gengyao, an important official in Yong Zhengdi, we can also know the firing situation of enamel porcelain at this time. For example, "On February 9th, the second year of Yongzheng, there were two new enamel color tubes with two eyes and ten eyes from Zhai Yi to the imperial gift ...". On February 12, Nian Gengyao said in a thank-you letter: "... I made an enamel quill pen, which was beautifully made and beautiful in color. Thank you sincerely for your kindness and kindness. If there are new enamel objects, I will give you one or two to satisfy my greed. I have nothing to fear. February 12, the second year of Yongzheng. " On Nian Gengyao's passbook, Yong Zhengdi circled the word "greed" next to the sentence "full minister greed". In the blank space at the end of the fold, Zhu Pi of Yong Zhengdi said, "The enamel color is too delicate to be finely crafted, and it will be considerable in the future. I will give you a few things now, but if you don't use the word' greed' and don't give you anything, you will get these things. These are the power of this word. " One sentence, "Enamel-colored things are too delicate, and they can't be refined any more, and they will certainly be done quite well in the future", which shows that Yong Zhengdi is full of confidence in the development of enamel-colored porcelain. After receiving this award, Nian Gengyao received enamel porcelain on February 30th, March 3rd, April 1 1 day and April 22nd this year. For example, on April 24th, the second year of Yongzheng, Nianshi said in the memorial of Shangshu: "On April 22nd (the second year of Yongzheng), I went from Zhai Yi to the imperial court and gave me two boxes of imitation enamel teacups, but I only kowtowed. This kind of kiln furniture is colorful and beautifully made, which really won't make the colorful products of the previous generation become the best! Yue Zhongqi led the troops to suppress thieves on April 15th, and when he returned to Ning afterwards, I should declare my gratitude to the other four people. I want to thank you for all your gratitude. April 24, the second year of Yongzheng. " Although Yong Zhengdi frequently rewarded etiquette with enamel porcelain at this time, it was not until the fourth year of Yongzheng that Yong Zhengdi was not satisfied with the making of enamel porcelain. For example, according to Records of the Qing Dynasty, "On August 19th, the fourth year of Yongzheng, Wang Hai in Langzhong issued a decree that the enamel burned at this time was rough and the pattern was vulgar, so it must be refined in the future. Respect this. " Six years after Yongzheng, with the direct intervention of Yong Zhengdi, with the success of self-made enamel materials and more and more court painters and painters participating in the painting and writing of enamel porcelain, the production of enamel porcelain has made rapid development. According to the records of the archives of the manufacturing institute at that time, in the sixth year of Yongzheng, the enamel materials newly refined by the manufacturing institute were moon white, white, yellow, light green, bright blue, loose green, bright green and black. The newly-added enamel colors are soft white, fragrant, light loose yellow, pink purple, light green, sauce color, dark grape color, bronze color, loose yellow and so on. * * * Nine kinds. The success of self-made enamel materials in the manufacturing plant not only got rid of the embarrassment that enamel porcelain production may be short of money because of dependence on imported materials, but also the newly added color varieties can make enamel painters more handy in expressing objects. According to the records of the manufacturing institute, Song was in charge of all the work of melting materials at that time. Deng Bugs was a concrete operator, and Hu was a glaze blower and a technician. In addition, Prince Xiang, Lang, Yuan Wailang and he are mainly responsible for management. Among them, Tang Ying is particularly worth mentioning. According to records, on the 9th day of the first month of the sixth year of Yongzheng, the Ministry of Internal Affairs recruited thirteen craftsmen, each of whom was given two taels of silver per month by Lang Shenying and Prince Tang Ying. Then, "On February 22nd, 2006, Betan Asongqige and others were ordered by the Prince of Iraq to burn enamel. Follow this. On this day, Foreign Ministers Shen Ying and Tang Ying said,' This is the money and grain material used by Prince Yi to try burning enamel materials, and another file is recorded. After the test, the import file can be opened.' I sent it to Betan Asuncige today. "In July of the sixth year of Yongzheng, I told Prince Yi that Lin Chaokai, an enamel painter, couldn't work because of illness, that is," On July 11th of the sixth year of Yongzheng, Prince Tang Yi, a foreign minister, was a disciple, and Lin Chaokai suffered from consumption since childhood. He has recommended many times and sought to go back to Guangdong to recuperate, and then came to Beijing as a policeman. Now, his condition is getting worse and he can't walk like a policeman. Take him home as ordered by the king. "In August of the sixth year of Yongzheng, Tang Ying was sent to Jingdezhen Imperial Kiln Factory to assist in pottery affairs. Because Tang Ying has worked in the Ministry of the Interior for many years and has rich experience in firing enamel porcelain, he knows Yong Zhengdi's aesthetic taste and what kind of white porcelain tires are needed to produce enamel porcelain in the palace. Therefore, after he arrived in Jingdezhen, he provided a large number of white porcelain tires for firing enamel porcelain to the court office. According to the records of the establishment department, from the third year to the fifth year of Yongzheng, Jingdezhen porcelain painter Song painted enamel. There are also craftsmen Zhang Qi and Kuang Linan who paint bronze tires and enamels in Guangdong. Starting from the sixth year of Yongzheng, a group of painters from the Academy of Painting, such as He Jinkun, Dai Heng, Zou Wenyu, Tang and Tan Rong, participated in the painting of porcelain tire enamel, among which those who painted well were rewarded by Yong Zhengdi many times. For example, on October 28th, the tenth year of Yongzheng, treasurer Chang Bao and leader Li Mingjiu gave an order: It is good to paint mountains and rivers with enamel. I admire that. 1February 28th, Betan Ardenberg and Song Lai met with the Minister of the Sea, saying that Zou Wenyu's enamels had been rewarded by the emperor many times, and he was instructed to reward 12 silver from the treasury of our department. Follow this. "According to the records in the archives of the Manufacturing Bureau, Yong Zhengdi appreciates two kinds of enamel colors, namely ink painting and blue landscape painting painted in a single color. As for the person who wrote the bottom payment for enamel porcelain, according to records, it should be Xu, who was originally the author of Wuyingtang's book repair office and later transferred to the production office. The poems on Yongzheng enamel porcelain are mostly inscribed by Dai Lin. Dai Lin is waiting for the imperial edict of Wu Yingtang. According to the records, Yong Zhengdi wrote a letter for many times, ordering Dai Lin to write poems on enamel porcelain. For example, "On April 17th, the ninth year of Yongzheng, the general manager of the Ministry of Internal Affairs held a white magnetic bowl and ordered that most of the bowls should be painted with bamboo, while the other half should be engraved with poems. Ground prints or natural colors should be matched with bamboo, or light red, or any color should be matched with burnt enamel. I admire that. On August 14th, he drew a green bamboo bowl with a poem on it. It is worth mentioning that Dai Lin also wrote a caption in the Map of Ye Tao compiled by Tang Ying in the eighth year of Qianlong.
After Tang Ying went to Jingdezhen Imperial Kiln Factory, he not only provided white porcelain to the manufacturing office, but also recommended painters to work in the manufacturing office. For example, "On July 9th, the seventh year of Yongzheng, according to a post in Yuanmingyuan, Prince Yi sent two enamel painters, Zhou Yue and Wu" ... This month 10, he sent Xirao Nian to ICBC for dinner. Lang Zhonghai is looking forward to Prince Yi. According to the king's instructions, Xirao Nian will leave it at home for the time being, and we will decide the time after the trial. Respect that. "At that time, Xirao Nian, who was in charge of Huai 'an Customs and Taxation, only led Jingdezhen kiln affairs remotely. These painters were nominally sent by Xirao Nian, but in fact they were selected by Tang Ying. Tang Ying himself is a painter. The painters he selected are good at painting. On the one hand, more importantly, they have rich experience in painting on porcelain. After they entered the organizational system, they cooperated with court painters to make enamel porcelain more and more sophisticated. Judging from the handed down products, most of the enameled porcelain in Yongzheng period were painted directly on white glaze except for a few colored ornaments similar to those in Kangxi Dynasty. The shapes of utensils are bottles, bowls, plates, dishes, cups and so on. , are elegant, thin carcass, and some reach the level of half-cooked. Except for a few Yongle white porcelain collected by the Qing Palace, most of these white porcelain tires were specially provided by Jingdezhen Imperial Kiln Factory at that time. Among them, Yongzheng provided 460 pieces at a time in seven years, which was the largest batch in the past. This is "on February 19th, the seventh year of Yongzheng, Prince Yi handed over 460 pieces of glazed porcelain, which was made. Lang Zhonghai looked at the king's order: put it away as much as possible. Follow this. Today, 460 pieces of porcelain were handed over to Betan Asunci. On August 4th, 2007, three pairs of enamel bowls, two pairs of enamel dishes and four pairs of enamel wine bowls were fired. On the sixth day of September, two pairs of painted enamel bowls were fired ... ". In terms of pattern decoration, Yongzheng enamel porcelain changed the monotonous situation that Kangxi enamel only painted flowers, with flowers but no birds. A large number of flowers and birds, flowers, bamboo stones, mountains and rivers and other patterns depicting the style of college painting appear, and corresponding poems are inscribed in the blank space of the picture, with exquisite calligraphy and elegant content. Moreover, there is a Zhu Wen leisure chapter in the capital of the poem, and there are either two Zhu Wen leisure chapters at the end of the sentence, or there is a Zhu Wen leisure chapter at the top and bottom. Yongzheng enamel porcelain has truly become an artistic treasure that combines porcelain-making technology with poetry, calligraphy, painting and printing. The outer soles of Yongzheng enamel porcelain are all vintage models, and the blue "Yongzheng vintage model" is the most common one. The outer edges of the models are framed on both sides, and the border lines are thick outside and thin inside, which is very regular, much like being printed with engraved chapters. There are several objects of the same type mentioned above, but there is no border. Yongzheng enamel porcelain also has blue and white patterns. What we can see is the double-line peripheral frame of the word "Yongzheng Imperial System" and the double-line peripheral double circle of the word "Qing Yongzheng Year System". Blue and white models can only be written on porcelain tires before glazing. In 2002, Christie's in Hong Kong auctioned a Yongzheng blue-and-white "Wanshou Changchun" shallow bowl. The words "Yongzheng Yu" are engraved in the center of the four flowers on the outer wall, and the words "Yongzheng Yu" are placed on the blue-and-white column on the outsole. Generally speaking, the artistic level of enamel porcelain in Qianlong period is not as good as that in Yongzheng period, which may be related to the replacement and lack of palace enamel workers. According to the records of Jianfu, "On March 17th, the first year of Qianlong, Wu Shu, the founder, said: Su Peisheng, head of Gan Qing Palace, handed over four eunuchs: He Delu, Wang, Yang Rufu and Wei Qingqi. Command: Try to learn to burn enamel. Respect this. " "On April 14th of the first year of Qianlong, there was a shortage of people who painted enamel. Another person who wanted to paint enamel, Vicky, was willing to go to the police station. As usual, I took silver grain, worked and ate five taels of silver every month, and wore eighteen taels of silver in February and August, and I was guaranteed back to Wang Hai, the minister of the Ming Dynasty, and Yuan Wailang. Remember this. " These two materials show that the enamel works in the first year of Qianlong were made because of lack of manpower. The white porcelain tires used for enamel porcelain during the Qianlong period are still provided by Jingdezhen Imperial Kiln Factory. For example, the Archives of the Establishment Department records: "On the second day of May of the first year of Qianlong, the eunuch Mao Tuan sent a message to Yuan Wailang Tang Ying in Wang Hai, and also burned some white porcelain to make enamel. Respect this. " During the Qianlong period, a large number of enameled porcelain were painted and baked in the enamel factory in Beijing Palace Hall. However, there are exceptions. For example, according to the records of the construction office, "On June 25th, the third year of Qianlong, eunuch Gao Yu handed in 174 pieces of porcelain. Command: Give it to Tang Ying, the place where the porcelain is fired ... and the five-inch dish with multicolored enamel and the eight-magnetic bowl with multicolored enamel. Take it down and burn it. Respect this. " Obviously, the colorful plates and magnetic bowls above were painted and fired by Jingdezhen Imperial Kiln Factory. The decorative themes of enamel porcelain in Qianlong period are richer than those in Yongzheng period, including landscapes, flowers, flowers and birds, China or western figures, and various foreign flower patterns influenced by the western rococo artistic style. All kinds of newly added enamel porcelain, different colors, different colors, different colors, complex patterns, no blank, no poetry. White glazed porcelain, which was popular in Yongzheng, is still being produced at this time, and the poems and essays used are similar to those used in Yongzheng. For example, painting Chinese rose flowers, bamboo stone inscribed "graceful and restrained thousands of feet green, fragrant branches occupy the four seasons in spring". Start with "Cai Xiang" and "Zhu Wen" and end with "Ran Bin" and "Gentleman" Zhu Wen. Painting pomegranates and orioles often takes "the new branches contain light green and the small calyx is light red" as the topic. At the beginning of greeting, use the words "Kerry", "Jincheng" and "Xu Ying". Painting landscapes often takes the theme of "Putin fishing far away, flowers flying and firewood fragrant". The greeting begins with Ru Shou's Zhu Wen, and ends with Bai Wen's Gao Shan and Shuichang's Zhu Wen. As for the enamel porcelain in the Qianlong period, all the enamel porcelain that integrates poetry, calligraphy, painting and printing are generally in the "Qianlong period" with four-character double-line blue color printing in Song or regular script. There are double-line frames with thick outside and thin inside, and some frames have basically the same thickness inside and outside. For smaller containers, such as small bottles and cups, due to the small deployment space at the bottom, the blue four-character double-line song style or regular script is not set. There are blue four-character double-line seal scripts, with double-line frames outside and thick edges inside, which are more common on bottle-shaped vessels. Because the drawings of this kind of utensils are more complicated, there are no poems, and turquoise glaze is applied inside and outside the utensils, and the money is applied on the turquoise glazed floor.