First look at the type.
Judging from the content of poetry, the basic types of classical poetry are as follows. (1) farewell class. ② Nostalgia. (3) homesick for human beings. Express your thoughts about your hometown or relatives. (4) war or frontier fortress. 5 leisure class. 6 borrow scenery to express emotion. ⑦ Hold things to show ambition. 8 love class. 9 people's livelihood As long as students master the basic reading level and carefully read the original poem two or three times, they can basically decide the types of the above nine tricks.
Second, repair feelings.
After finding the image, the feelings of the whole poem naturally appear. The words that can express the feelings and colors of poetry are: joy, joy, anger, sorrow, sadness, sorrow, praise, admiration, farewell, attachment, heroism, leisure, indifference, infatuation, love, sadness, loneliness, sadness, boredom, adherence to moral integrity, and concern for the country and the people.
3. Set the main idea.
In other words, determining the ideological content of poetry is the core of poetry creation and appreciation. The ideological content of poetry is nothing more than the following aspects: loving the great rivers and mountains of the motherland, worrying about the country and the people, cherishing the past and hurting the present, opposing war, pursuing peace, despising the powerful, being cynical, not meeting talented people, caring for mountains and rivers, retiring from the countryside, enjoying the victory at the top, cherishing spring and autumn, remembering friends' homesickness, knowing each other and dating each other, and not hating leaving sorrow.
4. Find the image (allusions).
In a sense, the focus of poetry appreciation is to correctly grasp the images described in poetry, that is, the images described in poetry (people, things, scenery, things). Many images in ancient poetry have their own metaphorical meanings. Although the figurative meaning of this image may be different in different artistic conception, it has something in common in most cases.
5. Find skills.
The quality of a poem is closely related to its expressive skills, which should be analyzed from three aspects: expressive mode, rhetorical device and expressive device.
6. Product style.
"Style" refers to the different creative characteristics caused by the author's life experience and artistic accomplishment. For example, Li Bai's poems are fresh and elegant, Du Fu's poems are depressed and frustrated, Tao Yuanming's poems are diluted and peaceful, Wang Wei's poems are picturesque, Han Yu's poems are mysterious and strange, and Bai Juyi's poems are popular and distinctive. For another example, according to the ci theorists, Su Shi and Xin Qiji's ci are bold and unrestrained, while Liu Yong and Li Qingzhao's ci are graceful and restrained.
At the end of poetry appreciation, or subtleties, students should understand the author's language style and the expressive effect that the language wants to achieve. And some related nouns are: majestic, tragic, broad-minded, desolate, depressed, elegant, implicit, lingering, fresh, bright, beautiful, bleak, sad and bright.
Language expression effect: sincere, touching, touching, tearful, lofty, scene blending, intriguing and memorable.
The above six points seem to be scattered, and it seems that the poem is read in pieces, but it is by no means the case. This is just as we often say, but I modified it slightly: "The master leads the door and practices in the individual." Only by letting students know the doorway of poetry appreciation can students establish the concept of appreciation, and then cultivate their own appreciation style through continuous appreciation.
Second, the content of poetry, thoughts and feelings
(A), the classification of poetry content
Farewell poems to friends, lyric poems to borrow scenery, poems to think about women, poems to express feelings about things, and poems to chant epic poems.
Travel poems, frontier poems, situational poems, pastoral poems.
Farewell poems mostly remind and praise each other. Or say goodbye or miss after saying goodbye.
Reciting ancient poems is mostly a tribute to ancient people or things. Or remember the sages, or admire the ancients, or express their desire to make contributions, or complain about their untimely birth, or lament the prosperity of the past and the decline of the present, or use the past to satirize the present.
War poems either show the pride of defending the country and defending the country, or show the heroism of sacrificing one's life to kill the enemy, or show the heroism of soldiers in triumph, or show their disgust at war, expose the suffering brought by war to relatives, hometown and people, and accuse feudal rulers of the sin of waging war.
Frontier poems describe the life of frontier troops, or show the cold living environment of frontier fortress, or show the magnificent frontier fortress scenery.
Poems about homesickness, in my heart forever's poems and poems about traveling and traveling all focus on expressing the thoughts of relatives, or expressing women's tenderness, sadness and sadness. Or show the bitterness of wandering life in a different place and the yearning for relatives in my hometown.
Lyrics about scenery and poems about things (including pastoral poems, hermit poems, etc. ) It often shows the noble qualities of a poet who is different from others and unwilling to go with the flow of the world, or expresses his sorrow that he has no talent and no way to serve the country, or expresses other complicated feelings of joy, sadness or sorrow, or ... >>
Question 2: How to appreciate the language of ancient poetry? The appreciation of poetic language can start from three aspects: language content, language style and expression effect. According to the view of poetry connoisseurs, we should pay attention to "the beauty of expression, the beauty of language characteristics and the beauty of expression effect".
I. Language content
(1) From the content, poetic language can be divided into: image language, emotional language, symbolic language and allusion language.
1. Image language (words): pine, bamboo, plum, chrysanthemum and other things are endowed with specific symbolic meanings, symbolizing people's noble character, and poets often use them to express some thoughts and feelings. Such as Lu You's "Bu Operator? Yongmei takes Mei as a metaphor, which shows his character of not associating with people who are eager for success, not inviting flattery and flattery, and his clank and pride of not being afraid of slander and being firm and self-controlled. Other common images, such as peach blossom symbolizing beauty and bird symbolizing freedom.
2. Emotional language (words): Words such as "sadness" and "loneliness" can directly express feelings, such as "I came from three thousand miles away. Sadness follows autumn today "(Du Fu's Ascending the Mountain); There are also indirect revelations, such as "I can't bear to grieve for the past, but I am forced to look for the old spring in the cup" (Li Yi's "Answer the slogan of Xu Wuduan Gong immediately"), "I can't bear to look back on the good times of the poet's youth, but I can only recall the old things through the glass to convey my inner desolation and depression.
3. Symbolic language (poetry): Some poems have certain symbolic meanings, and some poems are often inferred through specific things, that is, inferential poems. For example, Yu Shinan's Cicada emphasizes that a person who stands tall and clean can be famous far and near without some outside support. "Flowers and willows are selfless if the mountains and rivers are waiting" (Du Fu's "After Traveling"), and the flowers and willows written about mountains and rivers are waiting for people to appreciate, which is used to illustrate the truth that nature has a selfless heart.
4. Allusions (words or poems): For example, "autumn water" refers to the eyes, and "stealing springs" often refers to ill-gotten gains [see "Corpse": "(Confucius) is thirsty and does not drink, and his name is also bad." ], "Hongyan" refers to letters (see Hanshu which records that Su Wu returned to Han). Most of them come from historical allusions, which require students to strengthen extracurricular reading, accumulate historical knowledge and improve their cultural literacy. Such as "Yong Yule? "Looking Back at the Gubei Pavilion in Jingkou" uses the story of Huo Qubing's "Xu Shan sealed the wolf and Gu Yansi". Bai Juyi's "Farewell Pavilion" poem "Tears dripping from the sleeve are wetter than Sima Qing's shirt".
(2) From the perspective of grammar, we should pay attention to quantifiers, nouns, verbs, adjectives and adverbs.
The refinement of successful words is closely combined with the refined meaning. To refine Chinese characters is to concretize, visualize, deepen and aestheticize the "meaning"-the author's subjective feelings and the life expressed in his works. Only by extracting concrete and vivid words with aesthetic content and enlightening function can "one" have the power to infect people.
There are certain rules to follow in refining Chinese characters. For example:
① The second word is refined from five words: "The laundry girl returns in bamboo, and the lotus leaf bends before the fishing boat." "The sea is dark and three mountains are raining, and the flowers are bright and five mountains are spring." ② The third word is extracted from five words: "A stream sings on the winding rocks, and the sun is reconciled by pines." "Shan Gong San Fu, the door is closed in Kyushu." ③ The fifth word is extracted from five words: "The moon is near the window and the Tianhe River is low." "Grass grows public houses, and flowers fall into court." (4) The second and fifth words are extracted from five words: "The cold spring sounds bitter, and the leaves in the mountains are withered." "Until the ebb tide, the river bank widened, and there was no wind blowing my lonely sail." (5) The second word of the seven-word refinement: "The mountain enters Baijiasha Garden at dusk, and the tide gives birth to a wild pond in the sea." "Lonely sails on the sunset river, green grass and love in Wan Li, Hunan." The fifth word is extracted from seven words: "My road is full of petals-I haven't cleaned it for others, and my thatched cottage door has been closed-but now it is open for you." "The waves between the river and the sky are rough, and the clouds are covered with fog." ⑦ Seven words refine the seventh word: "The breeze river is far away, and there are several old trees on the edge of White God City." "The spring boat sits in the sky, and the old flowers are like fog." ⑧ Seven words refine the twenty-fifth word: "Xue Ji Mountain Gate welcomes Ruiri, Yunkaishui Temple and other dragonflies." "The fish contains the moon shadow and moves with the clouds, and the birds spit flowers and send them to the trees for leisure."
Generally speaking, there are two aspects in refining words in classical poetry: refining real words and refining empty words.
1 quantifier
For example, in Yu Xin's Xiao Yuan Fu, "one inch and two inches of fish, three poles and two poles of bamboo", the predecessors called it "indulging in reading".
2. Nouns: Some image nouns can be used to understand the author's thoughts or feelings because of the uniqueness or representativeness of images, especially when multiple nouns are used together, the combination of images will create a certain artistic conception. Images such as willow, wine, moon, geese and buildings often appear in poems with feelings of farewell to acacia. For example, in Zhao Huan's Cold Pond, "Homesickness is infinite, and a wild goose crosses the South Tower", the melancholy accumulated in the wanderer's heart is triggered by autumn and turned into endless homesickness ... >>
Question 3: How to appreciate ancient poetry In the latest college entrance examination, there are two requirements for the appreciation of ancient poetry: one is to appreciate the image, language and expression skills of literary works; Second, evaluate the ideological nature of literary works. In the actual examination, the score rate of poetry appreciation questions has been low, and many students regard it as an insurmountable peak, which makes them daunting and discouraged, even regretfully losing their due scores when doing the questions. To solve this problem, we should cultivate students from two aspects: on the one hand, we should accumulate extensively and master ancient poems as much as possible. On the other hand, we should learn appreciation skills, which is an important means to cope with the exam. As for accumulation, students should work harder in peacetime; With regard to skills, I will give a few examples on the question 16 of Chinese in the 2005 college entrance examination (Shandong Volume). This topic is to examine students' appreciation of poetry, their cultural accomplishment and inner details. Original question: Read the following poem and then answer this question. (6 points)
Jiangyin Fuyuantang Dai Fugu
Overlooking the Yokooka River, far away in front of Wan Li Sorrow Hall.
The most bitter thing is that there is no mountain to cover your eyes. Huainan is the best in China.
[Note] Dai Fugu was a poet in the late Southern Song Dynasty.
According to the predecessors, the most bitter eyes without mountains are the most expressive in this poem. What do you think of this? Please analyze it briefly.
A: When the author of this poem went to Fuyuan Hall in Jiangyin and looked at the Central Plains from afar, the sadness and pain brought by the fall of the country was the strongest, concentrated in the most bitter sentence. This sentence is written in another way, contrary to the psychology that people usually want to see far when climbing mountains. Through the poet's ambivalence that he couldn't bear to read it, but dared not read it, he fully expressed his extreme grief and indignation at the failure to report the national humiliation and the grace of serving the country.
Analysis:
First, the appearance of each poem is an expression of the author's emotion, which is closely related to the author's environment and personality at that time. Therefore, we should pay attention to the accumulation of background knowledge of ancient poetry, and pay attention to the implied information of poetry (such as notes on topic background tips, etc.). ), these are the first questions to consider when appreciating ancient poetry, and some of them may be the key to understanding poetry.
When I first read the original poem, I noticed that the author Dai Fugu was a poet in the late Southern Song Dynasty, from which I could associate the background at that time. The Southern Song Dynasty was cowardly and extreme. Dai Fugu was born in the Southern Song Dynasty. At that time, China was young, and the border wind was cold. People called it base, with many officials and many plays. His father Dai Min hoped that Shan Ye could recite poems and never become an official. His name was very important at that time. Dai Fugu began to study ancient laws at dawn. To be faithful to the ancient law, the corner of Taizhou seaside is definitely lacking in perspective. Go, what a beautiful world outside. Mr. Retro gritted his teeth, left my old hut, broke the leaking rain in his hometown, and began his 50-year wandering journey with heavy steps. Dai Fugu's vagrancy was full of deep sorrow from the first step. Facing wheat and wheat, Song Ming is a lamp at night, the old woman cries at everyone, and my son is a compatriot who died in Xie Ling. The poet is very excited! The poet is angry! The poet shed tears! Men want to get angry, but men want to sing! With this impulse, the poet can't bid for the shuttle, nor can he save the country by strategy. Instead, he cares for the devastated mountains and rivers with poems that mourn the country and the people, expresses his lofty sentiments and spits out pieces in his chest.
Secondly, poetry is the best lyric form in literary works, which has been the case since ancient times. The expression of China's ancient poems is relatively implicit, and it is often to express one's feelings or write scenery and express one's feelings. We appreciate poetry only to taste the feelings expressed in it. Therefore, with the help of all kinds of knowledge and information, analyzing the feelings and scenery of poetry is also the key to appreciate poetry. Emotion in poetry is often implied in various descriptions, rather than simple ones, which requires us to have a clear purpose and analyze various skills of poetry from various angles.
Question 4: How to appreciate the expressive skills of ancient poetry? The expression of poetry refers to the methods and means adopted by the author in planning the layout of articles, selecting materials and making ideas, choosing words and making sentences, shaping images, writing landscapes, expressing feelings, etc., mainly including expression methods, expression techniques, rhetoric techniques and so on. Appreciation is to feel, understand, identify and appreciate the expressive skills of poetry and make your own judgment.
2. multiple choice questions. Appreciating the expressive skills of poetry gives several options, asking for the right (or wrong) one, sometimes in the form of multiple choices. This type of question is usually taken with other test sites.
3. Fill in the blanks. Need expressive skills or functions used in poetry.
In the usual study and practice, we should pay attention to understanding, summarizing and summarizing various expression skills commonly used in ancient poetry. Only by memorizing the daily expression skills and functions of contemporary poetry can we transfer accurately when doing the questions. Like 20 10? Zhejiang Volume examines Wang Anshi's Ding Lin, and its first subtitle is a brief analysis of the poet's methods of expressing emotions in the third episode. As long as the rhetorical devices in poetry are fully reserved and the substitution of flowers and trees is accurately used, it is not difficult to see that both the May and the Moon in poetry use personification techniques, which are all about people and give people human feelings.
The expression of poetry has certain rules in setting questions and answering questions. Usually, in the process of study and training, we should pay attention to summarizing these laws in time and further summarize the basic answering mode. In this way, you can use the pattern in the exam, thus saving time in expressing (expressing and rhetoric), writing images (characteristics) and expressing (expressing and highlighting) your thoughts and feelings, which has played a very good role. Like 20 10? Shandong Juan Kao Ruan Ji 82 (79). The first question is what means of expression are used in the whole poem and what feelings are expressed? Please briefly analyze, when you answer this question, you can apply the above basic answering mode; This poem uses the method of expressing ambition (or symbolizing happiness) to express the poet's loneliness, helplessness, grief and indignation (or helplessness for the country).
Examine the questions and carefully design the answers.
There are many questions about poetry expression skills in the test questions. When doing the questions, you should carefully examine the questions, make clear what you are asking, why, or both, and answer according to the questions. When you answer, you should also use the original words of the poem as much as possible, or use your own language to make a slight change (meaning explanation), and at the same time use appreciation terms appropriately to make the language accurate, beautiful and vivid. Like 20 10? The national volume 1 examines Liu Xiaozhuo's poem "Die Lian Hua", and the second small question is what expression is used in this poem and what expression is required by the title. It doesn't need to analyze why. So, as long as you answer the question, you can score. Another example is 20 10? Tianjin Volume examines the comparative reading of two Tang poems.
There are many ways of expression in poetry, and so are the ways of expression used in the same poem. Therefore, when understanding the expressive techniques of poetry, it is important to base on the whole article, grasp it as a whole, and find out what expressive techniques are used in the whole article. It is necessary to clarify the skills of table one from the perspectives of expression, expression and rhetoric. In this way, when you do the problem, you will be targeted and targeted. Like 20 10/0? Anhui Volume examines Du Fu's The Year of the Dead. The first small problem is that this poem uses a variety of expressions. Please give two examples, which will be appreciated. Careful analysis of the whole poem shows that the expression of this poem uses narrative and capture; In terms of expression, it adopts direct expression; When using metonymy and allusion in rhetoric, the most important points can be answered according to the requirements of the topic. Test center analysis test center 1: expression
The so-called expression is a specific language method and paragraph used to express specific content. The most common forms of expression in poetry are narration, description, lyricism and discussion. , generally do not need to explain.
Test site 2: expression skills
The so-called expression technique refers to the special sentence structure used by poets in writing words and expressing their thoughts and feelings. The common expression techniques in poetry include expressing ambition with objects, writing scenery and expressing emotion, directly describing and expressing one's feelings, etc.
Test site 3: rhetoric
The so-called rhetorical devices are the language ways, methods or technical rules used by poets in order to make the expression receive accurate and infectious effects. The rhetorical devices of ancient poetry include metaphor, analogy, metonymy, exaggeration, pun, foil,
Meaning, duality, parallelism, etc. ......& gt& gt
Question 5: How to appreciate ancient poetry in the exam mainly depends on feeling and imagination.
Of course, the most direct words are some words that prompt images, which will remind you what it is to leave and miss home, and always stay in your heart. . . . Something like that . .
When reviewing the appreciation of ancient poetry in high school, I saw more questions and experienced more.
The grading skills for answering such questions are-correct answers; If not-write more;
If the answer is incorrect, write less-tragedy! ! !