Five-character quatrains are common,
Poetic meter
Poetry type
The questions about all kinds of poems are quite complicated. The editor of 300 Tang Poems divides poems into three categories: classical poems, regular poems and quatrains, all of which are equipped with Yuefu. Ancient poems, regular poems and quatrains are divided into five words and seven words respectively. This is a kind of division. The classification of Shen Deqian's Poems on Tang Poetry is slightly different: he did not separate Yuefu, but added the category of five-character poems. Du Fu's poems compiled by Guo Zhida in Song Dynasty can be divided into two categories: ancient poems and modern poems. Now we try to discuss the above three classifications with reference to other classifications.
From the perspective of meter, poetry can be divided into classical poetry and modern poetry. Ancient poetry is also called ancient poetry or ancient style; Modern poetry is also called modern poetry. From the word count, there are four-character poems, five-character poems, seven-character poems and rare six-character poems. After the Tang Dynasty, there were few four-character poems, so the general poetry collections were only divided into five-character poems and seven-character poems.
An ancient celestial body and a near celestial body
Classical poetry is written in the style of ancient poetry. In the eyes of the Tang people, everything from The Book of Songs to Geng Xin in the Southern and Northern Dynasties is ancient. Therefore, there is no certain standard for imitating ancient poetry. However, the ancient poems written by poets are consistent in one thing, that is, they are not bound by the rhythm of modern poetry. We can say that all poems that are not bound by the rhythm of modern poetry are ancient poems.
Yuefu came into being in the Han Dynasty and was originally accompanied by music, so it was called Yuefu or Yuefu Poetry. This kind of Yuefu poetry is called Qu, Ci, Song and Xing. After the Tang Dynasty, the ancient poems written by literati imitating this style were also called "Yuefu", but they were no longer named as such. During the Sui and Tang Dynasties, with the gradual formation of new music, the lyrics of new music appeared, called "Ci". Ci probably originated in the prosperous Tang Dynasty. In the transitional period after the decline of Yuefu and before the appearance of Ci, modern poetry was adopted as lyrics with new music. Wang Wei's Cheng Wei Qu and Li Bai's Qing Ping Diao are both forms of modern poetry.
Modern poetry is represented by metrical poetry. Metric poems pay attention to rhyme, flatness and antithesis. Because the meter is very strict, it is called meter poem. Rhyme has the following four characteristics:
A. Each song is limited to eight sentences, with 40 words in five laws and 56 words in seven laws.
B. flat rhyme;
C. the level of each sentence is stipulated;
D. every article should have antithesis, and the position of antithesis is also stipulated.
There is a kind of metrical poem with more than eight sentences, which is called long law. Dragon law is naturally a modern poem. The long method is generally five characters, and the number of rhymes is often indicated on the title. For example, Du Fu's "Thirty-six Rhymes of Sleeping Boat due to Wind Diseases" is 360 words; Bai Juyi's "Poems with Hundred Rhymes" is a thousand words. This long method uses antithesis except tail (or head-tail), so it is also called parallelism.
Four-line poems are half as many words as ordinary poems. Five-character quatrains are only twenty crosses, and seven-character quatrains are only twenty-eight. In fact, quatrains can be divided into ancient quatrains and strict quatrains.
Rhyme can be used in ancient times. Even if it rhymes, it is not bound by the rules of leveling in modern poetry. This can be classified as classical poetry.
Rhythm not only balances the rhyme, but also follows the leveling rule of modern poetry. Formally, they are equivalent to half a metrical poem. This can be classified as modern poetry.
To sum up, the so-called ancient poetry belongs to ancient poetry, while the regular poetry (including long law) belongs to modern poetry. Yuefu and quatrains, some belong to ancient style, some belong to modern poetry.
Five words are five words and seven words are seven words. Five-character ancient poems are referred to as five ancient poems, and seven-character ancient poems are referred to as seven ancient poems. Five-character poems are referred to as five laws, and seven-character poems are referred to as seven laws; Five-character quatrains are referred to as five-character quatrains, and seven-character quatrains are referred to as seven-character quatrains.
Ancient styles are divided into five ancient styles and seven ancient styles, which is only a rough division. In fact, in addition to five words and seven words, there are so-called miscellaneous words. Miscellaneous words refer to long and short sentences mixed together, mainly three, five and seven sentences, among which there are occasionally four, six and more than seven words. Miscellaneous poems generally do not have another category, only belong to the seven ancient. Even if there are no seven words in the article, as long as they are long and short sentences, they will be classified as seven ancient. This is a conventional classification and has no theoretical basis.
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(1) also has a long law of seven words, such as Du Fu's two poems Tomb-Sweeping Day. ② Guo sorted out Du Fu's poems and classified most quatrains into modern poems. Yuan Zhen simply classified this quatrain as a metrical poem in Qing Ji.
Rhythm of verse
Let's talk about modern poetry first, and then talk about ancient poetry, because we can better understand ancient poetry if we talk about modern poetry thoroughly. First, since the characteristic of classical poetry is that it is not bound by the meter of modern poetry, we must first know what the meter of modern poetry is, and then we can know what classical poetry is. Secondly, because of the existence of metrical poetry, classical poetry cannot be influenced by metrical poetry, so we should know metrical poetry first, and then we can know what the influence of metrical poetry is.
Let's talk about the rhyme of metrical poems first.
The ancients wrote rhyming poems in strict accordance with rhymes. There is no need to elaborate on the history of rhyme books here. The rhyming books, such as Integration of Rhyme and Combination of Rhyme, which are often consulted by the people in Qing Dynasty, can not only explain the rhyme of rhyming poems in Qing Dynasty, but also explain the rhyme of rhyming poems in Tang and Song Dynasties. The so-called "poetic rhyme" of ordinary people refers to this one. Rhyme * * * has 106 rhyme: 30 rhymes for a flat tone, 29 rhymes for a rising tone, 30 rhymes for a falling tone and 17 rhymes for an entering tone. Rhyme is generally only flat, here only flat; As for rhyme, we will discuss it later when we talk about ancient poetry.
In the rhyme book, the level tone is divided into upper level tone and lower level tone. There are many flat characters, so it is divided into two volumes, which means that the flat voice rolls up and the flat voice rolls down. No other meaning.
Sheng 15 rhyme:
One east, two winters, three rivers, four branches, five micro, six fish, seven dangers and eight gases.
Nine beauties, ten ashes, eleven truths, twelve articles, thirteen yuan, fourteen cold and fifteen deletions.
Xia Pingsheng 15 rhyme:
A song of two Xiao San dishes, four luxuries and five songs, six horses, seven yang and eight Geng.
Nine green ten steamed eleven especially twelve invaded thirteen Qin fourteen salt fifteen salty.
Words such as Dongdong are only representative words of rhyme, and also only indicate the types of vowels. As for the differences in pronunciation between the two rhymes of Ledong (and other similar rhymes), there is no need to examine them now. We just need to know that it may be different at first, but later it mixed up, but ancient poets can't mix up when they write metrical poems according to rhyme. At first, it was limited to the work order, and it was also necessary to abide by the imperial examinations. Later, it became a trend, and so did I usually write metrical poems. There is such a story in A Dream of Red Mansions: Lin Daiyu asked Xiangling to write a rhyme about the moon, which was designated as a cold rhyme. Xiangling is digging her own heart and looking for courage. Tanchun didn't listen, turned away and smiled through the window: "Miss Ling, you are free." Xiangling replied stupefied: "If you delete fifteen idle words, you will be wrong." This story can illustrate the strict rhyme of modern poetry.
There are broad rhymes and narrow rhymes: those with more words are called broad rhymes and those with fewer words are called narrow rhymes. Wide rhymes include finger rhyme, Zhen rhyme, Xian rhyme, Yang rhyme, Geng rhyme and you rhyme, while narrow rhymes include Jiang rhyme, Jia rhyme, Yao rhyme, Qin rhyme, salt rhyme and Xian rhyme. Narrow rhymes are rare. Some rhymes, such as micro-rhyme, deletion rhyme and invasion rhyme, are not many words, but they are more appropriate and poets like to use them.
Now, let's take a few poems as an example:
General Paiwei (Yidong)
[Tang] Chen Ziang
The Huns are still alive and Jiang Wei rejoined the army.
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No, no, three rivers, chasing six counties.
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The wild goose mountain crosses the north, and the fox inserts the cloud.
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Don't let it go to the top, but stay in Korea and you will succeed.
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A brief but pleasant encounter with my brother-in-law, "Meeting by chance, only to be separated" (the second winter)
Li yi
After ten years' separation, we meet again. We have all changed a lot.
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I didn't know my name for the first time. I was surprised when I first saw my name. I called my name and remembered that old face.
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Talking about the changes of the world after parting, I have been talking about the temple bells at dusk.
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Bright Moon Baling Road, autumn stays between us, one peak after another?
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Liutiao fish
Li shangyin
Monkeys and birds are still alert to your orders, and the wind and clouds are eager to protect your fortress.
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You are the owner of the brush, a wise general, but your emperor, defeated, rode a prison car.
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Wind music is very talented, but not as lucky as the two Shu generals who died in battle?
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Although a temple was built for you in your birthplace, you never finished singing the song of the holy mountain.
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Zhong Nanshan (Chyi Yu)
[Tang] Wang Wei
Its huge height is close to the city of heaven, from the mountain to the corner of the sea.
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The white clouds merged behind, and the blue mist melted into the mountains and disappeared.
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The central mountain peaks separate the southwest, and the valleys are different.
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Want to find a house to live in the mountains, is it convenient for the water guide to ask the woodcutter?
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Spring Tour of Qiantang River (Eight Banners)
Bai Juyi
Gushan Temple is located in the north of western Gu Ting, with a low water level.
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Several early songbirds compete for warm trees. Whose new swallow pecks at spring mud?
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Colorful spring flowers will gradually fascinate people's eyes, and shallow spring grass can barely cover the horseshoe.
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I love the beauty on the east bank of the West Lake, and I can't get enough of it, especially the white sand embankment under the green poplar.
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Recalling brothers on a moonlit night (Bageng)
[Tang] Du Fu
The drums of the defenders cut off people's communication, and a lonely goose was singing in autumn in the frontier.
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The dew turns to frost tonight, and the moonlight at home is bright!
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Brothers are scattered, and no one can ask about life and death.
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However, if there is something wrong with letters in peacetime, what can I expect in wartime? !
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Send Governor Zhao to Daizhou (Jiuqing)
[Tang] Wang Wei
Celestial officials move stars, and Seoul is wicker green.
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Wan Li sang Diao Dou, and the three armies came out of Jingxing.
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Forget to say goodbye to Phoenix Que, and go to the country to get a massage parlor (4).
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How can we learn from scholars? You are always in the window!
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Yongmei (Twelve Invasions)
Yu Qian
Digging for black gold, saving Yang is meaningful.
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The fire rekindled into spring, and the furnace shone all night.
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Ding yiyuan relies on power and pays attention to the stone after death.
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I hope that all people will warm their hearts and go out of the mountains tirelessly.
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Most of the first sentences of the five laws don't rhyme; The first sentence of the seven laws mostly rhymes. Since the rhyme of the first sentence is free or not, the rhyme of the first sentence can be less strict, and so can the adjacent rhyme. This custom of using neighboring rhyme in the first sentence was quite common in the late Tang Dynasty, and it became a conscious fashion in the Song Dynasty. Now give two examples:
Qingming Festival
Du Mu
A drizzling rain falls like tears on the Mourning Day; The mourner's heart is going to break on his way.
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Excuse me, where is the restaurant? The shepherd boy pointed to Xinghua Village.
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Yamagata Xiaomei
[Song] Lin Bu
Flowers withered, unique plum blossoms swept out against the wind, and the scenery of the small park was beautiful.
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"Mottled shadows hang obliquely on the clear shallow water, and their fragrance spreads peacefully in the moonlight dusk."
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Frost bird wants to get a sneak peek, and the powder is like knowing each other.
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Fortunately, there are micro-songs to compare, and there is no need for sandalwood golden jars.
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Both poems use thirteen yuan rhyme, but the first rhyme of Qingming by Du Mu uses the word "fen" in the twelve rhymes, and the first rhyme of Xiaomei in the Mountain Garden by Lin Bu uses the word "Yan" in the first rhyme. This situation of using adjacent rhyme in the first sentence is rare in the poems of poets in the prosperous Tang Dynasty such as Wang Wei, Li Bai and Du Fu.
The strict rhyme of the above-mentioned rhythmic poems is only to illustrate the ancient rhythmic poems. If we write metrical poems today, we don't have to stick to the rhyme of the ancients. Not only the first sentence uses adjacent rhymes, but all other rhymes use adjacent rhymes. As long as you pronounce them harmoniously, it's ok.
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(1) Pei Fu and other books are also arranged according to this rhyme. (2) Liu Changqing, Bai Juyi, Han Wo and others wrote some rhyming poems, which are rare, so I won't talk about them here. (3) We consciously quote some rhymes that don't need to be distinguished today, but are strictly distinguished by predecessors in metrical poems, such as East and Winter, Fish and Danger, Geng and Qing. The rest rhymes, please refer to the following examples. Narrow rhyme does not give examples. (4) Yang Jiong's "Joining the Army": "Tooth Zhang Cifeng Que, iron riding around Longcheng." "Long Ting" is "Dragon City". "Dragon City" is not used here, but "Dragon Court" is used, because the word "city" is eight-Geng rhyme and the word "court" is nine-Qing rhyme.
The level of formal poetry (1)
Flat, this is the most important factor in metrical poetry. The flat and flat meter of metrical poems has been applied to the lyrics and songs of later generations. When we talk about the metrical form of poetry, we mainly talk about leveling.
The level of fifteen laws
There are only four kinds of five-character flat lines, which can form two couplets. Namely:
Flat and light, flat and light;
Flat and light, flat and light.
From the complicated changes of these two couplets, a pattern of five laws and four levels can be formed. In fact, there are only two basic formats, and the other two are only slightly changed on the basis of the basic format.
(1) pucker-up type
Flat and light, flat and light.
(Ping) Ping, (Ping) Ping.
Flat and light, flat and light.
(Ping) Ping, (Ping) Ping.
(The words in brackets can be flat or flat. )
Chun Wang
[Tang] Du Fu
Chang' an fell, the country was broken, and only the mountains and rivers remained; Spring has come, and the sparsely populated Chang' an city is densely forested.
Petals fall like tears, lonely birds sing their sadness,
At the peak of March, a letter from home is worth a ton of gold.
Twisting with melancholy, scratching my head and thinking, the more I scratch my white hair, I can hardly insert a hairpin. ①
On the other hand, the first sentence was changed to (taste) taste, and the rest remained unchanged.
(2) Horizontal lifting type
(Ping) Ping, (Ping) Ping.
Flat and light, flat and light.
(Ping) Ping, (Ping) Ping.
Flat and light, flat and light.
Mountain autumn borer
[Tang] Wang Wei
The empty mountains are bathed in a new rain, and feel the early autumn at night.
Moonlight shines in the pine forest, and Qingquanshi is a stream.
The bamboo forest is sonorous, the washerwoman returns, and the lotus leaves are swaying to get on the canoe.
Spring spring might as well give it a rest, and the autumn sun can stay on the hills for a long time.
In the other type, the first sentence is changed to flat and flat, and the rest remains unchanged.
27 the leveling of melody
The seven laws are the expansion of the five laws, and the way of expansion is to add a two-word prefix before five sentences. Add a flat top, add a flat top. Try the following comparison table:
(1) Flat feet
Five words begin and end.
Seven words are equal and even, even and even.
(2) Flat feet
Five words are equivalent, and the same is true.
Seven words are equal, close, equal and equal.
(3) Digging feet
Five words are equal, and they are equal.
Seven words start from the beginning, end from the beginning and end from the beginning.
(4) Flat feet
It's fair to start with five words.
The seven words are Ping, Ping, Ping and Ping.
So there are only four kinds of parallelism in the seven laws, and these four kinds can also form two couplets, namely:
Plain, plain, plain.
Flat and light, flat and light.
From the intricate changes of these two parallel lines, four parallel lines of the Seven Laws can be formed. In fact, there are only two basic formats, and the other two are only slightly changed on the basis of the basic format.
(1) pucker-up type
Flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat.
Ping (Ping) Ping, Ping, Ping, Ping.
(Ping) Ping, (Ping) Ping.
Ping (Ping) Ping, Ping, Ping, Ping.
Book anger
[Song] Lu You
Chang Sui knows that things are difficult? Looking at the Central Plains in the north is like a mountain (2).
It snowed at night and the iron horse dispersed in the autumn wind.
Stuffed on the Great Wall, making empty promises, the sideburns in the mirror have long faded.
You can tell your real name when you start your career, but you won't recognize it for thousands of years.
Go to Shaoshan
Mao Zedong
Don't dream of vaguely cursing the passing of Sichuan. My hometown was thirty-two years ago.
The red flag rolls up the serf halberd and the black hand hangs the overlord whip.
Dare to teach the sun and the moon to change the sky for sacrifice and ambition. ③
I like to watch the rough rice fields and heroes dying everywhere.
Dong Yun
Mao Zedong
Snow flies in winter, and flowers wither for a while.
It's a busy day, and the earth is slightly warm.
Unique heroes drive tigers and leopards, no heroes are afraid of bears.
Even plum blossoms welcome snowflakes all over the sky. No wonder flies freeze to death down there. ④
In another way, the first sentence is changed to level, and the rest remains unchanged.
(2) Horizontal lifting type
Ping (ping) ping, ping (ping) ping.
(Ping) Ping, (Ping) Ping.
Ping (Ping) Ping, Ping, Ping, Ping.
(Ping) Ping, (Ping) Ping.
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