1, you can see that the western hills are covered with mountains, which are divided into Dongye and Silla. Deng Shanghai pavilion
2. Under the court, if the water is empty, the algae in the water are intertwined and covered on the bamboo and cypress. -Night Tour in Chengtian Temple
3, want to send thousands of tears of acacia, can not flow, Chu Jiangdong. Jiangchengzi
4. 300 lychees a day, I don't hesitate to be a Lingnan person. Two poems about eating litchi branches
5. I hate that this body is not mine. When did I forget to camp? Linjiang county
6. Jiang Shen surprised me. Visit Jinshan Temple
7, love each other beyond words, only a thousand tears. Jiang dreamed on the twentieth night of the first month.
8, ten years of life and death, do not think, unforgettable. Jiang dreamed on the twentieth night of the first month.
9. People who made great achievements in ancient times not only had talent, but also had persistent determination. -"On Chao Cuo"
10, who says life is not short? The water in front of the door can still flow westward. Huanxisha
1 1, the wine road is long, and the Japanese are thirsty for tea. Huanxisha
12, the end of the world is endless! When they met, they hurried by. Jiangchengzi
13, the river is noisy, thousands of feet is broken, the mountain is high and the moon is small, and the truth comes out. -"Post-Red Cliff Fu"
14. If you want to compare the West Lake to the West Lake, light makeup is always appropriate. Drink the rain on Chuqing Lake.
15, a rich grass head exposed to the sun before his death, with flowers behind him. Flowers on strangers
16, a big dream on earth, crisp in autumn. Xijiang moon
17, the taste of people is pure joy. Huanxisha
18, what kind of life is everywhere? It should be like Hong Fei stepping through the snow. Homesickness of He Ziyou Mianchi
19, looking back at the bleak place, rain or shine. Ding Fengbo
20. The river of no return, a romantic figure who has traveled through the ages. Niannujiao Chibi Nostalgia
2 1, please visit half of Yue Quan in one day. Who broke the water with a wave of his hand? Half a day, Liu, Bao, Zheng Jiahui and Su Gu traveled together on March 11th, six years.
22, thousands of miles away, nowhere to talk about desolation. Jiang dreamed on the twentieth night of the first month.
23, a man of faith like Qiu Hong, things like a spring dream without a trace. On the twentieth day of the first month, Pan and Guo Ersheng and I went out to look for spring, suddenly remembering that I went to Queenstown to write poems on the same day last year, which was the previous rhyme.
24, bamboo stick shoes are lighter than horses, who is afraid? A raincoat and hemp fiber, despite the wind and rain, still live my life. Ding Fengbo
25. Who is dotted with clouds and the moon, the sky and the sea are clarified. Crossing the sea on the evening of June 20th.
26. An all-consuming love butterfly flies, and Jiangshan is still a past tense. Flowers on strangers
27. In detail, it seems that it is not a flower, but one thing is tears. Shuilongyin
28, Mid-Autumn Festival, alone and * * *, sadly looking at the north. Xijiang moon
29. Life is like a dream, and a statue is still on the river. Niannujiao Chibi Nostalgia
30. People have joys and sorrows, and the moon is full of ups and downs. This matter is old and difficult. Prelude to Water Melody
3 1, people are not ashamed when they are old, but they are ashamed when they are old. Appreciation of Peony in Jixiang Temple
32, three or two peach blossoms outside the bamboo, the spring river plumbing duck prophet. Hui Chong Riverside Scenery
33, pick out the cold branches refused to live, lonely sandbar cold. Buzuo Huang Zi Zhou Ding Huiyuan Residential Project
34. There are few willows blowing on the branches, and there are plenty of fragrant grass in the world. The nearest flower
35, Lushan misty rain Zhejiang tide, do not hate it. Lushan misty rain
36. Laughter dies in silence, but passion is mercilessly annoyed. The nearest flower
37. I will bow like a full moon, look northwest and shoot Sirius. Jiangchengzi Mizhou Hunting
38. The ship left and Jianghai spent the rest of his life. Linjiang county
39. Black wind blew the sea, and it began to rain in eastern Zhejiang over Jiang Lai. Youmeitang rainstorm
40. Don't say that everything is empty, and it is a dream if you don't turn your head. Xijiang moon
4 1, pillow with misty rain in the south of the Yangtze River, not lonely. "Water tunes the song, Huangzhou Kuaizai Pavilion presents Zhang Lisi"
42. I don't hate the narrow escape in the south. I will spend the rest of my life traveling! Crossing the sea on the evening of June 20th.
The Great Writer Su Shi's Thought of Criminal Law
Su Shi is regarded as a great writer and artist. His immortal masterpieces, such as Qian Chibi Fu and Yu Ting Ji, have touched generations of China people with their broad mind of accommodating mountains and rivers and observing the world. In fact, Su Shi's achievements are not limited to literature, calligraphy and painting. He also dabbled in Chinese medicine, Taoism, Buddhism, music and dance, astronomy and natural history, and even cooking, and made achievements in various fields. Su Shi himself became a legend. Less noticed is that Su Shi also has many expositions on criminal rule of law. These expositions are not from meditation and fantasy, but are closely related to his many years of political experience and repeated traps, so many of his views reflect unique legal wisdom.
Legislation should be concise and to the point
Su Shi believes that legislation should be concise, laws should be concise, and law enforcement should be strict to prevent small officials from breaking the law. The Criminal Code, which was formulated in the early Song Dynasty, followed the contents of the Tang Law and was a relatively simple code. With the unification of the whole country, the land area under the jurisdiction is getting bigger and bigger, the people are getting more and more, and the political affairs are getting more and more complicated, so the laws and regulations are gradually refined. When Song Renzong was in office, his ministers "wrote articles on various matters, which were unknown, and the legislation became more complicated, which led to Zhang Zi" ("Song Chen Ming played Shu"). In order to adapt to social changes, the Song Dynasty created the legal form of "editing". With the development of social economy, editors have been issued continuously, reaching more than 654.38+08,000 in Song Zhenzong, and then increasing dozens or even hundreds every year. By the time I arrived in Renzong, the number of editors had been considerable. After Song Shenzong created the imperial edict style, the complexity of the decree became more prominent. Wang Anshi once hit the nail on the head and criticized: "government decrees, like Mao, are constantly changing, which is not the way to govern the country." (Collected Works of Mr. Linchuan) Su Shi also disagreed with the complexity of the law. In the article Deception, he compared the rule of law in Han and Tang Dynasties, and pointed out that the problem of the rule of law in Han and Tang Dynasties was that the legislation was not clear enough and the law enforcement was not strict, which led to the lack of strict laws and regulations for officials to rule, and petty officials could make use of legal omissions to do evil. The legal system of the Song Dynasty was detailed and complete, and its implementation was very strict. People all over the world know that they should abide by laws and regulations. However, in the Song Dynasty, there was still the phenomenon of breaking the law and doing evil, because officials practiced the law. For example, if a powerful minister wants to crowd out someone, he can be accused of breaking the law as long as he finds out the details of his violation. For those who want to pay or protect themselves, they can use some laws to protect themselves, so the law has become a tool for villains to do evil and rape. It is precisely because some lawless officials use the law for profit and abuse power for personal gain that the goal of Wang Zhiping is hard to achieve, and the ideal of people all over the world without litigation and injustice cannot be realized.
From Rule of Law to Rule of Man
Su Shi's exposition on simplifying laws and realizing good governance embodies a dialectic internally. If laws and regulations are too rough, it is easy for illegal officials to take advantage of loopholes and practice fraud; One-sided pursuit of complicated laws and regulations cannot prevent individual officials from playing with legal provisions and breaking the law and discipline. How to fundamentally solve this paradox, Su Shi believes that we must move from governing the law to governing people, that is, "saving trouble is like life". From his political experience, Su Shi found that the political affairs in the Song Dynasty were complicated, but most of the power was concentrated in the central government, especially in the Zhongshu Province and the Third Division, so he demanded a lot and demanded more from many parties, which led to the disadvantages of bribery. Zhongshu province is not good at employing people, but concentrates on dealing with complex affairs. Many times, it is too late to read the reports of local officials and decide to punish or reward them in a hurry. The officials of the third division compiled complicated accounts of their own will, requiring all counties to handle them accordingly, and the transshipment that should have been responsible was almost abandoned. Therefore, he suggested that many affairs in the world should be handed over to officials, and Zhongshu Province is only responsible for grasping the key points. The county's Qiangu Finance is responsible for the transfer department, and the third department only needs to verify the accounts. These drawbacks are hard to overcome only by strict laws and regulations. The most fundamental thing is to know people and be good at their duties, rationally distribute over-concentrated power, carefully select talented officials, and at the same time let law-abiding and efficient officials start from high-level officials to achieve the above rate.
Advocate benevolent governance
In ancient times, criminal law was the main legal system. As far as criminal law governance is concerned, Su Shi opposes one-sided heavy punishment and heavy law, and advocates lenient punishment and benevolent government to achieve good governance by expanding people's livelihood. When he took the exam in his early years, Su Shi expounded his views on punishment and reward in the face of Ouyang Xiu's topic "On Punishment and Loyalty". Starting from the Confucian view of benevolent government, he thinks that heavy reward transcends benevolence, while heavy punishment loses its righteousness. He is still a gentleman, but without righteousness, he becomes a cruel and heartless person. Punishment needs a knife saw, that is, the power of punishment is tied to the knife saw, so it must be used where the power of punishment can reach. If the penalty is abused, it will not only help the rule, but also damage the majesty of the criminal law. Therefore, Su Shi advocated using punishment with caution. In order to prove this statement, he even quoted the "allusions" of Emperor Yao: When Emperor Yao ruled the world, he was a prison official, and he was about to execute a criminal, preparing to execute the death penalty three times, and Emperor Yao "pardoned" the criminal three times. Although there is no such allusion in Zuo Zhuan and other ancient books, Su Shi intends to use it to illustrate the importance of using punishment with caution.
Su Shi highly praised the good governance of "no punishment" in the literary world of Han Dynasty, and opposed the imposition of fines and severe punishments on the people. He compared the criminal laws of Han, Tang and Song Dynasties, saying that Emperor Gaozu had three chapters and Xiao He had nine, and Emperor Wenjing could still govern the country and people well without using criminal measures. Since Wei and Jin Dynasties, there have been more and more articles in criminal law, with more than 26,000 articles for conviction. All kinds of crimes are still emerging, but ordinary people are almost at a loss. Only the law was used in the Tang Dynasty, and it was annotated in the early Song Dynasty, which made it reasonable and reasonable and more in line with the actual situation at that time. However, since then, various "compilations" have been promulgated one after another, and there are so many articles in criminal law that it is difficult for ordinary people to read them all, let alone make a thorough consideration according to the law. The implementation of the law has encountered great problems. He also quoted the statement in Zhouyi that the monarch should govern the country and manage finance in the right way, issue orders, and prohibit his subjects from doing evil, which is in line with justice. For the sake of self-interest, the monarch promulgated laws and regulations at will, which led to the increasingly complicated criminal law, and the people were at a loss, which naturally ran counter to the requirements of justice and the rule of law.
Advocate teaching with punishment
In fact, the provisions of criminal law are complicated and simple, the proportion of rewards and punishments, and the depth or leniency of punishment, mostly in the form of rule of law. The fundamental purpose of the rule of law is to help achieve good governance. Su Shi also has his own unique views on this. On the one hand, Su Shi advocates punishing people with punishment and opposes punishing people without teaching. Taking Yao Shun, Zhou Wenwang and others as examples, he exhorted the monarch to govern the world mainly like a loyal elder, and truly regarded the people under his rule as his "subjects": if his subjects committed a slight crime, they should be punished according to the law and regulations. But at the same time, we need to comfort and exhort him with compassion, so that he can abandon his past mistakes and inspire him to go back to the right path.
On the other hand, Su Shi suggested that the social causes of crime should be eliminated instead of relying on severe punishment unilaterally. In the article "Criminal Politics", he took the ban on salt, iron, wine and tea since the Han Dynasty as an example, and pointed out that the official blindly competed with the people for profits and did not give them living space, which was an important reason why thieves were repeatedly banned. Su Shi pointed out that the people are the foundation of the country, and the punishment lacking legitimacy is hated by the people. In order to accumulate wealth for a small number of people, harsh laws will inevitably shake the foundation of the country. People's livelihood will also affect the stability of border areas, thus damaging national security. He quoted the words of Zhao Chongguo, a famous Western Han Dynasty, as proof: Gu Mi in Huangzhong, 8 yuan every time you meet him. I bought 3 million hooves, and Xiqiang people didn't dare to move. When the people's livelihood is solved, the people will live and work in peace and contentment, and the border will be peaceful without relying on harsh laws. In other words, the monarch should widely apply benevolent policies and lenient criminal laws, so that the people of the whole country can "have enough food and clothing", crimes such as thieves and robbers will naturally decrease, and good governance will be realized.
The "background color" of the rule of law thought
Due to the continuation of the "jurisprudence" of Wei and Jin Dynasties and the written law of Tang Dynasty, the legal system of Song Dynasty is relatively complete on the whole, but there are still many problems, the most prominent of which is the frequent formulation and revision of laws and the dense legal network. A country's governance is indeed inseparable from a considerable amount of legislation, but the quality of governance is not necessarily proportional to the number of laws. Excessive pursuit of the number of legal provisions is not conducive to governance. Su Shi saw the disadvantages of complicated legislation in the Song Dynasty, and then proposed that the laws and regulations should be concise, prohibiting small officials from dancing and playing with legal space, supplemented by selecting suitable officials, and finally realizing good laws and good governance.
Su Shi's thought of benevolent government and severe punishment is closely related to his Confucian background. Su Shi's academic thought is very complicated, involving Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism, but Confucianism is undoubtedly the background of his rule of law thought. Confucianism advocates "benevolence and righteousness", advocates people-oriented, treats people under its rule as their own, and treats people with leniency. Reflected in criminal law, punishment is cautious and light, and punishment is not for revenge, but for educating and reforming criminals, which is the main line of Su Shi's criminal law view. Su Shi's opposition to Wang Anshi's political reform is essentially a reflection of Confucianism. Wang Anshi, as a legalist, advocates "changing with time and establishing a good law", that is, reforming and reorganizing according to the development of the times, while Confucianism advocates rule by courtesy and sticks to "the law of ancestors" with historical traditions, thus opposing reform, which is also the internal reason why Su Shi has always been difficult to agree with reform.
Re-examining Su Shi's view of rule of law with the modern standard of rule of law can naturally find its shortcomings, such as insufficient understanding of the preventive role of criminal law, excessive preference for rule of virtue, and people-oriented rather than democracy. However, even ignoring Su Shi's understanding of the times as an individual, his view of rule of law still has many positive values. Whether the continuous strict and complete legislation can better govern the country; Whether the reduction of crime can only rely on severe punishment and severe laws, or whether we should properly consider the social factors of eliminating crime, these questions raised by Su Shi may still need serious consideration in the current construction of the rule of law.