Jiang Wei's Northern Expedition always praised more and belittled less. He said, "Wei is a good man, who made a name for himself, helped him die in the shade and did not repair the cloth industry." Chen Shou's evaluation of Jiang Wei is not high, saying that he "plays with others" is a waste of manpower and material resources. Hu Sansheng, a commentator on Zi Tong Zhi Jian, even rebuked Jiang Wei for "repeatedly losing and fighting, laying the groundwork for the death of Shu", but now many people think that Jiang Wei's later Northern Expedition exhausted the military and civilians and eventually led to the death of Shu Han. Pei Songzhi commented on Wei: "Jiang Wei is both civil and military, and he is determined to make a name for himself. But he played with many travelers, misjudged and finally fell to his death. Lao Tzu has a saying:' He who governs a big country is still cooking a little fresh.' It's a trivial matter, but it can be disturbed repeatedly. "
There is an old saying in the history of China that "the winner is king, and the loser is the enemy". It is true that Shu is doomed, but only Jiang Wei is guilty. Later generations' evaluation of Jiang Wei is unfair. Because of the special historical circumstances, Jiang Wei is destined to be a witness and martyr of the demise of Shu Han, and is destined to bear heavy responsibility for the demise of Shu Han (people who died before him can be said to have escaped this robbery, and their fame in the world is not as great as his).
For example, in the long poem at the end of Romance of the Three Kingdoms, there is a sentence: "Jiang Wei is independent and has made great contributions to the Central Plains." Most people also believe that Jiang Wei's Northern Expedition greatly consumed the financial and material resources of Shu Han, which led to the demise of Wei Jun in the future. Is that really the case? According to the Records of the Three Kingdoms, Jiang Wei made more than nine northern expeditions, but eleven.
The first time was in AD 238, when Jiang Wei and Jiang Wan cooperated with each other and led their troops to Longyou. As a result, they were deadlocked with Wei Jun in Nan 'an.
The second time, in 244 A.D., Jiang Wei and Wang Ping sent troops to attack Cao Shuang, the general of Wei State, and Cao Shuang was defeated, barely keeping Guanzhong.
The third time, in 248 AD, Jiang Wei led an army out of Longxi to fight Taoxi with Wei generals Guo Huai and others, thus subduing Liangzhou Bai and taking him alive.
The fourth time, in 249 AD, Jiang Wei sent Liao Hua to Taocheng. Because Wargo got the information in advance, Liao Hua failed.
The fifth time, in 250 AD, Jiang Wei, supplemented by Hu Qiang, fought with Guo Huai in Taoxi, drawing a draw.
The sixth time, in 254 AD, Jiang Weiling surrounded Nan 'an, and withdrew voluntarily because of lack of food and grass.
For the seventh time, in 255 AD, Jiang Wei went to Didao, Longxi, and Wei surrendered. Wei attacked Xiaheguan and Lintao counties and killed Wei.
The eighth time, in 256 AD, Jiang Wei returned to Germany, defeated Wang Jing, the secretariat of Yongzhou, and killed tens of thousands of Wei Jun. After that, Wei Jun sent reinforcements on a large scale and lost ground.
The ninth time, in 257 AD, Jiang Wei and Wargo fought in Duangu. Due to the failure of Shu general Hu Ji, the Shu army was defeated and suffered heavy casualties.
For the tenth time, in 258 AD, Jiang Wei rebelled against Huainan with Zhuge Dan, leading tens of thousands of people out of Luogu, and was at loggerheads with Wargo. Zhuge Dan was defeated, and Jiang Wei led the troops back.
The eleventh time, in 26 1 year, Jiang Wei led his troops into Qinchuan, but was separated by Wargo, so he withdrew.
Throughout Jiang Wei's previous northern expeditions, the specific achievements are as follows: winning twice; Small wins three times; Not four times apart; A big defeat, a small defeat. Generally speaking, we still win more and lose less, and the loss of the army is also Wei's attention to Shu. In fact, Jiang Wei also inherited Zhuge Liang's offensive and defensive strategy. The difference is that he failed to hold the level tone path as Zhuge Liang told him before his death.
So why did Shu break when it was attacked? Before Wei attacked Shu that year, Jiang Wei learned that Wei was going to attack Shu, and he reported to the late Lord: "I heard that Zhong was going to rule Guanzhong. If you want to make progress, you should send Zhang Yi and Liao Hua to protect Yang 'an Pass and Bridge, just in case." Visible Jiang Wei also aware that Wei Jun may sneak attack on Shu from level tone. However, such important news was concealed by Huang Hao. "Hao's credit is a ghost witch, which means that he won't come by himself. "After the opening, the Lord sleeps, and the ministers don't know." Therefore, Yin Pingqiao was not guarded by the army, which made Wargo March.
If Qiao Zhou hadn't advised the latter to surrender, maybe Shu wouldn't have perished. Although Shu is small, its strength is enough to protect itself, and it is solid with heavy risks. Before Wei attacked Shu, he made a survey of the situation in Shu: "There are 90,000 soldiers in Shu, not less than 40,000 in Chengdu and other places, and the rest are only 50,000." Later, when the Lord sent a letter to Wei, the information obtained by Wei was also confirmed to be true. The History of the Three Kingdoms quoted Ji Shu as saying: "I also sent a merchant to send scholar books, 280,000, 940,000 men and women, 102,000 armored soldiers, 40,000 officials, 400,000 meters of welcome, 202,000 gold and silver and 200,000 silks." At that time, "Jiang Weilie defended his camp, and he must attack it and be irresistible; The grain transportation route is dangerous and the army is short of food. I want to bring it back. " Wargo single-handedly went deep into Shu, and Shu was strong enough to defend itself, so Wargo ran out of food and had to retreat. Under such circumstances, Qiao Zhou "stood out" and decided to surrender.
At that time, some people advised the late Lord to "go to the kingdom of Wu" and wait for an opportunity to make a comeback, but Qiao Zhou retorted: "Since ancient times, no one has sent another country as the son of heaven. If he enters Wu now, he will be obedient. For different political reasons, it is natural to swallow it. Therefore, Wei can merge with Wu, but not with Wei Ming. What's big, waiting for the small one? What's shameful about being ashamed again? " When someone advised the late master to "run south", Qiao Zhou retorted: "If you want to run south, you must make plans early, and then you can have results; Today, the enemy is near, and disaster is coming. There's nothing to protect a small heart. If you are afraid of the day when it will happen, how can it go to the south! " In fact, Qiao Zhou's words are just sophistry. Not only that, Qiao Zhou also boasted: "If your majesty surrenders to Wei, Wei will not crack the land to seal your majesty, and Zhou invites you to Kyoto to compete with the ancient meaning." This is clearly the tone of Wei Shi. But still "everyone is unreasonable." The regime of Shu ended silently.
Qiao Zhou worked hard for Wei, and naturally gained the appreciation, so he "sealed Yangcheng with Zhou Guogong" and then "sealed Hou" with others. Chen Shou is a student in Qiaozhou, but for a teacher like him, he has no choice but to write these words in Qiaozhou Biography: "Liu is innocent, a country depends on it, and Zhou's plan is also." Sun Chuohe, a critic, also believes that the fact that Zhou betrayed Shu is indisputable.
[Personality charm]
An old minister, Xi Zheng, wrote that Wei said, "Jumbo is about to be reused, and he is on the right side of the ministers. The disadvantages of the house are thin, the wealth is surplus, the side room is free from the abuse of concubines, and the backyard is quiet and entertaining. Take clothes for clothing, prepare horses, control diet, not extravagant, official fees, and eliminate them at will; Those who look at it are not out of greed and turbidity, but also out of self-cutting. Enough is enough, not more. Ordinary people's talk, often ruined, held high and suppressed low, salty and Jiang Wei missed, and died, so it was derogatory, no longer expected, unlike Spring and Autumn Annals. If Jiang learns tirelessly, he is frugal and self-sufficient. " It can be said that Jiang Wei's clean and frugal style is also in the same strain as Kong Ming. Because of their incorruptibility and self-control, officials in Shu were driven from top to bottom, which is much clearer than the official management in Wei Wu.
Zhuge Liang, who knows people well and is good at their duties, praised Jiang Wei, who is only 27 years old, saying that he is an outstanding talent with a heart of the Han Dynasty. What can be summarized by "both civil and military"? Zhong Hui of People's Hui Su Cheng once said to Du Yu, "I am more famous than the celebrities in Middle-earth, and the public holidays (Zhuge Dan) and Shu Tai (Xia Houxuan) can't win." Pei Songzhi quoted: "At that time, the officials of Shu were all heroes in the world, and Wei had no right." How can you easily belittle Jiang Wei's outstanding talent as Xiuyan? If Jiang Wei is just a "rough man" and speaks highly of him, will a clock with a family background respect him?
It can be seen that such character and insight are worth learning by young people. Jiang's death is not necessarily more backbone than Qiao Zhou and other "capitulators". He gambled his life with his own, but he can choose to live.
[A scholar dies for a bosom friend]
The last great event of Shu Han was Jiang Wei's fake surrender. This incident was recorded in Hanshu, Jinshu, Huayang Chunqiu, and it was this incident that Chen Shou said that Jiang Wei's "poor judgment eventually led to ruin".
Jiang Wei's plan is: firstly, cheat Zhong Hui's trust, then get rid of Wargo by Zhong Hui's hand, then instigate Zhong Hui to resist the reinforcements sent by Si Mazhao, and finally get rid of Zhong Hui to revive Shu Han. This plan is extremely dangerous. If one of the steps goes wrong, it will be a complete start, and all previous efforts will be wasted. But Jiang Wei cannot consider these things. In the case of the destruction of the country, he can only use this unique condition that Wargo and Zhong Hui will not meet, as a wise general, to display his last move on the personal stage!
The sergeant mutinied and was killed because the clock was disorderly. Jiang Wei was dissected after his death, and the courage of "as big as a bucket" recorded in historical books was bloodily dug out. Such a tragic death is also unique in the history of Shu and Han dynasties. .......
Someone once called Jiang Wei's fake surrender an act of treason, and I have nothing to say about it but anger. In fact, Jiang Wei can have many choices. The monarch has fallen. He is Wei's general. Why can't he fall? But Jiang Wei didn't fall. Jiang Wei can also commit suicide like the king of the northern land to gain a loyal reputation. But Jiang Wei didn't do that either. He just chose the most dangerous and inappropriate way, and he wanted to maintain the existence of Shu Han from beginning to end! I remember there was a sentence in an animated film, "You can't give up hope until the last moment of the game. When you give up hope, it is also the end of the game. " Jiang Wei never gave up hope. He struggled until the last moment, correctly speaking, Shu Han was truly extinct until Jiang Wei fell. ......
What belief supported Jiang Wei to maintain Shu Han until his death? I think Jiang Wei did this not for others, but to repay Kong Ming, who was entrusted with a heavy responsibility at that time. Jiang Wei fought to the last minute to repay Kong Ming's kindness. Jiang Wei is a real scholar! A scholar who is willing to "die for his bosom friend"!
[Home of Heroes after Death] Lushan Jiangwei Tomb
There are many tombs of Jiang Wei, which are true and false. These tombs are located in Lushan County, Jiange County, Wenchuan County, Jiangyou County and Tianshui City, Gansu Province. In Lushan County, there are not only Jiang Wei's tomb, but also the famous "Jiangcheng". Lushan County, formerly known as Tsing Yi, belonged to Hanjia County during the Three Kingdoms period. According to legend, Jiang Wei stuck to the border, built a city in Lushan, and stationed troops to resist the Qiang people. According to legend, Jiang Wei was killed by Cao Wei's rebels in Chengdu and dismembered by five horses, but when he saw Jiang Wei's boldness, the enemy was very scared. Jiang Wei's men risked their lives to bring Jiang Wei's courage back from Chengdu to Lushan Mountain and bury it on the Phoenix Mountain in the east of the city. Therefore, Jiang Wei's tomb is also called "the tomb of courage". The tomb is round and surrounded by stones. In front of the tomb stands the tomb of Hou Jiang, the general of the Han Dynasty. The statue of Sister Jiang Wei has long been enshrined in the main temple of Chengbei Street in Lushan County. It is said that after Jiang Wei's death, his sister came to Lushan Mountain to lead her people to continue her brother's unfinished business. Jiangqing Building, built in memory of Jiang Wei, is still preserved in Lushan County. It is a three-story building with a height of 14m and a magnificent appearance. 65,438+0445 reconstruction.
Typing is really tiring I hope to adopt it.