Taro planting method
Plant it yourself at home, and the sprouted taro in the kitchen can be planted directly. The growth management of taro is relatively easy, and it can be completed by planting a small amount of materials near home, which saves the trouble of buying seedlings.
Pay attention to whether the buds are intact before planting, and try not to use them if they are damaged. The soil planted should be deep, loose and fertile. The soil can be raised into ridges, which is beneficial to the growth of roots. Sandy soil is the best, and loose and breathable loam can also be used.
Dig a small pit with a shovel, the depth is about twice that of taro, and the size is 1 times the diameter of taro. You can also shovel more soil around you and put it back, which is good for growth after planting.
Put the selected taro upright in the into the pit, with the sprouted end facing upwards, straighten it and bury it in the soil. The planting depth is about twice the vertical height of taro.
After burying the soil, pay attention to keep it soft. Those with lumps can be broken. Just let the soil cover naturally, don't beat it hard. If the soil is compacted, it is not conducive to growth.
Cultivation techniques of taro
I. Growth and development characteristics
Like high temperature and high humidity, not drought-tolerant, shade-tolerant, with the characteristics of aquatic plants, paddy field or dry land can be cultivated. The root system has weak absorption capacity, so it needs enough water throughout the growing period. It has wide adaptability to soil, and is suitable for rich and thick cohesive soil with strong water retention; Seed taro began to germinate at 13 ~ 15℃, and the optimum growth temperature was above 20℃. Bulbs are formed in short sunlight, and the optimum growth temperature is 27 ~ 30℃. In case of low temperature and drought, the growth is poor, which seriously affects the yield.
Second, taro's requirements for environmental conditions
1, temperature requirements. Taro originated in high-temperature and humid areas, and in the long-term cultivation process, taro, taro for both water and drought, taro for dry use and other cultivation types have been formed. But both taro and dried taro need high temperature and humid environmental conditions. Taro bulbs began to germinate at 13- 15℃, and the optimum growth temperature was 20-25℃ at seedling stage and 20-30℃ at growing stage. The large temperature difference between day and night is beneficial to bulb formation, and the most suitable bulb formation period is 28-30℃ during the day and 18-20℃ at night.
2. Humidity requirements. Both taro and dried taro like wet natural environment. Dry taro needs moist soil in the growing period, especially in the vigorous growth period of leaves and bulb formation period, which requires a large amount of water, so it is necessary to increase the watering amount or irrigate shallow water in the border. At the same time, pay attention to spraying Diguozhuangdiling at the early stage of bulb formation and maturity, so as to thicken the nutrient transport conduit of Diguozhuang, improve the expansion vitality of Diguozhuang, make the fruit surface smooth, the fruit shape robust, improve the quality and realize high yield. Taro needs a certain water layer during the growth period, and the water layer at the seedling stage is 3-5 cm. The water depth at the peak of leaf growth should be 5-7 cm, and water and irrigation should be controlled 6-7 days before harvesting to prevent bulbs from being too wet and difficult to store.
3. Requirements for lighting. Taro is resistant to weak light, and the requirements for light intensity are not very strict. It grows well under scattered light, and the formation and expansion of bulbs need short sunshine conditions.
4. Requirements for soil. Water taro is suitable for growing in water, so it needs to be cultivated in paddy fields, low-lying areas or ditches. Although dried taro can grow in dry land, it still maintains the ecological type of swamp plants and is suitable for planting in humid areas. Taro is a fertilizer-loving crop, and its bulbs are formed in underground soil, so loam or clay loam with rich organic matter and deep soil layer should be selected. The most suitable soil organic matter is 1.05%, available nitrogen is 62.5ppm, available phosphorus is 1 1.25ppm, available potassium is 62ppm, and the pH value is 5.5.
Third, the main technical measures for planting taro
1. Carefully select land and prepare soil, and apply sufficient base fertilizer.
Taro is the most taboo, and continuous cropping reduces production by 20? 30%, it is best to plant it on the ground where the previous crop is sweet potato, the next crop is peanut, and the previous crop is gramineous crops such as corn, so as to reduce production by 30%. The edible organ of taro is underground bulb, and the root system of taro is deeply distributed. It is advisable to choose a field with fertile soil, strong fertility and water retention, deep and loose soil layer, convenient irrigation and drainage, and no taro planted in the first year. Tillage more than 40 cm before sowing is beneficial to bulb expansion and increase yield. It is one of the important cultivation measures. Before ploughing, 2500 kg of organic fertilizer (or 6000 kg of soil miscellaneous fertilizer rich in organic matter) should be applied as base fertilizer. According to the requirement of producing 100 kg taro bulbs, the pure nitrogen is 1? 1.2kg, phosphorus pentoxide 0.8? 0.84 kg, potassium oxide 1.6? According to the standard of 1.68kg, the base fertilizer should be applied in the ratio of N: P: K = 1.2: 1: 2. Generally, the amount of basic fertilizer applied per mu is 35kg of diammonium phosphate, 50kg of compound fertilizer, 0/00 kg of bone meal/kloc and 75kg of ammonium bicarbonate, which will last for a long time around mid-July. Appropriate application of potassium sulfate, calcium superphosphate and other phosphorus and potassium fertilizers. When sowing, 25 kilograms of potassium sulfate compound fertilizer and 50 kilograms of calcium superphosphate are used per mu as seed fertilizer between two plants.
2. Early sowing, plastic film mulching and close planting.
(1) sowing time. Taro is frost-proof and likes warm and humid climate. Sowing is usually carried out after local frost, and premature sowing is easy to cause rotten seeds. Taro has a long growth period, at 13? Germination can only occur when the temperature is above 15℃, and it is usually planted around mid-March (plastic film cultivation can be planted before February if conditions permit). When taro is not frozen after emergence, the earlier the sowing date, the better. Early planting and prolonged growth period can significantly increase yield. Covered taro, moist and moisturizing, dew 20? 30-day sowing, mulching sowing too early, low ground temperature, easy to cause rotten seeds or weak seedlings; It's too late because the ground temperature is high and it's easy to burn seedlings, so we should master it flexibly according to the climate characteristics. Plastic film mulching cultivation can increase production by 38.5? The proportion of taro is improved, and the processing yield is high. It is required to cover seeds with plastic film from winter to the future and before New Year's Day to accelerate germination. After the long roots germinate, choose to plant in sunny January to ensure that taro can be harvested and listed before mid-August and get high prices.
② seed selection. The bigger the seed taro, the more nutrients it contains, and the better the plant growth. The results showed that the yield of 50 g seed taro was higher than that of 20 g seed taro by 13%. For the same size seed taro, the whole taro yield without stem cutting is more than 6% higher than that with stem cutting. In production, medium-sized taro is selected as seed, taro in the middle is selected as seed, the hair on taro is removed, and then the lateral buds other than the terminal buds are removed to prevent the lateral buds from sprouting. To plant taro, it is advisable to choose a bulb with no wound, no pests and diseases, no mildew, well-preserved terminal bud tip and a weight of about 50 grams.
(3) drying seeds to accelerate germination. In order to ensure the orderly emergence of seedlings, dry seeds should be wet sand to accelerate germination 15-20 days before sowing. When accelerating germination, the stored taro can be dried in the sun for 1-2 days, and then the seed taro can be densely planted in the germination bed. Pay attention to moisture preservation when accelerating germination, so that the temperature can be controlled at 18-20℃ and 15-20 days before sowing, and the bud length is about 1 cm.
(4) Reasonable close planting to improve plant yield. The density depends on the variety, soil, water and fertilizer. The density in good conditions is large, and the density in poor conditions is small. From the perspective of economic benefits, 4500 yuan per mu? 6000 strains is the most reasonable. Sowing in large and small rows according to the plant spacing of 27-33 cm, large row spacing of 60 cm and small row spacing of 30 cm.
3, ridging, film mulching and deep planting
Ditching with large row spacing, with a depth of 10 cm and a width of 35 cm. Irrigation in planting ditch to increase soil moisture. After the water seeps out, put taro seeds in a certain density, pay attention to the triangular (dislocation) planting with buds facing upwards, apply a proper amount of chemical fertilizer between taro seeds, and apply cooked soybeans containing phoxim 15. 20 grains are used to control underground pests and as seed fertilizer. When ridging, the ridge should be raised so that the ridge is 20 cm high and 50 cm wide. 60 cm, rake the ridge evenly after ridging. The thickness of the soil covered with taro is about 8? 15 cm, generally 12 cm. After autumn, there is no need to divide ridges and cover soil, which does not hurt roots and has high yield. No or less taro is produced, and the quality of taro is improved. After spraying acetochlor herbicide, cover it with plastic film. 7-8kg transparent plastic film shall be used for covering, and the vehicle surface shall be flat and subdivided with soil, and the edge of the film shall be compacted with soil along the vehicle edge. Attention should be paid to the inspection after plastic film mulching, and seedlings should emerge about 5 days after sowing. After emergence, the membrane should be broken in time and the holes should be sealed with soil. If it is found that there is a shortage of seedlings, it should be supplemented in time. Plastic film mulching can last until the end of June and the beginning of July, and then the film should be uncovered when fertilizing.
4. Rational fertilization and scientific water management.
① Rational fertilization. Taro has a long growth period, high yield and a large amount of fertilizer. In addition to applying sufficient base fertilizer, it should be topdressing by stages. Top dressing can be applied 1 time in the early stage of seedling, and 2-3 times in the early and middle stages of germination and bulb growth peak. The amount of fertilization is less before and more after, and gradually increases. Nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizer should be applied together. In the later stage, topdressing should be controlled to avoid being greedy and cheap, and late ripening. Compound fertilizer (n: p: k =15:15:15) 40? 50 kg, calcium superphosphate 100? 150 kg; Top dressing and compound fertilizer (n: p: k =16:10: 20) 75? 100 kg, combined with weeding, soil cultivation and plastic film taro fertilization, and the fertilizer was mixed with water. Or under the premise of applying sufficient base fertilizer, dilute biogas water or manure water can be applied appropriately in the early stage, and the taro grows until it begins to swell in early June (3? 4-leaf stage), farmyard manure 1000 kg, potassium sulfate 15 kg, 50 kg of bio-organic fertilizer (Yongye Wujin Dan can be selected, and the product dosage is used according to the instructions), 2 kg of boron, zinc and magnesium fertilizer and 30 kg of compost. After 45 days, it is coated on the side of the car to cover the soil. Before the heat in mid-July (5? 6-leaf stage), potassium sulfate compound fertilizer 25 kg and potassium sulfate 15 kg are evenly mixed and applied to the surface of the compartment, and fertilizer is applied to the shallow covering soil. Weeds around the field should be pulled out before fertilization. No more fertilization after August. In taro (6? In July), 500 times of life essence can be sprayed when controlling pests and diseases to promote taro swelling and increase yield. Topdressing amount of taro in the whole growth period: potassium sulfate 20? 30 kg, diammonium phosphate 30? 40 kg, 60 ammonium bicarbonate? 70 kilograms.
② Scientific water management. Taro is resistant to waterlogging and afraid of drought. Taro has large leaves and strong transpiration. It likes water and avoids dry soil, otherwise it is prone to yellow leaves and dead leaves. Because of the low temperature and small growth in the early stage, it is only necessary to maintain soil moisture, especially at the seedling stage, so as not to affect rooting and seedling emergence. In the middle and late stage, the temperature is high, the growth is large and the water demand is high. It is necessary to keep the soil moist, but the irrigation time should be in the morning and evening, especially in the hot season. Avoid watering at noon, otherwise the leaves will wither easily. Before fertilizing and uncovering the film, the compartment surface should be kept moist, the compartment ditch should be drained in rainy days, and the compartment ditch should be irrigated with horse racing water in sunny days to keep it moist. During the peak growth period (June-August), the bottom of the ditch should be kept moist with 1 inch of water; Water should be controlled 20 days before harvesting, and water should be stopped on 10 before harvesting (harvesting before 10).
5, intertillage ridging. During the growth process, taro bulbs will gradually grow to the surface with the increase of leaves, which will affect the yield and quality of taro. In addition, soil cultivation can also inhibit the germination of taro and sun taro terminal buds, which is an important technical measure to reduce nutrient consumption and promote bulb expansion. Therefore, before closing the ridge, it is necessary to uncover the film combined with intertillage weeding and ridging for 2-3 times, covering 5-7 cm each time with an interval of 15-20 days. Agricultural operations should minimize mechanical damage to the ground and underground. Ridge-forming, film-mulching and deep-buried planting do not need soil cultivation.
6. Spray chlormequat chloride in time to remove taro.
① Application of paclobutrazol and seedling-raising agent. When taro has 5-6 leaves and the plant height is about 45 cm, 5 kg seedling strengthening agent and paclobutrazol 150 g are used for mixed spraying per mu, and paclobutrazol 150 g is used for spraying or foliar spraying every 20 days. The dosage can be increased or decreased according to the plant growth. On a sunny day15g paclobutrazol is added with 40kg of water, and 80- 100 leaves are irrigated, and the plant height is 80 cm, more than 5 leaves are basically closed.
2 remove the taro. When taro grows to 7 years old? Taro began to appear at the age of 8 leaves. In order to reduce the dispersion and consumption of nutrients, which is conducive to the expansion of the mother taro, carefully cut off the growing points with a knife or shovel when the daughter taro is one leaf and one heart, and be careful not to cut the mother taro. Leave the seeds that need to be planted for three or four years.
Step 7 weed
Weed before germination after sowing and watering, and spray herbicides, such as dur and prometryne, on the whole field before germination. It can also be sprayed evenly with 20 ml of water and 60 kg of herbicide per mu. Or evenly spray the ground with 150g acetochlor herbicide per mu. During the growth period of taro, artificial weeding was carried out by combining fertilization, loosening soil and other processes.
Fourth, pest control.
Follow? Prevention first, comprehensive prevention and control? On the basis of agricultural control, the policy of "taking agricultural control as the basis, focusing on physical and biological control, selecting pesticides with high efficiency, low toxicity and low residue, and not using prohibited pesticides" is implemented to ensure the quality and safety of taro.
1, main diseases:
① Taro blight. It is a fungal disease, which mainly harms petiole leaves and bulbs, and its peak period is from June to August. It is prone to high temperature, humid weather or sunny days. Excessive close planting and partial application of nitrogen fertilizer lead to vigorous growth and serious diseases. Prevention and treatment: prevention is the main method, and medication is started in mid-May before onset. Protective fungicides such as mancozeb can be selected and mixed with Yeshuangling, Metalaxyl and Anke respectively for alternate use, and sprayed once every 7- 10 days. When applying pesticide, you should master the weather, choose to spray before it rains, and spray the liquid evenly, covering the back, leaves and petioles.
② Soft rot. This is a bacterial disease, which damages underground bulbs and petiole bases and can occur throughout the growing period. Prevention and control methods: strengthen fertilizer and water management, pull out diseased plants in time and take them away, and sprinkle lime around the diseased spots at the same time. Chemical control: agricultural streptomycin and chlorothalonil can be used to irrigate roots, and applied once before fertilization, after soil cultivation and after taro cutting. At the same time, in areas with serious diseases all the year round, agricultural streptomycin should be added every time to prevent underground pests and control water.
③ Taro pollution diseases. Only harmful leaves, prevention and control methods: chlorothalonil and thiophanate-methyl can be used at the initial stage of the disease, and sprayed again every 7- 10 days.
1, main pests:
① Aphids. Adults and nymphs suck juice on the back or young leaves, which makes the leaves curl and deform, grow poorly and spread viral diseases. In severe cases, the leaves will be covered with black mold. Control method: dimethoate and imidacloprid can be sprayed.
② Spodoptera litura. Larvae feed on leaves, and in severe cases only veins are left. Generally, Kung Fu or Oxfam, Imidacloprid and Regent are used to kill the 3rd instar larvae, so comprehensive control should be considered. For example, imidacloprid plus abamectin can control aphids, Spodoptera litura and other pests.
③ Underground pests. Phoxim, Mi Le or trichlorfon combined with two heavy fertilizers can be selected for control.
④ Starscream. Spraying monocrotophos 1500 times or omethoate 800 times or dicofol 800 times.
Verb (short for verb) Harvest and store.
Generally, it can be harvested in the first frost season, irrigation is stopped 20 days before harvesting, and the harvesting time is better after dew is dry in sunny days. Taro is harvested before and after the first frost when the withered bulbs of yellow roots are fully mature, which has a great influence on the yield. Taro can only be harvested when it is fully ripe. Before harvesting, the aboveground part should be cut off, and after the wound is dry and healed, it should be harvested in sunny days. It is advisable to choose bulbs without disease or mechanical injury and weighing about 50 grams. Store after drying for one day. When storing, turn the taro upside down after air drying, put a layer of taro and cover it with a layer of fine sand, which can be stacked in single layer or multiple layers, and pay attention to removing damaged or diseased taro to avoid infection. The suitable storage temperature is 10- 15℃, and it cannot be frozen. Cut off the extra taro after harvest, and pay attention to avoid the damage caused by collision and friction during harvesting, handling and storage.
Main points of taro planting
First, pay attention to organic base fertilizer and cooperate with the application of phosphorus and potassium fertilizer.
Taro likes more fertilizer. Generally, 4,000-5,000 kilograms of high-quality decomposed organic fertilizer, 30-40 kilograms of calcium superphosphate and 30 kilograms of potassium sulfate are applied every 7 square meters (mu), evenly sown and deeply ploughed by 20-30 centimeters, and then leveled and raked for sowing in the next year.
Secondly, choose a large whole taro and sow it under plastic film.
When the ground temperature of 5 cm is stable at 12℃, 30 grams of whole taro can be used as seed, because it is easy to get high yield and high income when planting taro. Sowing should have enough soil moisture and avoid watering, so as not to affect rooting and emergence due to the drop of ground temperature. In order to grow taro as soon as possible, you can also accelerate germination (bud length is 4 ~ 5 cm) before sowing.
Third, high ridge cultivation and reasonable close planting
Taro likes permeable soil with deep tillage layer and good structure, and has strict requirements on soil PH, with a pH value of 5 ~ 7. Therefore, high ridge method is often used in cultivation, and single ridge or double ridge can be planted. Single ridge spacing is 80 cm. When double ridges are used, the large row spacing is 70 cm, the small row spacing is 25 cm, the ridge height is 15 cm, and the plant spacing is 35 ~ 40 cm. It is advisable to plant 3000 ~ 3500 plants every 7 square meters (mu).
In order to ensure high yield, it is better to apply high-quality organic fertilizer 1500 ~ 2000 kg at the bottom of ridge before ridging.
Four, scientific topdressing, timely watering
In the early growth stage of taro, seedling fertilizer can be applied once, and urea 10 kg can be applied to 7 square meters. When all the fifth leaves of taro spread out, the mother taro and the son taro spread out rapidly, and the number of sun taro and Zeng taro was fixed. Bulb enlargement and leaf growth are the most vigorous growth stages of taro in its life. Timely supplement water and nutrients, combined with soil cultivation, apply 20 kilograms of ammonium sulfate every 7 square meters. If the soil is deficient in potassium, 20 ~ 30 kg of potassium sulfate or 30 kg of ternary compound fertilizer can be added. The time should be in the middle of July, not later than the beginning of August. Taro needs topdressing 2 ~ 3 times in its life, otherwise it will affect the yield. When the weather is dry, pay attention to replenish water in time. Generally, water it 4 ~ 5 times, and water it every time.
Fifth, timely soil cultivation and timely harvest.
In mid-July, some taro or sun taro can take out 2 ~ 3 two-bud leaves. In order to avoid the quality degradation caused by exposure, it is necessary to cultivate the soil in time. However, in order to increase the leaf area and strengthen photosynthesis, which is beneficial to the expansion of bulbs, two or three buds with strong growth and enlarged leaves can be left for each plant to grow normally, and the other two buds should be pressed in the soil to inhibit the germination and growth of the daughter buds and terminal buds of sun taro, reduce nutrient consumption, make taro fully expand and produce a large number of adventitious roots, which increases drought resistance and has obvious yield-increasing effect.
When the ground temperature of 10 cm drops to 12 degrees Celsius, that is? First frost? Before and after harvesting, drying in the sun 1 ~ 2 days after harvesting, and timely entering the cellar for listing. During storage, the temperature in the cellar should be controlled at 65438 00 ~ 20℃.
Prevention and control of diseases and insect pests of intransitive verbs