First of all, we must be good at guiding students to master basic appreciation methods. As the saying goes, it is better to teach a man to fish than to teach him to fish. In Chinese teaching, I mainly focus on the following five aspects: 1. Taste the expressive "poetry eye" or "question eye". For example, in Li Qingzhao's "Like a Dream", "Last night it rained and the wind blew, and I couldn't get rid of the wine left in my deep sleep. I asked the person behind the curtain, but I saw that the crabapples were still the same. Do you know? Do you know? They should be green, fat, red, and thin." The whole word "Poetic Eyes" is "Green, fat, red and thin" is very expressive. Its expressive power is not only reflected in the vividness and appropriateness, such as using the word "fat" to write leaves, which not only means many and big, but also can be associated with the moist and bright shape, which is very accurate and concise; it is also reflected in the emotional integration, such as using "" The word "thin" is used to describe flowers, which not only has the appearance of being young and small, but also conveys a feeling of pity and pity. It matches the sentiment of the whole word and expresses a sentimental and sad mood. Another example is Jia Dao's "Inscribed on Li Ning's Residence", "The young neighbors are living together, and the grass path leads to the deserted garden./The birds stay in the trees by the pond, and the monks knock on the door under the moon./Crossing the bridge, the wild colors are separated, and the stones are moved to move the cloud roots./Let's go temporarily. Come here again, Youqi lives up to his promise. "The word "You" in the title is "Tieye", which is the key to understanding the whole poem. Each couplet of the whole poem is closely linked to the word "secluded", and the first couplet describes the "secluded" of the residence: living in a corner, quiet and no one, the grass paths are quiet, and the deserted gardens are sparse. The chin couplet and the neck couplet describe the "secretness" of the environment: the chin couplet sets off the tranquility with the sound, the birds are chirping on the trees by the pool, and the old monk knocks gently on the door under the bright moonlight, all of which further highlight the tranquility of the environment; the neck couplet When writing from night to day, I still focus on the environment, but my field of vision is much wider. I cross small bridges and walk around boulders. Along the way, everything is quiet and wild, and the poet's inner joy arises spontaneously. The last couplet reveals the poet's yearning for a secluded life. It can be seen that to appreciate poetry, grasp the "poetry eye" and the "question eye" are the key. 2. Analyze the ideological content of the poem. To correctly understand the ideological content of ancient poetry, the most fundamental thing is to learn to know people and the world. As Mr. Lu Xun said: "If you want to write an essay, it is best to take into account the entire article, the author's whole person, and the social state in which he lives. , this is more conclusive.” For example, in Li Qingzhao’s “Like a Dream”, we must connect it to the background at that time: Li Qingzhao and Zhao Mingcheng had a deep relationship, but “not long after they got married, Mingcheng went on a long journey, and Yi Anshu. "Can't bear to say goodbye" (Liu Yisheng's "Song Poems"), and analyze each question and answer, it is not difficult for us to understand the sentimental feelings of this poem, including the regret of loving flowers and cherishing spring, and the beauty of beauty that is easy to grow old. Sadness, but also the annoyance of missing someone, a few strands of melancholy and twists, "there are countless twists and turns hidden in the short frame". Therefore, when evaluating ancient poetry, one must learn to know people and the world, and grasp the tone and theme of poetry as a whole, which is the foundation for appreciating ancient poetry. 3. Explore the wonderful use of typical sentences. Ancient poems often quote allusions and use verses to arouse people's imagination with rich connotations. To appreciate ancient poetry, one must understand the origin and meaning of allusions and transformed verses, and discover the wonderful uses of allusions and verses in ancient poetry. For example, in Jiang Kui's "Yangzhou Slow", "The spring breeze has passed for ten miles, and all the shepherds and wheat are green." That is to say, Du Mu's poem "Ten Miles of Spring Breeze on Yangzhou Road" is used. The use here creates a sharp contrast between the prosperity of Yangzhou City in the past and the current depression, which makes the present more nostalgic. Exploring the wonderful use of classic sentences is the basis for accurately understanding ancient poetry. 4. Understand the expression effect of rhetorical techniques. In ancient poetry, due to the needs of image and lyricism, various artistic techniques are often used to express, the most important of which are metaphor, rise, personification, exaggeration, duality, repetition, foil, etc. The expression effect of these techniques is grasped , you can better understand the image of the poem and understand the author's feelings. For example, in He Zhizhang's "Ode to the Willow", "The jasper is as high as a tree, with thousands of green silk ribbons hanging down. I don't know who cut out the thin leaves, and the spring breeze in February is like scissors." The author abandons simple and intuitive description methods and breaks the traditional way of chanting things and expressing aspirations. The idea, unique imagination and clever metaphors create a novel image with a unique romantic color for us. The first sentence uses "Biyu" (referring to a beautiful girl named Biyu in Yuefu's "Biyu Song") as a metaphor for a tree, which makes the poem start with a brand-new image that is fascinating. The second sentence describes the thousands of weak and drooping branches of the willow tree, just like the green ribbons draping on the girl's body. The ribbons are used as metaphors for the willows, highlighting the soft and drooping characteristics, vividly painting the silk-like image of spring willows, giving people a sense of vitality and beauty. . The last two sentences contain a question and an answer, once again using clever metaphors to praise Chunliu. One "thin" and one "cut", the slender, soft, fresh and lovely leaves of the new willow are carefully and vividly depicted, revealing the author's surprise and praise. "The spring breeze in February is like scissors", the spring breeze is likened to the scissors in Jasper's skillful hands, turning virtual reality into reality, which is a strange imagination. He Zhizhang compared the willow tree to a graceful and graceful girl, painted a vibrant spring scene, and expressed his praise for the vitality of spring. Therefore, when appreciating ancient poetry, one must understand the rhetorical techniques and the specific images they refer to, in order to correctly understand and grasp the profound connotation of the poems. 5. Understand the artistic conception of ancient poetry. Artistic conception is the artistic realm reached by the work and the harmonious unity of the author's thoughts, feelings and life pictures. Understanding the artistic conception of ancient poetry is the highest level of appreciation, which allows appreciators to enjoy beauty, emotional edification, and spiritual purification, thereby actively and consciously creating and broadening the artistic realm of ancient poetry. To understand the artistic conception, we should pay attention to comparison, exploration and innovation, and association innovation. For example, Lu You's "Bu Suanzi·Ode to Plum Blossoms" and Fan Chengda's "Frost Sky Dawn·Plum Blossoms" both focus on virtual writing, using plum blossoms as metaphors for people and using plum blossoms to express feelings, but their artistic conceptions are different.
From the perspective of environment, Lu Ci chose a windy and rainy dusk to highlight the misery of the environment and establish the "lonely" image of plum blossoms; Fan Ci chose an environment of a snowy moonlit night for the plum blossoms in his works, highlighting the lonely image of plum blossoms. Judging from the author's emotional sustenance, after Lu Ci wrote the "lonely" image of plum blossoms, he used the two meanings of "alone" and "the same as before" to deepen the meaning that plum blossoms do not invite favors or seek flattery, bear the blows of wind and rain alone, and bear the loneliness of foxes alone. The subjective spirit of suffering. "There is no intention of struggling for spring, and all the flowers will be jealous." The author based on the characteristics of plum blossoms blooming before all flowers, and developed the spiritual state of plum blossoms. She does not pursue blooming in spring, so as not to compete with the flowers for favor and beauty, and let the flowers bloom with them. Jealousy and willingness to suffer the cold alone give plum blossoms the noble sentiment of not seeking glory. "Still as before" further praises the plum blossom's noble, strong, and everlasting moral character. "Falling off", "turning into mud", and "crushing into dust" step by step intensify to imagine the tragic fate of plum blossoms, and in turn reveal the preciousness of "only the fragrance remains the same". The author expresses his ambition by chanting plum blossoms, and the flower personality is integrated into one. The plum blossoms in Fan's poems do not have the multi-layered character of plum blossoms in Lu's poems. The poet expresses the charm of plum blossoms with the words "victorious" and "sorrowful": extremely beautiful, but also extremely sad, and uses the feeling of a person leaning alone in a painting building. The image of plum blossoms contrasts with each other, exaggerating the melancholy. Once compared, the artistic conception of the two words is revealed. Appreciation of ancient poetry is a creative and complex spiritual activity. "Not only the writer is creating, but the readers are also. They are partners in creation, and often readers are more like poets than poets. " (Ibsen's words) Therefore, true understanding must be based on a thorough understanding of ancient poetry. For example: Wang Zhihuan's "Climbing the Stork Tower" "The sun is over the mountains, and the Yellow River flows into the sea. If you want to see a thousand miles away, go to the next level. "Most people's understanding of this poem only stops at the successful description of the magnificent scenery of nature, which of course cannot be said to be appreciation. Some readers can further see that this poem is not limited to the description of magnificent scenery, but also focuses on the beauty of nature." Into the poet's high-spirited passion. However, this still fails to appreciate the "poetic ambiguity" and connotation of this poem. Readers with strong appreciation ability can see this poem from sensibility to emotion through the magnificent picture and broad artistic conception. With the sublimation of reason, we can understand the thought-provoking philosophy contained in this poem: Only when you climb high can you see the future, success lies in pursuit, and there is no end to your career. This shows that without a thorough understanding of the work, there is no real appreciation. "Experience." Rich people use two eyes to read. One eye sees the words on the page, and the other eye sees the back of the paper. "Goethe's famous saying reveals the true meaning of appreciation of ancient poetry.
Other methods
Secondly, to cultivate students' appreciation level of ancient poetry, we must also strive to achieve "three more": 1. Read more. Liu Xie said it well: “Look at a thousand swords and then you will know the weapon; play a thousand tunes and then you will know the sound. "A person who has read very few ancient poems cannot be said to have the ability to appreciate ancient poems. Appreciating ancient poems requires a variety of knowledge, such as knowledge of language, knowledge of ancient poetry techniques, knowledge of writers' works, and necessary social science knowledge. Etc. All of these can only be obtained through extensive reading. The ancients also said: "Read a good poem a hundred times" and "Read three hundred Tang poems, and you can recite them even if you don't know how to compose them." All of them emphasize the importance of reading more. Of course, to cultivate and improve the ability to appreciate ancient poetry, it is not enough to generally mention "reading more", because "appreciation cannot be cultivated by appreciating middle-level works but by appreciating the best works" ("Goethe's Conversations" ). Chernyshevsky once said: "Any good book will definitely arouse the yearning for truth, goodness, and beauty in the readers' hearts. This is the unique nature of all good books." "It can be seen that by reading more good works, cultivating one's imagination, and cultivating one's sentiment through emotional intervention, it is of great benefit to improve the ability of appreciation. 2. Read more. Guide students to read more appreciation of famous works It can be said that articles about appreciation by famous writers are more typical, and many things can be used as examples for students to learn from. As long as students are guided to look at them with an analytical and sublime perspective, It is very helpful to improve students' ability to appreciate ancient poetry. 3. Practice more. Tang Biao of the Qing Dynasty once said: "If you read without comment, you will occasionally be able to see its subtleties, but you will be at a loss in the future, so the comment will not be enough." It’s okay. "Therefore, every time when reading ancient poetry, if you can insist on asking students to write some eyebrow comments, folder comments, and general comments, it will be of great benefit to train thinking and improve appreciation ability. In addition, pay attention to:
Understand the special features of ancient poems
There are many special features of ancient poems. Understanding these special features can help us understand and appreciate them. For example, in terms of grammar, inversion is a common practice. Phenomenon. In Wang Wei's poem "Dwelling in the Mountains in the Mist of Autumn", "The bamboos rustled back to the Huannu, and the lotus moved down the fishing boat." This is the inversion of "The Huannu returned to the bamboos, and the lotus moved under the fishing boat." The purpose of the previous sentence is Let people hear the sound first, and then see the person. The last sentence makes people see the movement first, and then see the object. The combination of hidden and explicit is very vivid and beautiful. In terms of rhythm, modern poetry requires the antithesis of chin couplets and neck couplets. (Dual). Take Wang Wei's "Mountain Dwelling in Autumn" as an example. In its couplet "The bright moon shines among the pines, the clear spring flows over the rocks", adjectives versus adjectives, nouns versus nouns, verbs versus verbs, partial structure versus partial structure, The directional structure versus the directional structure, the subject-predicate structure versus the subject-predicate structure, the upper and lower parts of speech are the same, the structure is the same, and they are very neatly matched. Understanding the lyrical methods of ancient poems Most of the lyrical poems are divided into direct lyricism and indirect lyricism.
The lyrical methods of ancient poetry are mainly indirect, that is, expressing the poet's thoughts and feelings through methods such as "borrowing scenes to express emotions" and "supporting objects to express aspirations", with the blending of scenes as the highest level. For example, in Su Shi's "Niannujiao·Chibi Nostalgic", the first part describes the "picturesque" scenery of the ancient battlefield of Chibi. The second part is based on the scenery, thinking of Zhou Yu, a young and promising Confucian general who made great achievements here, and Zhou Yu thinks of himself who was demoted. situation, thereby expressing the poet's infinite emotion that his ideal cannot be realized. Therefore, when we appreciate ancient poetry, we must find out: 1. What is this poem about—who is it (including the author who is the lyrical protagonist)? Where? at what time? What “things” and “scenes” are written about? What "ambitions" and "emotions" are expressed? 2. How to write - what techniques are used to write these "objects" and "scenes"? 3. Why write it like this? What effect does using this technique to write these "objects" and "scenes" have on expressing this kind of "emotion" and "ambition"? We must learn to write. Writing appreciation articles is to express the results of our appreciation of ancient poetry in words. This type of question tests both reading and writing, so it is very popular among essayists. When writing an appreciation article, the first problem you encounter is where to start. It depends on the direction of the test questions. If the test question has clear requirements, write according to its requirements. For example, this year's Chinese language test paper for the Shanghai College Entrance Examination requires the Ming Dynasty poet Du Xiang's poem "Red Cliff" to write an appreciation text based on the sentence "The desert is full of gulls and birds, and the smoke is everywhere." The questioner reminds the candidates to appreciate the subject based on the relationship between "emotion and scene", so this is the way to start. If the test question does not have clear requirements for the entry point, then the candidate has to choose an angle that he feels confident about based on understanding the whole poem. Generally speaking, candidates can consider the ideological content, performance skills, language style and other aspects of the poem. Each aspect can be combined with specific works to select a certain entry point. For example, "sadness" and "joy" in terms of ideological content, "explicit" and "hidden" in terms of expression skills, "femininity" and "masculinity" in terms of language style, etc. The angle should be small rather than large. It is best to grasp a prominent point of the work and dig deeper so that it can be explained more carefully and thoroughly. 1. Classification of ancient poetry: quatrains: five-character quatrains, seven-character quatrains, rhythmic poetry: five-character poetry, seven-character poetry, rhythmic poetry: first couplet (1,2), chin couplet (3,4), neck couplet (5,6), tail couplet (7, 8) 2. Method guidance: (1) Start with the author and connect with the known author’s life experience and style knowledge to understand the content; (2) With the help of the title, annotation, and writing background of the poem, understand the poet’s writing intention; (3) From Starting with the language, grasp the key phrases in the poem (actions, adjectives, argumentative and lyrical phrases) (4) Appreciation of the expression techniques of the poem (blending of scenes, supporting objects to express aspirations, turning stillness into motion (combination of stillness), contrast between virtuality and reality, light and dark) , implicit and euphemistic, speaking directly from the heart, citing allusions, etc.). 3. The theme of the poem and the author’s style characteristics: Pastoral: The yearning and love for pastoral life, the desire to retreat to the countryside. (Tao Yuanming, Wang Wei, Meng Haoran) Frontier Fortress: Reflects the bitter cold of the frontier fortress, the lonely life and missing relatives in hometown, the desire for national peace and the patriotic feelings of serving the motherland and making contributions to the country. (Wang Changling, Gao Shi, Cen Shen, Fan Zhongyan) Concern for the country (people): Expressing strong patriotism; or deep sympathy for the working people, worries and dissatisfaction with the rulers. (Lu You, Du Fu (depressed and frustrated), Xin Qiji, Wen Tianxiang,) Ode to history: lament history, hope that rulers can learn from history and learn lessons. (Liu Yuxi, Du Mu, Li Shangyin, Zhang Yanghao,) Farewell: tell friendship and express reluctant thoughts. Love, comfort and wishes to friends. (Li Bai, Wang Bo, etc.) Homesickness: To express one's loneliness, loneliness, and desolation in a foreign country, as well as the longing for hometown and relatives. (Ma Zhiyuan, Cui Hao, Su Shi,) Chanting (objects) ambition: expressed by singing about natural things. . . . . . Ambition, wish, express the right. . . . . Anger, dissatisfaction. (Cao Cao, Li Bai, Han Yu, ) Scenery description: The love for nature and life, the praise and love for the great rivers and mountains of the motherland. Narrative: Express your joy (sympathy, indignation, hatred, sadness...feelings) through what you see and hear. (Bai Juyi's "Guan Mao Mao", Du Fu's "Shi Hao Li") Love: Write about the admiration and love life of men and women, expressing a kind of lovesickness and the pain of parting. (Wen Tingyun, Li Shangyin, Li Qingzhao) Nostalgia: express feelings about ancient people, objects, and events, and express one's feelings about talents not being met (ambitions are hard to achieve), yes. . . . . . dissatisfaction, or dissatisfaction with. . . . . Consignment. . . . desire. Analysis: Different themes will express different thoughts and feelings, as well as different expression techniques and lyrical methods. Therefore, in order to appreciate ancient poetry well, one must have a clear understanding of subject matter classification and be able to make accurate judgments on specific poems. Common themes are as follows: 1. Love poems. These are poems with the theme of love (including mourning of death). They are also called "love songs" and "poems of boudoir". Love poems have a long history since the Book of Songs. They mainly describe the admiration and love life of men and women, or express the feelings of parting and missing each other. Such as "Jianjia", "Far Far Away Altair", "Untitled" ("It's hard to see each other and it's also hard to say goodbye" Li Shangyin), "Magpie Bridge Immortal" ("The delicate clouds are clever" Qin Guan) and so on.
2. Satirical poetry: This is a poem that uses satire or persuasion to expose the darkness of society and the bleakness of the world, and to express the voice of the people or upright people. It is also called "ironic poetry" and sometimes "political satirical poetry". Satirical poetry also has a long history and has never disappeared from the Book of Songs to modern times. Such as "Shuo Shu", "Cutting Sandalwood", "Bee" (Luo Yin of the Tang Dynasty), "Inscribed on Lin'an Residence" (Lin Sheng of the Southern Song Dynasty), "Drunken Taiping" ("Scorning those who are greedy for small profits", an unknown person in the Yuan Dynasty), etc. . 3. Philosophical poetry is a kind of poetry that embodies or elaborates a certain philosophy by describing and discussing specific things. Some point out the theme, and some are subtle and make people think. Famous ones include Su Shi's "Inscriptions on the West Forest Wall" and "Qin Poems", and Zhu Xi's "Reflections on Reading Books", etc. In addition, although some poems are not philosophical poems, some of them are full of philosophical lines (such as "There is no way out after mountains and rivers, and there is another village with dark willows and bright flowers", "The green mountains cannot cover it, after all, it flows eastward", etc.), so we should also pay attention to it. 4. Farewell poems are also one of the earliest and most common themes. They mainly express parting feelings and hatred, or are used to encourage and exhort, or to express deep friendship, or to express the sorrow of separation. Because farewell is often associated with mountain climbing and facing water, it is also called "landscape farewell poem". Such as "Farewell to Du Shaofu in Shuchuan" (Wang Bo), "Farewell to Meng Haoran in Guangling" (Li Bai), "Two Poems of Farewell to Dong Da" (Gao Shi), etc. 5. Travel poems are also called travel poems and travel poems. It may describe personal travel experiences, or express feelings of homesickness and nostalgia, combining narrative and lyricism. This type of poetry is inseparable from the description of landscapes, so it is also called "landscape poetry". This is slightly different from pure landscape poetry, which is mainly "recording lyrical feelings". For example, Du Fu's "Walking at Night" and Ma Zhiyuan's "Autumn Thoughts" cannot be regarded as landscape poems. 6. Frontier poems are poems whose basic content is to describe the scenery of the frontier and reflect the life of the soldiers on the frontier. Famous frontier poets in the Tang Dynasty include Gao Shi, Cen Shen, Wang Changling, Wang Zhihuan, Li Qi, etc. Gao Shi's "Yan Ge Xing", Cen Shen's "Baixue Ge Sends Magistrate Wu Back to the Capital", Wang Zhihuan's "Liangzhou Ci", Wang Changling's "Out of the Fortress" and Fan Zhongyan's "The Proud of the Fisherman" ("The autumn scenery under the fortress is strange"). "), etc., are all well-known masterpieces. 7. Epic poems are poems that recite or comment on historical stories and historical figures as a way to express feelings and satirize current events. They usually narrate first and then discuss. There are also some poems that only describe comparisons without discussion, allowing readers to think. Among the poems with the theme of "Ode to History", Ban Gu's "Ode to History" and "Eight Poems in Ode to History" by Zuo Si of the Western Jin Dynasty are famous early masterpieces. Since then, it has continued to develop, and more epic poems have appeared, such as Zhang Jie's "Book Burning Pit", Li Shangyin's "Jia Sheng", Du Mu's "Ti Wujiang Pavilion" (Wang Anshi once opposed it), Wen Tingyun's "The Five Classics" "Original" and so on, are all famous works. 8. Poems about things. This is poetry that expresses thoughts and feelings by chanting about natural or social things. Symbols and comparisons are common techniques. This type of poetry had appeared before the Qin and Han Dynasties, and after the Tang Dynasty, there were more and more excellent works. Such as Wang Wei's "Acacia" ("Red Beans Are Born in the South"), Li Bai's "Egret", Du Fu's "Returning Wild Geese", Lu You's "Bu Suanzi·Yong Mei", Yu Qian's "Lime Song", Wang Mian's "Ink Plum Blossoms" " and so on are all famous poems that use natural objects to express one's own aspirations. 9. Chanting poems. This is a poem with the theme of chanting personal ambitions and reflecting or satirizing society. Paraphrasing, symbolism, association, etc. are its main techniques. Poetry about feelings also originates from the Book of Songs and is one of the most important poems in ancient poetry. Such as Qu Yuan's "Li Sao" and "She Jiang", Li Bai's "The Journey Is Difficult" and "About to Enter the Wine", Chen Zi'ang's "Dengyouzhou Taige", Su Shi's "Ding Feng Bo·Encounter on the Shahu Road", Lu You's " "Book of Anger" and so on, are all touching masterpieces. 10. Nostalgic poetry. Reminiscing about ancient relics creates associations and imaginations, arouses emotion and expresses one's feelings and ambitions. This type of poetry is nostalgic poetry. Nostalgia poems can be classified into the category of poems about the past, but they have unique characteristics; poems about the past are slightly different from poems about the past. Poems about the past are about expressing emotions and aspirations while visiting the historical sites of old places, while poems about the past do not need to go to the historical sites in person. You can write in it. Nostalgic poems such as Du Fu's "The Prime Minister of Shu", Liu Yuxi's "Woyi Lane", "Stone City", Li Bai's "Ascend the Phoenix Tower of Jinling", Su Shi's "Niannujiao·Chibi Nostalgia", Xin Qiji's "Yongyu Le·Jingkou Beigu" Pavilion Nostalgic for the Past", Zhang Yanghao's "Shanshan Sheep·Tong Caring for the Past", etc., have left a lasting legacy.