One: Make the argument well-founded - quote the words or events of predecessors to verify the author's theory. This is what Wen Xin Diao Long calls "supporting the past to prove the present". For example, Li Shangyin's sentimental poem: The middle road follows my direction. Since ancient times, the two fates have been interfering with each other. I advise you not to force the snake's feet to rest, and not to taste a cup of fragrant mash. Among them, the word "snake feet" is quoted from the Warring States policy: "There is a temple in Chu, and the people who live in it are given wine. The people who live in the room say to each other: 'Several people have not enough to drink, but one person has more than enough to drink. Please draw a snake on the ground. The one who made it first drank it. A man made a snake first, and when he drank it, he held a gnat in his left hand and drew a snake in his right hand, saying, "I can make it." "Satisfied, Zi'an was satisfied, so he drank the wine." Li Shi used this as a citation and as a basis for his argument. (Using metaphors should not create additional details) 2: It is convenient for comparing situations and conveying meanings - if there are things in the poem that are difficult to state directly, you can use the hints of allusions to express the author's feelings tactfully, which is the so-called "according to things to make sense" also. For example, Su Dongpo's poem about Qiu Chishi in the previous chapter "Destiny" uses Lin Xiangru's allusion of "returning the perfect jade to Zhao" to euphemistically express the author's intention without causing too much embarrassment to the recipient. Another example is quoted in Volume 16 of Chronicles of Tang Poems: "King Ning Li Xian saw the beautiful wife of the cake seller, so he took her as his concubine and doted on her very much. The next year, King Ning asked, 'Do you still remember the cake maker?' His wife nodded. King Ning called When the baker entered the house, his wife faced her old husband, with tears streaming down her cheeks, and she was heartbroken. There were more than ten scribes present, and they were all moved. Wang Wei ordered a poem to remember the incident: Don't be favored by this moment. Forget the old kindness; look at the flowers and burst into tears, but I can't help but admire the words of the King of Chu. Using the allusion of Mrs. Xi in the Spring and Autumn Period to show the steadfastness of women, King Ning was deeply moved and allowed her to reunite with her old husband. : Dian comes from Zuo Zhuan. In the fourteenth year of Duke Zhuang, Chu Zi died, and Gui returned to his home. He gave birth to Du Ao and became the king. He did not say anything. Chu Zi asked about it and said to him, "I have one wife and two husbands." , Even if it is not possible, it is also a joke) Three: Reduce the complexity of language-the composition of poems should strive to be economical, especially modern poetry has its certain word limit, the use of allusions can reduce the complexity of language, such as: Looking at the ancient times, Li Shangyin, don’t rely on the golden soup to suddenly bring peace, and the frost in the grass dews the love of the past and the present; What’s the use of empty soil and soil, trying to raise the yellow flag failed; Changle tiles fly away with the water, Jingyang bells fall and lose the sky; Looking back, I hang up the mountain guest, The word "Changle" in the poem refers to the Changle Palace of the Han Dynasty: "A strong wind blew through the city of Chang'an, and all the roof tiles flew off the east gate"; the name "Jingyang Bell" comes from this. Southern History: "Emperor Wu of Qi was lucky enough to travel, and he took the palace people in the back carriage. The palace was deep and hidden, and he could not hear the drums leaking. He placed a bell on the Jingyang Tower to answer the five drums and the three drums. The palace people heard the sound and got up early to dress up." The term "Ji Shan Ke" refers to Yao's Xu You. Zhuangzi said: "Yao gave the world to Xu You. Xu You said: "Now that the world has been governed, and I am still the son of a descendant, how can I be named?" "Another Zhique met Xu You and said, 'Where is your general?' He said, 'He will flee from Yao'. Another historical record said: "I climbed Jishan Mountain, and there is Xu You's tomb on top." By using limited words in this way, you can do whatever you want. The expressed ideas are presented in front of the readers, so it can reduce the complexity of the words. Four: Enrich the content and beautify the words-the use of allusions can make the words beautiful, the tone is harmonious, the contrast is neat, the structure is rigorous, and the beauty of the appearance is enhanced. Rich connotations. For example: Tanzhou Li Shangyin's official residence is empty at dusk, and there is no reason to see it now and in the past; Xiang's tears are shallow and deep, and the color of bamboo is deep, and Chu songs are overlaid with resentful orchids; Tao Gong's battleship is empty and the beach is raining, and Jia Fu Chengchen is ruining the temple. ; When no one comes to my hometown, I will be drunk with pine mash. The word "Xiang Tears" is quoted from the story in Yiji: "Emperor Shun visited the south and died in Cangwu. "Shun's concubine E and Nvying cried sadly, and their tears stained the bamboo, and the color of the bamboo was all stained". The word "Chu Ge" refers to Qu Yuan's "Li Sao" and "Nine Songs" poems, the story of reprimanding Yin Zilan. Tao Gong's sentence, borrowed Tao Kan's military exploits were outstanding in those days, in order to satirize today's abandonment of talents. Jia Fu's sentence uses the scene of cobwebs and dust and wind and rain in Jia Yi's temple to express the feeling of talents being buried. It is also in line with the place of Tanzhou and the scene in the classics, which is also consistent with the poet's time. The scenes are integrated into one, which makes people feel more condensed and emotional. There are three types of allusions, namely, clear canon, hidden canon and translated canon, which are described below: 1: Ming canon - Ming canon. For example, "Farewell on the Qi Chun River, Tears and Blood of Weiyang" (Du Fu: Farewell to the Twenty-Third Uncle Recording Events Cui Weizhi took a photo of Chenzhou Wupai) The word "Weiyang" comes from the Book of Songs in the Tang Dynasty. Feng: "I will send my uncle off to Weiyang", so I replaced the word "uncle" with the word "uncle". Another example: I went to Yanfu Temple in Linshui early in the morning, and I was sleeping on my pillow as I turned into a butterfly. I heard the chicken and whipped me. The sun rises slowly in the mountains, and smoke grows far away from the accumulated water; the drowned mooring is really in decline, and I feel lonely when I climb up; the peach blossoms welcome the laughing guests, and I feel sad without wine. The word "turning into a butterfly" is derived from Zhuangzi's Theory of Equality of Things: " Zhuang Zhou dreamed of a butterfly, a lifelike butterfly, which describes himself as suitable for his ambition! I don’t know Zhou Ye. When you wake up, you will be in a state of confusion. I don’t know that Zhou Zhimeng is a butterfly! Butterfly dream for Zhou Jie? Later generations used "Hua Die" or "Dream Butterfly" as a metaphor for "sleeping". The word "Wen Ji" comes from the Book of Jin: "Zu Ti and Liu Kun slept together." In the middle of the night, I heard the rooster crow, and Kunjue said, "This is not an evil sound." Because of the sword dance." This borrows the meaning of early morning. 2: Hidden Code - Hidden Code, there is no trace of the code in the literal meaning, and you must play with it carefully to understand it. For example: Renchen's Driving in December Immediately after hunting in the east, the mountains left behind by the Four Yuan Dynasty are thousands of miles away, and the Jingxiang and Jingxiang are in the dust of war, and the Jingxiang is outside the gate of Bianzhou; the dragon is not a thing in the pond, the lice are empty and the earthly ministers are sad; the trees are pregnant with their homeland, and the wild smoke is nowhere to be seen Pedestrian; The autumn wind does not need to blow your beautiful hair, the sea is flowing across you.
The last sentence comes from the preface to Fan Ning's biography of Gu Liang: Confucius looked at the cross-currents of the sea and sighed: "King Wen is gone, why is Wen not here?" ’ The author takes the responsibility of King Wen as his own responsibility, so he said, ‘The autumn wind does not need to blow my hair, the vast sea does not need this body’. The use of secret codes only takes the meaning of the allusions from the predecessors without using their words. This is what Wen Xin Diao Long said: "Although you quote ancient events, don't use old words." Three: Translating allusions - Those who translate allusions use previous allusions to produce unexpected effects, such as: Jia Sheng, Li Shangyin, visited the ministers in search of talents, and Jia Sheng's talents were even more unethical; it was a pity that he sat down at the front table in the middle of the night and did not ask questions. People ask ghosts and gods. Although Jia Yi is mentioned, he uses it contrary to his intention. Lin Hejingzhi also wrote his own poem about the longevity hall: The green mountains on the lake are opposite to the hut, and the bamboos in front of the tomb are sparse; Maoling will ask for the manuscript in the future, and I am still happy that there was no Zen book. Although they are said to be similar, they are used contrary to their meaning. Yiyuan Yihuang said: "Literati use stories, some use them directly, and some use them contrary to their meaning. Li Yishan's poem: 'It's a pity that I'm sitting on the front table in the middle of the night, not asking about the common people or ghosts and gods'. Although Jia Yi said it, he used it contrary to his meaning. Use it; Lin Hejing's poem: "Mao Ling asked for the manuscript in the future, and he was still happy that there was no Zen book." Although it is similar, it is used contrary to its meaning. Anyone can do it. But those who use it cannot achieve this unless they are academic masters, transcend ordinary and rigid opinions, and follow the footsteps of their predecessors irregularly." Another example is Li Shangyin's poem when he was appointed Hongnong Lieutenant and Xianzhou Governor, begging for leave and returning to the capital. The poem uses a helpless tone to "envy" the fact that Bian He's feet were cut off because he offered a piece of jade, to show that the author is not willing to be servile and bend the knee, but in fact he is not really willing to have his feet cut off. This is also a translation of a classic. .