What do you want from the canopy of transportation? ② I didn’t dare to turn over and met my head. Excellent
The broken hat covers the face in the busy city, and the boat is full of leakage in the middle of the river③.
His eyebrows are cold and he points his fingers at thousands of people, and he bows his head and is willing to be a ruzi ox④.
Hide in the small building to form a unified ⑤, and take care of winter, summer and spring and autumn⑥.
Notes:
① "Lu Xun's Diary" October 12, 1932: "In the afternoon, I wrote a banner for Liu Yazi, saying: 'What do you want when you are transported to Huagai...? Dafu After enjoying the meal, the idlers took oil and stole half the couplet, so they all invited him. "On October 5th, Yu Dafu hosted a banquet for his brother Yu Hua in Jufeng Garden, and invited Lu Xun to accompany him. Xianren, ("Sanxian Collection·Preface" said: "I will print the materials collected when compiling "A Brief History of Chinese Novels" into "Novel Old News Notes", so as to save the inspection power of young people and imitate what I have written. The name of the proletariat refers to "leisure". And there are three "leisures"..." Therefore, the collection of essays is called "Three Leisure Collections" and he calls himself "Idle Man". Literary is his humble name for limericks. There are three theories for stealing half a couplet: First, Comrade Guo Moruo believes that he borrowed Qian Jizhong's "A full meal is a good thing for a child", not a half couplet but a half sentence, see note ④. Second, he borrowed from Nanshe poet Wan Yao Chu. Xigou)'s poem "The old hat covers the face in the busy city." 3. Comrade Xiong Rong provided that Lu Xun was at a banquet that day, and Yu Dafu joked: "Have you worked hard these days?" Lu Xun used the word "Hengmei" that he had thought of the previous day. The couplet answered him. Dafu joked: "It seems that your 'Huagai luck' is still Han Dynasty?" Lu Xun said: "Well, if you tell me this, I got another half of the couplet, which I can put together into a short poem. "The so-called "stole half a couplet" refers to the first sentence ("Another explanation of
② Huagai: Lu Xun's "Huagai Collection·Inscription": "I have never learned fortune telling in my life, but I heard from the elderly that people are Sometimes it is called "canopy luck"... This luck is good for monks: if there is a canopy on top, it is naturally a sign of becoming a Buddha and becoming an ancestor. But this is not the case for lay people. If the canopy is on top, it will be covered. Hit the nail. "Huagai, clouds covering the head like flowers. "Ancient and Modern Notes": "Huagai, also made by Huangdi; when he fought with Chi You in the wilderness of Zhuolu, there were often five-colored clouds, golden branches and jade leaves, and flowers above him. It is like a canopy, so it is called a canopy." This refers to the car cover made by Huangdi imitating the clouds.
③ Leaky boat sentence: "Wu Zi·Zhibing"; "It is like sitting in a leaky boat. "Bizhuo's Biography in the Book of Jin" said: "If you get hundreds of dendrobiums in a boat, you can spend a lifetime floating in the wine boat."
④ Ru Ziniu: Comrade Guo Moruo. In "The Qualitative Change of Ruziniu", it is mentioned that the first volume of Hong Liangji's "Beijiang Poetry" quoted Qian Ji's postscript: "If you are drunk with wine, you may transform the village into butterflies, and if you are full and full, you will become Ruziniu." It is pointed out that "but this allusion, Once it fell into Lu Xun's hands, it completely changed its character." (People's Daily, January 16, 1962) "Zuo Zhuan, Ai Gong Sixth Year": "Bao Zi said. :'Have you forgotten that the king broke his teeth because he was an ox?'" Qi Jinggong loved his children, so he pretended to be a cow, holding a rope in his mouth, and let the children ride on him. The child fell and tore off his teeth.
⑤ Cheng Yitong: This means that I hide in the small building and have a unified small world.
⑥ Regardless of winter, summer and spring and autumn: that is, no matter how the outside climate changes. Lu Xun. We were often oppressed under the white terror, so we compared it to a lucky break,
It was compared to "meeting the enemy before I dared to stand up." In order to avoid being tracked and persecuted by the reactionaries, he used a torn hat to cover his face when walking through the busy city. Even so, the situation is still very dangerous, like a leaky boat floating in the water carrying wine, it will sink if you are not careful. In such a dangerous environment, Lu Xun adopted a strong fighting attitude that would never compromise. Chairman Mao said in his "Speech at the Yan'an Forum on Literature and Art": "The two lines of Lu Xun's poem, 'A cold brow is directed at a thousand men, bowing one's head and willing to be a bully' should become our motto. 'Thousand men' here means the enemy, We will never give in to any vicious enemy. "Ruzi" here refers to the proletariat and the masses of the people. All Communists, all revolutionaries, and all revolutionary literary and artistic workers should learn from Lu Xun's example and do the same. The 'cow' of the proletariat and the masses of the people, working hard and dying for themselves." Chairman Mao spoke highly of this spirit. Lu Xun was persecuted by the reactionaries and often hid, so "hiding in a small building" is realistic, but it is not limited to realism. At that time, the reactionaries lost large tracts of land in the Northeast. During the January 28th Incident in 1932, the Nationalist Government avoided enemy threats.
The capital was moved to Luoyang and did not move back to Nanjing until December of this year. The author had not moved back when he wrote this poem, so he satirizes that he only knows how to escape, no matter how dangerous the motherland is.
In this poem, the two lines "Hengmei" and "Hengmei" have become famous quotes. "Hengmei" and "bow down" vividly describe the two completely different attitudes of revolutionary fighters towards the enemy and towards the people. These two sentences are not only profound but also vivid.
Comrade Guo Moruo praised this couplet in the "Preface to the Manuscript of Lu Xun's Poems": "Although there are only fourteen words, the power of life and death is clear between love and hate; the spirit of unity and struggle is fully expressed. This is truly unprecedented and will be followed by others." The source of "Qianfu Zhi" is from "Hanshu·Wang Jia Zhuan": "There is a proverb: 'Thousands of people will die without illness.'" The "thousand people" here means "thousands of people". It means the masses. But Lu Xun said in "To Li Bingzhong" on February 4, 1931: "Fortunately, nothing happened now, so I can relieve my long-term thoughts. However, after three accusations, a good mother became suspicious. Thousands of people pointed out that she died without any illness. Sheng Ding is in this life. , I don’t know what the future will bring.” Lu Xun gave a new meaning here. This “thousand men” does not refer to the masses, but refers to enemies, and refers to all kinds of enemies. This is the same as "Untitled" in "A clear branch picks up the Xiangling spirit", "We have no choice but to lose to Xiao Aimi". "Xiao Aimi" refers to the number of enemies, which is consistent with "Qianfu" referring to the number of enemies. Therefore, Leng's pointer to "thousands of men" is not Leng's criticism of a single man from the masses, but his pointer to many enemies. Chairman Mao is absolutely correct in saying that "'thousands of men' here refers to enemies."
As for "Self-Mockery", there are still some differences in interpretation, which can be discussed.
Explanation of the title "Self-mockery": First, "As for the word 'self-mockery' mentioned by Lu Xun, it is just a twist. In fact, Mr. Lu Xun does not need to laugh at himself." Since there is no need to laugh at oneself, then why do we need to "deprecate oneself"? Does Qubi mean that there is no meaning of "self-deprecation"? The question is not clear yet. The second is: "This poem is called self-mockery, but it is actually a satire on the enemy." Then it is mocking the enemy rather than mocking oneself. If there is really no self-mockery, then why bother with the title "Self-mockery"? 3. "Self-mockery is self-mockery. What did Lu Xun mock about himself? He mocked his own experiences, mocked his own situation, that is, mocked the enemy's treatment of himself. "It is self-deprecating, and the object of ridicule in every poem is always oneself." Is ridiculing oneself the same as ridiculing the enemy? Every line of poetry is mocking oneself. Are these two sentences also mocking oneself?
So how should we explain "self-mockery"? The title "self-mockery" has its origin. There is a category in "Selected Works" called "Construction", which includes Dongfang Shuo's "Answering Guests", Yang Xiong's "Explanation of Mocking", and Ban Gu's "Answering Guests". These three titles include mocking and drama. The first article "Answering" "Guest Difficulty" is the answer to ridicule. These three articles all explain the guests' laughing at themselves, which is not "self-deprecation" and is different from "self-deprecation". But "Han Shu·Dongfang Shuo Biography" said: "Because of the discussion of setting up a guest to embarrass oneself, one uses one's humble position to comfort oneself." Dongfang Shuo assumed that a guest was mocking him. It was not that there was really a guest mocking him, or that he was mocking him. Laugh at yourself and then answer it yourself. Yang Xiong's "Explanation of Mocking", Ban Gu's "Replying the Guest", and Han Yu's "Jin Xue Jie" are all the same. They all assume that someone is mocking themselves. In fact, they are mocking themselves, and then they answer the questions themselves. Therefore, "Selected Works" calls Dongfang Shuo and three other articles "essays", indicating that the guest who mocked himself was the author's assumption, that is, the author's self-mockery. This type of article is divided into two parts, one part is to ridicule oneself, and the other part is to explain. In fact, it is self-deprecation and self-explanation, but in the form of being a guest, one is mocking oneself and explaining oneself.
Lu Xun's "Self-mockery" was modified from this kind of "explanation of ridicule" article. It removed its formal mockery and self-explanation and adopted its actual self-mockery and self-explanation, which is called " Self-deprecating”. The past "explanation of ridicule" was actually divided into two parts: self-deprecation and self-explanation. Lu Xun's "self-deprecation" was also divided into two parts: self-deprecation and self-explanation. In the past, "Jie Mo" first assumed that the guests asked themselves questions to mock themselves. Lu Xun's "Self-mockery" also first asked questions to mock himself, such as "What do you want when you are handed over to the canopy?" It is actually a question sentence. What else do you ask for? In the past, articles about "explanation of ridicule" all used words that ridiculed oneself, such as Dongfang Shuo said "the lips are rotten and the teeth are falling", Yang Xiong said "the extension of the official", and Ban Gu said "the body is weak and the gate" , Han Yu said, "The postscript stops the trouble after, and it is easy to get blamed." Lu Xun also had similar "self-deprecating", such as "I didn't dare to stand up but I have already met my head", which is similar to the "Hengti Hengmen" who is afraid of meeting, and "he is always in trouble"; he describes himself as "breaking his hat to hide his face", It also belongs to the same category as those described by oneself as "lips rotten and teeth fall off" and "head child teeth chipped". This is the self-deprecating part.
In the past, "Jie Mo" was often written with its own identity. For example, Dongfang Shuo said, "Ji is the same as Fan Li, and Zhonghe is Zixu." "Laughing phoenix", compared to the wind phoenix, Ban Gu said, "the wall of He family", "it lasts for thousands of years but shines brightly". Lu Xun also had a sarcastic remark, that is, "with a cold eyebrow and a thousand fingers, one bows his head and is willing to be a bully". Its profound meaning has been fully elucidated by Chairman Mao, and it is naturally far beyond that of his predecessors. Therefore, "Self-mockery" contains a self-mockery part, and it is not like the explanation cited above that "self-mockery" is a twist, "a satire on the enemy." Saying that one has good fortune and good fortune, but one does not dare to stand up and cover one's face with one's hat. How is this a "quick pen" and a mockery of the enemy? Isn't saying that one has good luck with good fortune does not mean that one has good luck with good fortune? How can one ridicule the enemy by saying that one has good luck with good fortune? "Self-mockery" also has a self-explanatory part, and not every sentence is self-mockery.
Of course, Lu Xun's "Self-mockery" is very different from the predecessors' "Explanation of Mockery", both in form and content. The predecessors used to ridicule themselves, but Lu Xun only called it "self-mockery". This is a different proposition. The ancients mocked others to express their grievances, and used self-explanation to gain status. This was mainly to ridicule themselves. They did not dare to touch the feudal rulers for their own grievances, and it also had the function of beautifying the feudal rulers.
Lu Xun's "Self-mockery" is a revolutionary poem that dares to stab the Kuomintang reactionaries. It shows his contempt for the enemy and his determination to fight to the end for the revolutionary cause. So what's the point of comparing it to the predecessors' "Explanation of Mockery"? This just shows the development of Lu Xun's creation, just like Lu Xun's "My Broken Love" has inherited and developed. Pointing this out will help us understand the title "Self-mockery" and make it more consistent with the reality of the poem.
The second is the explanation of the last couplet: "Hide in the small building and become one, regardless of winter, summer, spring and autumn." One said, "The last two sentences are a satire on those people at that time who only cared about their own comfort and did not care about politics." The second theory is a satire on the fact that the Kuomintang reactionaries moved their capital to Luoyang during the January 28th Incident in 1932, but did not move back to Nanjing until December. The author had not yet moved back when he wrote this poem. Three said, "'Hiding in a small building' once again expresses the idea of ??'trench warfare' that Lu Xun has always advocated. The 'small building' is a bunker fortification and a trench on the front line. Hiding in a small building and taking advantage of the opportunity to attack is for the better." Preserve yourself, attack the enemy, and destroy the enemy. "Fourth theory" "Chengyitong" means to form a unified unit, and to oppose the Chiang family dynasty. Although the "small building" is small, it is an outpost in the struggle against the proletariat. The entire revolutionary struggle of the class is connected together."
Look again at what the predecessors wrote about "Jie Mo" in the latter part. Dongfang Shuo said, "Although time is not used, I still have no disciples, and I live alone." Yang Xiong said, "I am lonely and lonely, and I am a house of virtue." Ban Gu said, "Practice your aspirations carefully, and guard your heavenly talismans." ". They all talk about being content with loneliness and being able to protect themselves, not to ridicule others. It is inappropriate to say that satire is not about politics. The main thing to be satirized is the enemy. It is a matter of education for those who are not interested in politics, not to satirize them. Lu Xun's "hiding in a small building" is similar in form to the predecessors' "living alone" and being content with loneliness. Of course, the spirit of the two is completely different. The former is about retreat, and the latter is about fighting.
How to fight by "hiding in a small building"? Is it to use the small building as a trench for trench warfare? We only know that when the enemy invades the city for street warfare, we hide in the small building to fight in the street. The small building serves as cover to attack the enemy. When Lu Xun fought for counter-cultural "encirclement and suppression", how could he use a small building as a trench? When fighting for counter-cultural "encirclement and suppression", he must use newspapers and periodicals as a fighting position to attack the enemy. If he leaves the fighting position of newspapers and periodicals, even if he hides in a small building, How to attack the enemy? Lu Xun's trench warfare was his use of various pen names when writing essays about battles. To confuse the enemy, he used various ingenious artistic techniques to blind the enemy's eyes when writing combat essays. In this way, he covered himself and attacked the enemy, instead of "hiding in a small building" to save himself and attack the enemy. The third theory may not be consistent with reality. The Fourth Theory believes that "hiding in a small building" means holding on to one's position, and "unifying" means being connected with the entire revolutionary struggle of the proletariat. But the original sentence is about "hiding in a small building" to become unified, that is, hiding in a small building and becoming unified. It does not mean that the small building is used as a stronghold and then connected with the revolutionary base area to become unified. It is precisely because hiding in a small building to dominate the world that it corresponds to "Don't worry about winter, summer, spring and autumn." No matter what the political climate of the outside world is, don't worry about it! That means don’t care. If the small building as a stronghold is connected with the entire revolutionary struggle of the proletariat, then we have to pay close attention to the political climate of the outside world. How can we ignore it? Therefore, the fourth theory cannot help but go too far.
So what do these two sentences mean? Lu Xun was under persecution by the reactionaries and was often hiding, so hiding in a small building became my unification. No matter what changes the political climate outside, This is "self-mockery", but it is not limited to self-mockery. It is also a satire that the Kuomintang reactionaries only know how to avoid, no matter how dangerous the motherland is. These two sentences are not only "self-deprecating", but also use "self-deprecating" to violently attack the enemy and hit the enemy's vital point. This shows that "self-deprecating" is the battle of the revolution. These two sentences are a powerful combination with the couplet "Hengmei Lengdui".