Xia Wanchun
I have been a tourist for three years, and today I am in Nanguan again.
Infinite rivers and mountains, tears, who said the world is wide.
It is known that the road to the spring is close, but it is difficult to leave my hometown.
On the day when Yipo returns, the spiritual flag can be seen in the sky.
Xia Wanchun (1631-1647), whose courtesy name was Cungu and whose name was Xiaoyin, was born in Huating, Songjiang (now Songjiang County, Shanghai). He was born in the fourth year of Chongzhen in the Ming Dynasty and died in the fourth year of Shunzhi in the Qing Dynasty. He was smart and eager to learn since he was a child, and he had the ambition to run the country and benefit the people. When he was young, he received a good cultural education. He began to know the Five Classics at the age of five, and was good at poetry and prose at the age of nine. Due to the influence of his father Xia Yunyi and his teacher Chen Zilong, he not only became an early bloomer in literature and stood out, but also participated in the rebellion against the Qing Dynasty at the age of fourteen. Chen Zilong and Xia Yunyi were members of Fushe and insisted on fighting against the eunuch party, which had exclusive power in the court at that time. After the Qing soldiers entered the customs, they refused to be shy and looked up to the Qing Dynasty. They went to the country to fight against the Qing Dynasty and died in the struggle against the Qing Dynasty. After Chen Zilong's defeat, Xia Wanchun joined another army as a staff officer. Soon after, he was arrested and imprisoned in his hometown of Songjiang, escorted to Nanjing, and died heroically. Like his father and teacher, he showed the precious character of unyielding to death. He was only seventeen years old when he was killed. The poem "Farewell Between Clouds" was written by him in prison.
"Farewell to Yunjian" means bidding farewell to hometown. "Yunjian" is the ancient name of Songjiang. It can be seen from the title of this poem that after he was arrested and imprisoned, he learned that he would be escorted to Nanjing, and then he wrote this shocking poem with great enthusiasm.
This is a five-character poem, with one link and one layer of content, layer by layer, and seamlessly integrated.
"Three years of detaining tourists, and today I am in Nanguan again." This couplet summarizes his three years of experience from joining the anti-Qing Dynasty to being arrested and imprisoned. "Jilu" means visiting a foreign country. "Zuo Zhuan·The 22nd Year of Zhuang Gong": "The minister who detained the travelers." Du Yu's note: "Restrain means to send; travel means to guest." "Nanguan" means prisoner. It has the same meaning as "Nanguan guests think about invasion" in the poem "Singing Cicadas in Prison" by King Luo Bin of the Tang Dynasty. The classic is "Zuo Zhuan·The Ninth Year of Chenggong". There is a record in the book: The princes of the Jin State saw a prisoner wearing a Chu hat in the military mansion, and asked: "Who is the man wearing a Chu hat and being tied up?" The military official replied: "This is a prisoner sent by the State of Zheng. "Nanguan" originally refers to the square crown hat, and later refers to the prisoners. The meaning of these two poems is: I have been a stranger in a foreign country for three years, and now I am a prisoner. The poet joined the army in Taihu in 1644, the first year of Shunzhi, and was arrested when he returned to his hometown in 1647, the fourth year of Shunzhi, which lasted for three years. In the past three years, he moved to Taihu Lake, running around everywhere, neglecting his family affairs, and being devoted to national affairs. He had suffered enough from the hardships of "retaining tourists". In 1647, due to the defeat and losing contact with relevant parties, Xia Wanchun hid among the people alone and was surrounded by dangers. Unfortunately, he was eventually arrested, and he expressed his regrets about "Nanguan". The great cause of resisting the Qing Dynasty was not completed, and the last wish of his late father's deceased master was not fulfilled. Therefore, he felt sad and angry after being imprisoned and losing his ambition.
"Unlimited rivers and mountains shed tears, who can say the world is broad?" This couplet expresses the resentment of the great rivers and mountains falling and the people suffering. The last sentence uses the poetic meaning of "Returning to the East with Embrace" by Wen Tingyun, a poet of the late Tang Dynasty. The last two lines of the poem, "The tears of autumn are endless, and the boat is on the wrong road." It means that in the deep autumn season, he shed endless bitter tears, wandered around in a small boat, and took all the wrong roads in life. Xia Wanchun changed "High Autumn Tears" to "Heshan Tears", which makes it even more solemn and tragic. Can the poet not feel sad when he sees the Qing troops ravaging the country and causing a loss of life? "Tears of rivers and mountains" refers to the fact that the people lived a life of ruined country and family in the war, and even the fallen rivers and mountains seemed miserable. Tears flow. The country is suffering, and the future is divergent! The poet's inner grief is vividly expressed through "infinite tears of rivers and mountains". The next sentence borrows the poem "Who said the world is broad" by the poet Meng Jiao of the Mid-Tang Dynasty, giving it the meaning of worrying about times and confusion. Who said the world is vast? - This rhetorical question shows that the poet was deeply uneasy about his failure to resist the Qing Dynasty. He believes that the world is vast and he could have fulfilled his patriotic ambitions, but at this moment his ambitions have not been fulfilled. Even though he has great ambitions, he has no choice but to be imprisoned in prison. This shows how heroic the poet's feelings are!
"It is known that the spring is close, and it is difficult to leave my hometown." This couplet expresses the poet's attachment to his hometown. "Spring Road" refers to the road under the spring, which refers to the road to the underworld, which is the dead end. Zhao Gu's poem "Mourn for Death": "The bright moon is swaying and the sea is windy, and I am fluttering on the road to the spring when you return." It's not that the poet didn't understand that he was being escorted to Nanjing this time, and that he was prepared to sacrifice. He has no fear of danger, no begging for mercy when he goes to the execution ground, and no lament for the end of a hero, but he has a deep affection for his hometown, so he knows that parting with this hometown will be an eternal farewell, and feels that it is difficult to get started, and there is a lot of hope. The sadness of looking back step by step. Here, the innocent heart of patriotism and the affection of children who love their hometown are unified. His hometown has his parents and fellow villagers whom he misses day and night, his hometown has a loving wife that he can't worry about, the land of his hometown is being trampled by the Qing soldiers, and his sorrow for his hometown is getting worse year by year,... It was not a pity that he ended his life of only seventeen years, but he was still haunted by who his hometown would be entrusted to in the future. The psychological contradiction between "known" and "desire to leave" is enough to show the poet's love for his family and country. , how can one not read it in tears!
"On the day when Yipo returns, the spiritual flag can be seen in the sky." This last couplet shows the poet's strong determination to fight against the Qing Dynasty until death.
"Yi Po" refers to the soul of loyalty and righteousness, which is taken from Qu Yuan's "Nine Songs: National Sorrow": "When the body is dead, the spirit is the spirit, and the soul is resolute and is the hero of ghosts." It means that the poet must also fight against the Qing Dynasty after his death in order to serve the country with all his loyalty. . "Spirit flag" originally refers to the flag used for conquest in ancient times, here it refers to the war flag used to resist the Qing Dynasty. The meaning of the two lines of the poem is: One day when my soul returns to my hometown, I will see the war flag of the Anti-Qing Dynasty flying in the sky. In his "Letter to His Mother in Prison", he talked about being a ghost after his death and would be reincarnated to drive away the Qing army, and vowed to "have nightmares for seventeen years and take revenge in the next life." He also expressed his sincere feelings in the "Tushi Yu Lun" written in prison: "This life is over, and the next life will last; live forever, and never lose my righteousness; nine days and eight expressions, my heroic spirit will last forever." This can be regarded as "Perseverance." The best interpretation of the two sentences "soul" and "lingqi". Chen Zilong once sang a tragic song generously: "Where is the spirit of the national martyrdom now? I have been summoning the soul for ten years and I don't know it." (Part 3 of "Liaodong Miscellaneous Poems"). As a loyal student, Xia Wanchun made a huge sacrifice to his teacher with his practical actions of treating death as if he were home and unwilling to give up. The answer of the earth making the sound of gold and stone is heart-stirring and inspiring!
Xia Wanchun, a famous young hero in the Southern Ming Dynasty, was unexpectedly frustrated and caught for betraying his affairs. He was imprisoned. He knew that he would die, but But I miss my hometown and can't bear to say goodbye so suddenly. What flows between the lines is: there is passion hidden in pathos, and majesty is revealed in pathos. His unyielding national integrity and magnanimous awe-inspiring demeanor can be said to be "a hero in life, a hero in death"!
The whole poem is written with boldness and vigor, and the pen and ink are shining, which makes people Infected by the spiritual power of the poet who sacrificed his life to fulfill his righteousness and expressed his passion with anger, he aroused infinite respect.