The Book of Songs? Nan Zhou? The Original Text and Appreciation of Guanju
original text
Guan Guanzhi's pigeon (1) is in Hezhou (2). My Fair Lady (3), Gentleman (4).
Cross shepherd's purse ⑤, flow left and right ⑤. My fair lady, I want it.
I am very happy to have it, and I am eager to have it. Happy pet-name ruby, tossing and turning pet-name ruby.
Mix shepherd's purse and choose from left to right. My Fair Lady is a friend of the harp and the harp.
Staggered leeks, left and right. A beautiful and virtuous woman rings the bell to please her.
To annotate ...
1 off: the sound of water birds singing. Chrysanthemum pigeon: a kind of water bird.
② Mainland: land in water.
(3) Gentle and graceful: the appearance is beautiful inside. Shu: OK, OK.
(4) Gentleman: This refers to a woman's respect for a man. Qiu: Spouse.
⑤ Cenci: Uneven appearance. Apricot: A perennial aquatic plant with edible leaves.
⑥ Flow: Used for? Beg? , which means seeking and choosing.
⑦ Wu: Wake up. May: I fell asleep.
8 Thinking: Modal auxiliary words have no substantive meaning. Woman: It's gone.
Pet-name ruby leisurely: worried.
Indications: transfer. Tail: toss and turn.
(1 1) Qin and Qin: Qin and Qin are ancient stringed instruments. Friends: Friendly communication and closeness.
⑿ :⒂ (sound cap): Pull it out. There is a sense of choice.
Enjoy 1
Guanju is the beginning of Feng and the first article of The Book of Songs. The ancients ranked it at the top of 300 articles, indicating its high degree of attention. Historical records? The consorts' family once wrote:? "Yi" is the backbone of Kun, "Poetry" begins with "Guanju", and "Book" is beautiful? When husband and wife are married, human nature is also great. ? Han Shu again? Kuang Heng biography records, Kuang Heng sparse clouds:? Matching is the beginning of life and the source of happiness. The wedding ceremony is right, and then the goods are cashed and the fate is complete. Confucius' comments on poetry generally began with Guan Ju. ? The first of this discipline is the end of Wang Jiao. ? Their focus is pedantry, but their summary of the original intention of the poem is basically correct. The question is what kind of marriage it represents. This is related to our understanding of the wind. Zhu's Biography of Poems? Order? It is said that the so-called wind in all poems is mostly due to the ballads in the alley, the so-called duet between men and women, and each expresses his own views. ? What about the chronicle of Zheng Qiao? Leroux? "Positive Tone Sequence" says: Poetry lies in sound, not in righteousness. Even today, all cities have new voices, and the streets contend. Is it the beauty of its meaning? Straight to its new ear. ? Zhu discusses it from the poetic meaning, but explains it from the tone. Combining the two, we can think that the wind is a kind of ballad that expresses the love between men and women and sings with local accent. Although Zhu's interpretation of Guan Ju's theme is not so, from the specific performance of Guan Ju, it is indeed a romantic work between men and women, which is about a man's pursuit of women's love. Its sound, emotion, writing and meaning are all good enough to be the beginning of the wind and the first of 300 articles. Confucius said:? Guan Yu is happy but not lewd, sad but not hurt. ? ("The Analects? After that, people's evaluation of Guan Yu. Compromise with master? ("Historical Records? Confucius "). But what about Guan Ju?
This poem was originally composed of three chapters: one chapter with four sentences, two chapters with eight sentences and three chapters with eight sentences. Zheng Xuan is divided into two chapters from the last two chapters, with five chapters and four sentences in each chapter. Now use Zheng Xuan's method. The first chapter: dove and Song are in Hezhou, and their spouses are not chaotic, and a gentleman is a good couple. The beauty of this chapter lies in soothing the voice of justice, leading the whole article with tone and forming the tone of the whole poem. With what? My Fair Lady, Gentleman? In charge of the whole poem. Chapter two? Staggered leeks? Cheng? Guan Yu? Come, and with the growth of things on the mainland. ? Flow? What is the training of Mao Chuan for? Beg? , not sure. Because of the following? Ask for it? Already? Beg? In other words, this place is inappropriate again? Beg? Righteousness should be mobile. This is a metaphor that a lady is hard to find by borrowing the flow of shepherd's purse. ? Beg? Ci is the center of the whole poem, which shows the process of men pursuing women, that is, from deep yearning to realizing their desire to get married. The third chapter expresses my anxiety that I can't get it. This is the key to an article, which can best reflect the spirit of the whole poem. Comments on Yao Jiheng's The Book of Songs: There are four chapters before and after, and there are four sentences in the chapter, with clear meanings. What are these four sentences today? Ask for it? Next,? Tomoyuki? 、? Are you happy? Above the second chapter, the whole spirit is here. Gai must write these four sentences before the next move? Friends? 、? Le? The second layer means quick satisfaction. If not, what are the clouds in the sky? Beg? Under the cloud? Friends? 、? Le? The momentum is weak and sluggish. This ancient prose strives for conciseness, and its tone is forced to advance, which is different from the voice that emphasizes before. ? Yao's analysis of the importance of this chapter in the whole poem is the most accurate. What needs to be added is that this chapter not only carries forward Guan Ju's literary spirit with complex strings, but also writes a vivid and vivid image, that is, Wang Shizhen's "Yu Yang Shi Hua" is called? Are these 300 poems as real as paintings? . Lin Yiguang's Total Interpretation of the Book of Songs says:? When you wake up, tossing and turning, you are still in bed. ? This kind of mental description of missing your lover can be described as? Sad but not hurt? And ... The fourth and fifth chapters are about the happiness of seeking. ? Friends of the harp? 、? Bell and drum music? , are all scenes obtained afterwards. Hey? Friends? , hey? Le? Words have their own weight and depth. What does it mean to be happy and satisfied without extravagant desires? No lewd music? . The whole poem is about a man's yearning and pursuit of women, his anxiety and joy that he can't get.
This poem mainly shows the legend of Ji Xing and Mao:? Xingya. ? What is this? Xing? Kong's explanation is the most pertinent. He said in Mao Shi Justice: Xing? Who, too. Draw inferences from others, lead the whole class and open your heart. What are the references to plants, animals and birds in the poem? Xing? I quit, too ? So-called? Xing? , that is, the first thing caused by other scenery, that kind of sustenance. This is a euphemistic and implicit expression. Is this poem based on a pigeon? Loyal but different? A lady should match a gentleman; Miss with poor leek flow is hard to find; And pick it off with shepherd's purse? 、? Hey? , Mrs. Xing? Tomoyuki? 、? Are you happy? Wait a minute. The advantage of this technique is that it has far-reaching influence and can produce more than enough effect.
This poem also uses some disyllabic rhyming words to enhance the harmonious beauty of poetic tone and the vividness of describing characters. Like what? Hey? It rhymes; ? Uneven? This is a double tone; ? Tossing and turning? It's both disyllabic and rhyming. Use such words to modify actions, such as? Tossing and turning? ; Imitate the image, such as? My fair lady. ; Describe the scenery, such as? Staggered leeks? , are lively, full of sound and emotion. Liu's essay says:? In ancient times? The sounds of folk songs and proverbs follow the nature of nature. The reason why they can be homophonic is that the sentence is Ye Yun, and secondly, the words with double rhymes are often used between sentences. ? Although this poem is different from Ye Yun's, the use of disyllabic rhymes keeps the simple and natural style of ancient poetry.
In terms of rhyme, this poem adopts the way of even sentences entering rhyme. This even rhyme has dominated China's classical poetry for more than two thousand years. And the whole article rhymes three times, and there are empty feet? What? Words don't rhyme, words rhyme before empty words. This uneven change of rhythm greatly enhances the sense of rhythm and musical beauty of poetry.
We should understand Guan Ju from two aspects: poetry and music. Poetically speaking, what is it? Folk songs? The love between men and women is a folk custom. According to legend, the ancients had the custom of meeting men and women in mid-spring moon. "Zhou Li? Sheriff? Media cloud:? The media (that is, media officials) are responsible for people's judgment (cooperation). ? In mid-spring (February), men and women will meet, so sometimes runners can't help (running is not prohibited); If you don't use orders without reason, you will be punished, as will men and women without husbands. ? The chant in Guanju may not be a record of this historical event, but this historical event helps us to understand the psychological state and customs of ancient men and women who met, fell in love and hoped to get married. The object of literary works is social life, and the description of social customs can more truly reproduce social life, so that social life can be integrated into the picture of social customs, which is more realistic. Guan Ju describes the love between men and women in ancient times as a social custom. As far as music is concerned, the whole poem is formed for harmony. Zheng Qiao Chronicle? Leroux? Positive sequence:? All words are called poems, and poems are called songs. There is no poet who writes poetry and doesn't sing. ? Zheng Qiao particularly emphasized the importance of temperament. All vivid poems in ancient times can often be sung, and the harmony of timbre is emphasized. Guanju uses repeated chapters and sentences, which shows that it is a song and a poem that lives in people's mouths. Of course, "Guanju" is a combination of expressing poetry and fast sound, and conveying poetry with tone. Zheng Xuan's Preface to Poetry says:? Yu Shu said? Poetry expresses ambition, song always speaks, voice always follows, law and harmony. ? However, what is the way of poetry?
(Selected from Treasures of China Literature Appreciation, Shaanxi People's Education Publishing House, 1995).
(Nie Shiqiao)
Appreciate II
Appreciation of the Book of Songs? Management bureau
Wu Xiaoru
1
Appreciation has been popular in recent years, but I think this kind of article is not easy to write. In particular, to talk about the works in Three Hundred Poems, we must first pass the exegesis and then understand the theme of the poem. Because wind, elegance and praise are far away, their appreciation is often in the exegesis of words. In the old days, 300 poems were regarded as classics, and the ancients said that each poem was attached; If you don't know the meaning of a poem, it is like a cloud in the sky and a haze in the daytime. You must see through the clouds to understand poetry. Here, I take Guan Ju as an example to illustrate, but it is inevitable that people will be cynical in a cliche way.
Today, about no one believes in the so-called Preface to Mao Poetry? "Guan Yu", the virtue of empresses? A kind of writing. It is said that Guan Ju is a processed folk love song, so I'm afraid it won't go too far. Qi, Lu and Han (including Sima Qian and Liu Xiang) all think it is irony. What is the explanation? What's more, the ancients emphasized? What is the four beginnings theory (that is, "Guan Yu"? Wind? At the beginning, Luming Literature was? Xiaoya? Who was King Wen at the beginning? Daya？ At the beginning, what was the Qing Palace? Ode? At the beginning), I think it is meaningful to list Guanju as the first article of the fifteen-nation system, which is not the result of accidental arrangement. These all need our explanation.
In my opinion, there are two problems in their interpretation of poetry, whether they are Qi, Lu, Han of the modern literary school or those of the ancient prose school: first, they don't understand the vast majority? National wind? It is a folk song, and every poem is painted to monarchs, queens or prince couples in various countries; The second is to confuse the original intention of writing poetry with the later extended meaning. What did the three poets see in Guanju? I can't wait, and I'm thinking; Youyou, turn to the other side? , and then pull to Zhou Kangwang, said poetry is ironic? Lose morality? As Sima Qian said in the preface to the chronicle of the twelve princes:? Zhou Daozhen, the poet's favorite seat "Guanju". ? Later, "Shi Mao" sang three poems backwards, so it opposed modern style and talked about it. The virtue of empresses? At such times, the purpose is to say that it is not a poem but a compliment. If we realize that there are indeed many folk songs in the fifteen-nation system and eliminate the ways and means of taking them out of context, the fog artificially added by the three poets and Shi Mao will be swept away, and the true colors of poetry will naturally be revealed.
As for "Guanju"? National wind? At first, I thought it was human nature. The ancients originally said that "300 poems" were preserved because they were singing music and had nothing to do with poetry, so some satirical poems or bold and provocative love poems were not deleted and eliminated by the ruling class. I think, judging from the content of 300 poems, it is always necessary to collect poems from all over the country before giving them music. The music you set must not be completely irrelevant to the content of the poem, but you can use irrelevant music scores at will. What is Guanju? Wind? At first, I'm afraid it was related to the content. Because there is something in the poem? Friends of the harp? 、? Bell and drum music? Lyrics and expressions are very suitable for marriage, so I put them together with the melody that begins with sadness and ends with exultation as a sonata for marriage. Guy's in love Think about clothes? 、? Turn to the other side? It is human nature, so it is sad without hurting (? Sad? There is a touching meaning); Marriage between husband and wife is an excellent thing, and the collocation of a gentleman and a lady does not violate feudal ethics, so although it is fun, it is not immoral. This is naturally listed as? National wind? The first one. Until today, when we meet a festive festival, we still have to sing some cheerful and lively songs and play some inspirational songs to get what we want. This is not superstition, but an atmosphere suitable for festivals. If you play funeral music and sing mourning poems when holding a happy event, whether it is auspicious or not, the superstitious view will at least have the opposite effect of disappointing and ruining the scene, which is always annoying. The "Three Hundred Articles" movement was formulated by the ruling class. Of course, good luck is needed. At the beginning of the article, the works reflecting the festive atmosphere are listed. This is not only in line with the interests of one's own class, that is, it is justified from the perspective of human nature.
2
Since ancient times, Guanju has been divided into two chapters. One is that every four sentences are a chapter, and the whole poem has five chapters. The other is divided into three chapters, with four sentences in the first chapter and eight sentences in the second and third chapters. Literally, I prefer the second method. The first chapter is a general introduction with an objective attitude; The second and third chapters begin with the hero. First of all, he said that he missed the lady and couldn't even sleep. Then, after he proposes to a lady, he will do everything possible to make her feel happy and comfortable. If the second chapter is close to reality, then the third chapter is romantic, and the lyric hero is intoxicated with the bright future of love success.
When it comes to the expression of this poem, there have always been two opinions. That is, among several expressive techniques of Fu, Bi and Xing, some people think that? Guan Yu? Two sentences. Then what? Left and right staggered shepherd's purse? Such descriptions are all bi xing, starting from birds in the river and shepherd's purse in water. This is the theme of this poem. Another view is that this poem is from beginning to end? Fu? . What is its technology? Fu? Yes, there are two explanations. First, the ancients often said that picking shepherd's purse should be done by aristocratic women (including empresses and concubines)? Work? So that's it? Fu? ; Second, modern people say this is a realistic love song. The young man took a fancy to the working girl picking leeks by the river, so he confessed, no matter what. Crown dove? Whether it's singing or picking shepherd's purse. Gentleman? What you see and hear belongs to, of course? Business in Chen Qi? what's up Fu? Yes These statements are reasonable, and readers may wish to refer to each other.
But if I were to tell this poem, I would like it better? Bi xing? Go ahead. The so-called bi xing technique, especially? Xing? It's not that the poet finds something out of thin air to stuff into his poems, but that he uses the actual scenery he has seen and heard at present as a medium to express his thoughts and feelings and creates associations by the way. We can admit it. The pigeon in Guanguan, in Hezhou? This is a real scene in front of the poet, but this pair of waterfowl snuggle and echo each other on the river, which will naturally arouse the strong desire of unmarried young men to find a lady as a spouse. The poet only took a fancy to it when he chose the material of the poem? Guan Yu? , which in itself reflects? Bi xing? The role of. Why else didn't the poet write something else? In other words, only a pair of waterfowl who write mutual harmony can be in tune with the theme of this poem, which is also typical. If you limit it to. Fu? Framework, but close to the naturalistic explanation.
I'll play? Left and right staggered shepherd's purse? And then what? Pick? 、? Hey? Also known as "Bi Xing", it is based on the exegesis of Chinese characters and characters. Most ancient people put it? Flow? 、? Pick? 、? Hey? Synonyms, that is, both? Beg? 、? Picking? And then what? Choice? The meaning of. ? Flow? Training? Beg? From Liu Xiang in the Western Han Dynasty (in charge of Lushi), Gao You in the Eastern Han Dynasty (in detail, in the Spring and Autumn Annals of Lushi), to Ma in the Qing Dynasty (the author of Chuanjian General History), there are textual researches, which are more credible. For example, there is a sentence in the Chinese translation of Ren Yuesong in Shuo Yuan. Through China? (This sentence has been revised), here? Flow? That is, synonyms. Hey? And then what? Flow? They are all talking about picking. But Zhu's Biography of Poetry? Flow? The original meaning of the word is that this sentence refers to choosing shepherd's purse along the running water. Although this statement was criticized by Qing people (such as Yao Jiheng), I think Zhu's statement is based on real life. As for it? Hey? Old garrison also trains? Choice? , Zhu, but according to Dong Ya's "Guang Chuan Shi"? Hey? For what? Recommend when you are familiar with it? . I think this solution is also reasonable. In modern Chinese, especially in Beijing dialect, we often hear scalding vegetables with boiling water. Hey? (m？ O) The following statement. That is, put the raw vegetables in after the water is boiled. Hey? Take it out after cooking. Thus, from shepherd's purse? Flow? Arrive? Pick? From where? Pick? Arrive? Hey? , is a gradual process. ? About what? Here refers to people's right and left hands, which is extended to the left and right sides. People work with both hands, especially when picking or taking vegetables, they always use both hands at the same time. This is also common sense in life, there is no need to resign.
When the exegesis is clear, talk about poetry. Choose shepherd's purse, and a lady chooses a gentleman. At the beginning of mining, the water was left and right, and the direction was uncertain; Just like a man begging a woman, he hasn't found a clear goal yet, so he can only find it slowly, just like looking for a favorite shepherd's purse in the water. Until? Pick? At this time, the goal is clear. When you see it, shoot it. It's finished. Do you want it? Hey? It will become an edible thing in an instant, that is, when the wedding day comes, life together will begin. So I call it Bi Xing, which comes from the exegesis of words.
three
Let's briefly talk about the artistic features of this poem. This poem is incisive and incisive, especially in the third chapter. The hero is really considerate and caring for the woman he thinks. Chapter one? My fair lady. Two words, go straight, don't even turn a small corner. But since the second chapter, the details have increased, and this young man is due to? Think about clothes? Tossing and turning all night, sleeping restlessly, this is the real feeling. The more restless you sleep, the more ups and downs you feel; When people are in love, they always think optimistically, so he thinks about how lively the scene will be when they get married, how harmonious the feelings will be after marriage, and how happy life will be. Where did all this reverie come from? Youyou, turn to the other side? Out of insomnia. Although it is subjective wishful thinking, it is not beyond our power. Later, the playwright spoke on behalf of the people in the play and said? May all lovers get married? The suspicion is too exposed; But the author of Guanju filled his eyes with rich and complete imagination, really? Joy without lewdness, sadness without injury? Yes What's rare is that this is China's typical oriental traditional view of normal love, that is, what he wants is to become a couple with a lady. Okay？ Words can prove it), not just as lovers (this is different from the works in Zheng Feng! ), this is certainly branded with the feudal ruling class, but it also reflects the traditional characteristics of the Han nationality.
1950, I taught a special course on Shi Mao in the university for one year. A famous teacher (Mr. Feng Wenbing) lent me his lecture manuscript, and there is a passage about Guan Ju that has been passed down to this day. I would like to copy it down as the end of this short article:
? Xing? This is a realistic technology. It's good. This poem is a matter of rivers and continents, obviously a folk product; The life of ancient working people (probably women) was seen in Cai You. We are strangers to picking, but we can understand the life of picking lotus, lotus root and diamond. Go down the river first, then take it to your hand, then cook it and serve it. It means that although a small thing is not easy to do (this is the real spirit of labor), it symbolizes the mood and twists and turns of a gentleman asking for a wife. Why don't we wait until the uncooked rice is cooked? Bell and drum music? It's time, which means how long! At the same time, this kind of work is an immediate fact, not a virtual fantasy. It is both realistic and symbolic, which is a correct example of Bi Xing, and Bi Xing is the power of China's poetry. The queen is virtuous, where do you dream? Mining? The fun may not be visible? Crown dove? Fly with me. But taking pleasure in poetry, Master? Your eyes are finally good enough. Unfortunately, the ancients didn't understand? Learn from the people? That's all. (Xiaoru Publishing House: This passage comes from one of my post-robbery testimonials. It was written as my own words at that time, so it may be slightly different from the original text, so readers can learn it. )
The Book of Songs? Nan Zhou? Interpretation of Guanju
Folk songs sing the voice of the people and the truth of the real experience of life. What is touching is that it tells the life experience and truth that all of us can understand, and its brilliance makes the literati's melodramatic and sour look pale, anaemic and disgusting.
Ordinary people's songs are as simple, true and vivid as ordinary people's words. It is an eternal truth and a natural law that men should marry and women should marry. My hero's heart thumped when he saw the good girl, and the good girl admired him. This is the most natural and human impulse and the strangest thing.
Girls fall in love with spring and young people fall in love, which should probably be regarded as the eternal theme in the world. Sincere and touching love songs can also be said to be eternal songs. It is natural for men and women to love each other. However, some people are determined to study and explore this problem and go into the corner to find out what is important. Some people pull up their faces and make papers and talk nonsense. Some people deliberately say this and that, while others moan and pretend to be sad. Man, a monster, always creates some ghosts to scare himself, and always creates some shackles to put on himself, but he just doesn't want to look at himself in front of the mirror, inside and out.
Times are changing, is human nature changing? Men are not men, they don't have beards, they don't ride horses or shoot guns, they are covered in cream and their hands are weak. Men? And say? Boy? . Women are not women, with thick voices, big arms and thick waist. Boys dare to do it, boys dare to say it, girls can't do it, girls can sing and talk, and they can't sing and talk. Industrialization not only turns people into products produced by assembly line, but also turns the true feelings of men and women into canned food, instant noodles, chocolate, cosmetics, shampoo and bubble gum produced by assembly line. ......
Compared with the ancients, is this our luck or misfortune?