Due to the long-term war in the north, a large number of people moved or exiled to the south, and the people's livelihood in the traditional prosperous Yellow River valley was depressed, so the center of gravity of the Central Plains shifted from the north to the south, and the south began to become the economic and cultural center of China.
After a long period of brewing, Xie Lingyun, the first poet who wrote a lot of landscape poems, finally appeared in the Southern Dynasties.
Xie Lingyun, the grandson of Xie Xuan in the Eastern Jin Dynasty, was later attacked as Kangle Gong, and was later reduced to Marquis in Liu Song Dynasty. Xie Lingyun was dissatisfied with Liu Song's regime and was killed in Yuanjia for ten years.
Xie Lingyun has a lot of wealth and certain authority, which is the first convenient condition for him to appreciate the landscape and create landscape poems.
The content of Xie Lingyun's poems mainly describes the mountains and rivers, and his artistic feature is to pursue the shape and try his best to depict the nuances of the scenery. Because it is difficult to describe the external characteristics of scenery with words, Xie Lingyun often creates his own words in his five-character poems in order to fit the reality, so his poems occasionally have the shortcomings of being blunt and clumsy. However, because he mainly uses sketching techniques and rarely uses classics and whitewashing, he can still give people a sense of substitution and a fresh and beautiful aesthetic feeling, which is very different from the complicated carving style of the Jin Dynasty. Such as "climbing the pool upstairs":
Among them, the phrase "spring grass grows in the pool, willow turns into songbirds in the garden" was later called "five words are new through the ages" According to heather, Bao Zhao commented on the description of scenery in his poems, such as "the early hibiscus is naturally lovely".
Another feature of Xie Shi's poetry is that it ends in a metaphysical way. Of course, in addition to the end of the poem, sometimes something is inserted in the middle, such as "learning too much morality and wisdom, not being responsible for returning to the fields", but its "landscape+metaphysics" model is indeed the most remarkable feature.
Because Xie Shi doesn't put himself in it like Tao Yuanming's pastoral poems, it is a purely objective description of the scenery and does not contain the author's own emotional clues, so his reasoning is abrupt and has nothing to do with the description of the scenery, which becomes the burden of the whole poem.
However, as a famous landscape poet, his description of scenery is also quite excellent, so it still has great influence on that time and later generations, and he has become the initiator of the change of poetic style in the Southern Dynasties.
Bao Zhao was born in a humble background, and because his family values were relegated to the position of the younger generation, he was unhappy. Among his poems, Yuefu poetry has the highest achievement.
Tang Du Fu's evaluation of "Jun Yibao joined the army" is true. For example:
This poem, the first frontier poem, is magnificent and nuanced, such as "the horse's hair shrinks like a hedgehog, and the horn bow cannot be extended." It is vivid and emotional to read, such as being in an icy river outside the Great Wall.
There are also works that express their feelings, such as:
During the period of Liu and Song Dynasties, the literary world gradually got rid of the atmosphere of metaphysical poetry, and under the influence of the atmosphere of reciting ancient poems and engraving words, it began to pay attention to the use of allusions and the use of allusions rose.
Fu Liang is the first representative of this style, but his works are mainly practical. Later, there were Yan Yanzhi and Xie Zhuang.
Yan Yanzhi's poetry uses too many allusions, which affects the creation of poetic imagery and artistic conception. This is also a common problem of poets who pay attention to allusions.
Zhong Rong's poems criticized Yan Yanzhi and Xie Zhuang for "almost copying articles from books"; According to heather, Bao Zhao also criticized Yan Yanzhi for "lavishing brocade and embroidery, but also carving eyes".
However, Yan Yanzhi also has some works that get rid of the shackles of allusions and better express his feelings, with Ode to Five Gentlemen as the representative works:
In Ode to Five Gentlemen, Ruan Ji, Ji Kang, Xiang Xiu, Ruan Xian and Liu Ling, among the seven sages in the bamboo forest, are sung as objects to express their feelings. The whole poem is full of sonorous rhyme and feelings, which is a true portrayal of his own uninhibited.
In the Yongming period of the Southern Qi Dynasty (483 ~ 493), a new poetic style-Yongming Style finally appeared.
The most striking feature of Yongming style is to standardize the rhythm of poetic language. Its appearance laid the foundation for the final formation of modern poetry, and it was an important turning point in the development history of China's classical poetry.
In Lu Ji's "Wen Fu", it has been put forward that "the iteration of sound and sound is like a five-color declaration", which requires us to pay attention to the change of phonology when using words in literary works, but the view at this time is only a relatively general theory. It was not until the emergence of Yongming style that there was an artificial regulation on the melody of the works.
The rhythm of Yongming style is based on the four tones of "Ping, Shang, Qu and Ru", and the monotonous or uncoordinated phenomena in poetry are classified as "eight diseases".
But the theory of temperament at this time is undoubtedly immature and too harsh. Such rigid and meticulous regulations will also bring constraints to poetry creation and emotional expression. Even Shen Yue and Xie Tiao, the representative poets of Yongming Style, could not fully comply with them. Therefore, this theory has also been criticized by many people.
From the perspective of literary development, the theory of "eternal style" is a great progress, which makes it possible to master the law of syllable collocation and consciously collocate syllables, and lays the foundation for the formation of modern poetry.
In addition to the theory of "sound disease", Yongming-style poets also have some literary ideas worth mentioning: according to Yan's Family Instructions, the article should be "changed from three", easy to see things, easy to read and easy to recite. Easy to see refers to opposing uncommon allusions, easy to read refers to opposing uncommon words, and easy to read refers to emphasizing the cadence of the voice of the article.
Here are two poems in eternal style:
Due to the restriction of musical rules, the length of Yongming style can't be too long, but the syllables are smooth, the words are beautiful, the words are concise and appropriate, the feelings are deep and catchy.
New poetry: the transitional form between ancient poetry and modern poetry. From poets in Yongming style to modern poetry, all works that meet the corresponding characteristics belong to new poetry, which also requires the duality between poetry and poetry.
The most outstanding poet in Yongming style is Xie Lingyun's consanguinity, so he is also called "two thanks" or "big thanks to Xiao Xie".
Compared with Xie Lingyun, Xie Tiao's poems are more harmonious and poetic, and there is no problem of crude language and metaphysical ending. However, his poems lack Xie Lingyun's extraordinary brushwork and have a narrow realm.
The syllables of Xie Tiao's poems are beautiful, natural and fluent, which have the same characteristics as Yongming's poems.
Xie Tiao also has some small poems with five words and four sentences, which are exquisite in style and tactfully in content, and are very similar to the five-word quatrains later in the Tang Dynasty, and should be influenced by them.
Xie Tiao was one of the best poets in the Southern Dynasties, and he had a great influence on Chen Liang's poetic style, especially on the poets in the Tang Dynasty. For example, Li Bai spoke highly of Xie Tiao.
In the late Southern Qi Dynasty (AD 494), the brutal Qi Ming Emperor Xiao Luan succeeded to the throne. Influenced by the political struggle in the imperial court, Yongming writers were implicated, Wang Rong was killed, and Shen Yue, Xie Tiao and Fan Li were released. Therefore, in the later period, their works often broke away from the shackles of eternal style, no longer focused on rhythm skills, but poured their true feelings into their works, reflecting the trend of personalized creation. For example:
During the Taiping years, all kinds of foreign skills still highlight talents, but poems in troubled times are often sincere from the heart.
After the change of poetic style, it still has the charm of eternal style, not simply returning to classical poetry, so the creation of this period can be regarded as a new style of eternal style or a new genre of classical poetry.
Xiao Luan died after only five years in office, and Xiao Yan, one of the Eight Friends of Jingling, came to power. In 502 AD, the Liang Dynasty was established to replace Nanqi.
Xiao Yan himself was a scholar, and he was keen to promote scholars after he became king. But as a king, he couldn't concentrate on writing, so many scholars gathered around Prince Xiao Tong, forming the most influential literati group at that time.
Xiao Tong advocates that literary works should be both "beautiful" and "elegant". Beauty refers to the formal beauty of literature, while elegance refers to the Confucian orthodox literary concept, which naturally has his status as a prince. Xiao Tong's poems have no features. His greatest contribution is to compile the earliest extant literary collection in China-Selected Works.
In 53 1 year, Prince Xiao Tong died of illness, and Xiao Gang succeeded to the throne as the Crown Prince. However, his literary concept is not the same as Xiao Tong's elegance, and he only overemphasizes the formal beauty of poetry and ignores the connotation. In addition, their life scope itself is very narrow, so the subject matter is extremely limited, mostly praising the things around them and women's posture, and finally forming "palace poems."
Palace poetry requires poetry: gorgeous language, precise antithesis, dense allusions and harmonious rhyme, which can be said to summarize the external skills of poetry as a whole, such as:
There are obvious deficiencies in the content and style of palace poems, and even some works have low style and explicit descriptions of eroticism, but it is the first time that palace poems describe the external beauty of women on a large scale, which is also a breakthrough to traditional poems.
At the same time, palace poems have a better grasp of duality and parallelism, and accumulated more experience in formal skills, which is of great help to the evolution of ancient poetry to modern poetry.
After Selected Works of Xiao Tong, Xiao Gang edited Poems of Yaotai. Xiao Gang ordered Xu Ling to collect all the related works similar to Yan Ti poems since the Western Han Dynasty, in order to compete with the elegant style of poems left by Xiao Tong and improve his political status.
Yutai New Poetry contains more than 660 works with female themes since the Western Han Dynasty, including Cao Zhi's Peacock Flying Southeast, Abandoned Wife Poetry, Yu Xin's Tanabata Poetry, Yu Jiao Rao's Yuefu Poems, and metaphysical poet Sun Chuo's Peach Leaf Lover Song and Jasper Lover Song.
In 3 16, Attila Liu Yao invaded Chang 'an, and the Western Jin Dynasty perished. Si Marui, the royal family of the Western Jin Dynasty, established the Eastern Jin Dynasty, established its capital and ruled the south, while the north of the Yangtze River fell into years of war and the coexistence and change of political power. /kloc-for more than 20 years, many regimes have emerged, which is known as the "Sixteen-State Period".
People's livelihood is depressed, and some minority regimes hate the Han people, especially the intellectuals of the Han nationality. Therefore, there are few poems in this period, and the only one with great influence is the palindrome poem of the poetess Su Hui.
Su Hui's palindrome poem, also known as The Map of Xuan Ji, has a total of 84 1 word and 29 words vertically and horizontally, all of which can be read vertically, horizontally, obliquely, interactively, vertically, backwards and repeatedly, which can be described as ingenious.
Among the Yuefu in the Southern Dynasties, the highest artistic level is the Western Zhou Opera;
Among the Yuefu in the Northern Dynasties, Mulan Ci and Chile Ge are the best works.