1. China's peace policy and peace struggle.
(1) Mao Zedong issued a great call to "carry the revolution to the end"?
* * * Don't the producers want peace? By the end of 1948, the military defeat of the Kuomintang had been decided. In order to save its demise, a new peace offensive is brewing within the Kuomintang as a plan to slow down the troops. Therefore, in addition to military struggle, a new and complicated political struggle situation has emerged. The American government adopted the strategy of supporting Li Zongren in Guangxi to replace Chiang Kai-shek and Li Zongren to negotiate with the * * * production party. 1948 65438+At the end of February, Bai Chongxi, a native of Guangxi, forced Jiang to step down under the banner of "peace talks". Chiang Kai-shek issued a "peace" statement on New Year's Day (1949) under the military defeat and internal pressure of the United States and the Kuomintang, on the condition that he held "peace talks" with the * * * production party while retaining the pseudo-constitution, pseudo-legal system and reactionary troops. Its essence is to safeguard the sovereignty of the reactionary Kuomintang government. Chiang Kai-shek once again played a conspiracy of false peace. In response to Chiang Kai-shek's false peace, Mao Zedong exposed this conspiracy of American imperialism and Kuomintang reactionaries in his New Year speech 1949, and issued a great call to the people of the whole country to "carry the revolution to the end".
(2) Chiang Kai-shek issued a "peace" statement in an attempt to make a plan to delay the war.
2, * * * Beiping peace talks.
(1) background: But in order to quickly end the war, realize real peace and reduce people's suffering; Once again test the sincerity of the Chiang Kai-shek clique's peace talks and let the people of the whole country recognize its fake peace. At the same time, the Kuomintang also occupies vast areas such as Jiangnan, the upper reaches of the Yangtze River and the northwest. If the Kuomintang sticks to the end, it will definitely increase the casualties of the PLA. Therefore, Mao Zedong put forward eight conditions for peace talks in his statement.
Chiang Kai-shek was cornered and forced to announce "retirement" on June 5438+1October 2 1 and "Vice President Li assumed the presidency". However, his retirement is not a real transfer of power. As early as before leaving office, he made great changes in the personnel of the Kuomintang party, government and army politically, and arranged his own clique and cronies to hold important positions; Economically, the deposits of major banks and ordinary people have been looted by various means; In the military, a maritime chain was established to establish their final foothold-Taiwan Province Province. After Chiang Kai-shek stepped down as president, he sat in Xikou and was still in command behind the scenes.
After Chiang Kai-shek abdicated, Acting President Li Zongren expressed his willingness to hold peace talks in an attempt to rule the Yangtze River with the * * * production party.
(2) Overview:
Time: April1-April 20th.
Representative: * * * Producer-Zhou Enlai Nationalist Party-Zhang Zhizhong
Results: The two sides reached the final amendment to the domestic peace agreement, but refused to sign it.
Impact: thoroughly expose the fraud of the Kuomintang's fake peace talks.
Compare Chongqing negotiation with Peiping negotiation.
Similarities: (1) are all put forward by the Kuomintang, and they are all fake peace talks; (2) They all exposed the Kuomintang's conspiracy of fake peace talks and real civil war, showing the sincerity of the * * * production party for peace and democracy; (3) The negotiation plan is put forward by the producer of * * *; (4) All of them were intervened by the United States; (6) all destroyed by the Kuomintang; (6) All these did not prevent or end the civil war, but they were important opportunities in the process of American democratic politics.
Difference: Different background: During the Chongqing negotiations, the Kuomintang held great advantages in politics, economy, military affairs and diplomacy, but due to the pressure of public opinion at home and abroad and the unfinished preparations for civil war, it invited Mao Zedong to negotiate three times. During the Beiping negotiations, the liberation war was about to win, and the Kuomintang was divided and fragmented, so it had to issue a peace statement. The purpose is different: during the Chongqing negotiations, the Kuomintang was trying to buy time for launching a civil war and tried to shift the responsibility of the civil war to the producers. * * * The production party strives for peace, exposes the conspiracies of the United States and Chiang Kai-shek, and unites and educates the people. During the Beiping negotiations, the Kuomintang continued the civil war in order to gain breathing time. * * * The Productive Party aims to quickly end the civil war, achieve domestic peace and reduce people's suffering. The content is different: the focus of Chongqing negotiations is political power and military issues. The focus of Beiping negotiations is whether the revolution should go through to the end. The main difference between the two negotiations is the change of the power and political status of the * * * production party.
Due to the isolation of the reactionary Kuomintang government from the people, Mao Zedong, Chairman of the People's Revolutionary Military Commission of China, and Zhu De, Commander-in-Chief of the People's Liberation Army of China, issued an order to March on the whole country on April 2 1. The People's Liberation Army led a million mighty men across the Yangtze River. Look at the schematic diagram of the PLA crossing the river. On April 2 1 day, the battle of crossing the river began. The PLA crossed the river in three ways from Jiangyin, Jiangsu to Hukou, Jiangxi. The Yangtze river defense line painstakingly managed by the Kuomintang was vulnerable and collapsed in an instant.
(2) The People's Liberation Army occupied Nanjing.
Time: April 23,
Significance: the collapse of the national government. Li Zongren fled back to Guilin.
Seven laws: the People's Liberation Army occupied Nanjing
(3) The People's Liberation Army marched all over the country.
4. The convening of the Second Plenary Session of the Seventh Central Committee.
(1) Time and place: 65438+March 0949 Xibaipo, Hebei Province.
(2) Content: work focus, basic principles, basic policies, general tasks and work style.
(3) Significance: Major issues
Note: The problem solved by the meeting is essentially the problem of seizing, establishing and consolidating political power.
Shift and symbol of work focus: During the August 7th meeting, the focus of the Party's work shifted from cities to rural areas, with emphasis on agrarian revolution and armed struggle. Sign: Autumn Harvest Uprising March into Jinggangshan. Two shifts are the needs of the development of the situation at the turning point of history (after the failure of the Great Revolution, the revolution was at a low tide; The victory of the liberation war after the three major battles is also the embodiment of the foresight of the * * * production party.
Second, the reasons for the victory or failure of the War of Liberation
Why did Mao Zedong win the Five-Year War in less than three years?
1, the defeat of the Kuomintang
Political isolation and loss of popular support
During the War of Liberation, the reactionary rule of the Kuomintang was characterized by dictatorship, civil war and treason. The two fronts made the Kuomintang face a catastrophe surrounded by the people of the whole country.
(2) The army is war-weary and demoralized.
The nature of the war determines the return of the people's hearts, and the return of the people's hearts has contributed to the rapid transformation of the Kuomintang's military superiority to its inferiority.
(3) Corrupt officials are rampant and politically corrupt.
People in the enemy-occupied areas call the reception officials "Sanyo Kaitai" (advocating the western world, loving the eastern world and wanting to show the foreign world) and "Five sons in charge" (cars, houses, gold, clothes, bitches). Chiang Kai-shek didn't come to the conclusion until 1948: "When receiving money, many senior officers were extravagant and debauched, making them arrogant, undisciplined and demoralized. It can be said that our failure is the failure of reception. "
(4) When American aid was cut off, Chiang Kai-shek split.
In the American general election, Truman defeated Dewey and was re-elected. Chen Lifu and Song Meiling went to the United States for help, but they were both rejected. 1in August, 949, the State Council published a white paper on the relationship between the United States and China, indicating that Chiang Kai-shek's failure in Chinese mainland was due to the corruption of the Kuomintang government, not the lack of support from the United States. The word "Chiang Kai-shek" has become synonymous with the corruption, incompetence and dictatorship of the Kuomintang government, and the American democratic government has despaired of Chiang Kai-shek.
2. * * * Party wins.
(1)*** The correct leadership of the Party. In the stage of new-democratic revolution, the revolution suffered serious setbacks due to the wrong leadership of Chen Duxiu's right opportunism line and Wang Ming's "left" adventurism line. The producers of China * * *, represented by Mao Zedong, adhered to the correct leadership of the Party and formulated the correct line, principles and policies of the Party, which enabled the China revolution to move from victory to victory.
(2) Marxist-Leninist Mao Zedong Thought's theoretical guidance (soul) and the road (direction) from new democracy to socialism.
(3) Armed struggle of the people's army (backbone).
(4) The broadest revolutionary united front (guarantee). Chen Duxiu gave up the leadership of the revolutionary United front, made blind concessions to the Kuomintang Rightists within the United front, and Wang Ming's "left" adventurists refused the United front, causing serious setbacks to the revolution. The * * * production party, represented by Mao Zedong, fully realized the necessity and importance of the United front to the China revolution, always adhered to the party's United front policies and strategies, and successively established the revolutionary United front, the anti-Japanese national United front and the people's democratic United front at the stage of the democratic revolution, uniting all forces that can be United and jointly promoting the continuous development of the China revolution.
(5) Active support from the public (foundation). The peasant class is the most extensive and reliable ally of China's democratic revolution. Mao Zedong paid special attention to farmers' problems, and formulated correct land policies that met farmers' interests and requirements at all stages of the democratic revolution, which enabled the * * * production party to win the heartfelt support and support of farmers and laid a broad and solid mass foundation for the victory of the new-democratic revolution. Without the support of farmers, there would be no consolidation and expansion of revolutionary base areas, no development and expansion of the Red Army, the New Fourth Army and the Eighth Route Army, and no great victory of War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression and the People's Liberation War.
1949 On New Year's Day, Mao Zedong issued a great call to "carry the revolution to the end". Subsequently, although the country held peace talks in Beiping, the national government finally refused to sign it, which showed the conspiracy of Kuomintang reactionaries to play with false peace. As a result, the People's Liberation Army launched a campaign to cross the river, liberated Nanjing and overthrew the reactionary rule of the Kuomintang. All reactionaries will not quit the stage of history on their own. If they want to win the people's revolution completely, they must carry it through to the end.
The reasons for the victory and defeat of the war of liberation and the reasons for the victory of the war of liberation are also the basic experience of the victory of the new-democratic revolution.