The phonetic notation of the complete poem "Fifteenth Military Expedition" is as follows:
Introduction to the work
"Fifteenth Military Expedition" is a Yuefu poem from the Han and Wei dynasties. "Horizontal Blowing Music Ci·Lianggujiao Horizontal Blowing Music". This poem depicts various scenes of a veteran who was on an expedition on his way back home and after he arrived home. It exposes the cruel enslavement of working people and the damage to human nature caused by the unreasonable military service system in ancient society. It has a certain epic significance. The poem is filled with a feeling of resentment, and the tone is extremely sad. The narrative of the whole poem is natural and smooth, the language is simple and real, and it has the characteristics of Han Yuefu folk songs.
Original text of the work
I joined the army at the age of fifteen and returned home at the age of eighty.
Tao met a fellow villager: "Who is at home?"
"Looking from a distance, it is Jun's home, with many pine and cypress graves."
The rabbit entered from the dog's sinus. , Pheasants flew from the beams.
The atrium produces the valley, and the well produces the sunflower.
Chong the grain and hold it for cooking, and pick the sunflower and hold it for soup.
The soup and rice are cooked for a while, but I don’t know who will eat them.
When I went out and looked eastward, my clothes were stained with tears.
Explanation of words and sentences
⑴ Symptom: One book is "Xing".
⑵Shi: Talent. Go home: go home.
⑶Daofeng: Encountered on the road.
⑷A (ā) Who: Ancient colloquialism, meaning "who". Ah, auxiliary word.
⑸Jun: A title showing respect, equivalent to "you".
⑹ Songbai (bǎi): pine, cypress. 冢(zhǒng): grave. Tirei: One after another.
⑺Dou (dòu): a wall hole for dogs to enter and exit. Sinus, cave.
⑻Pheasant (zhì): Pheasant.
⑼Atrium: In the courtyard, the yard in front of the house. Lü: Traveling, plants grow wild without being sown.
⑽Sunflower: Sunflower, the young leaves can be eaten.
⑾Chung (chōng): Pound off the skin of the millet. 飰(fàn): Same as "rice" in ancient times.
⑿羹(gēng): Food with thick juice made from vegetable leaves.
⒀For a while: for a while.
⒁ Yi (yí): send, give away. One book is "祴".
⒂Look: One book is "Wang".
⒃Zhan: Penetration.
Translation of the work
The fifteen-year-old boy was drafted to fight in the war; he was not allowed to return to his hometown until he was eighty years old.
The news was cut off early, I don’t know what happened. On the way, he asked the villagers: "How is my home?"
"Please look further away. There are rows of pines and cypresses. There are graves one after another, and all the young and old are dead."
I groped around the house. Everything is desolate: hares crawl into dog holes, pheasants fly around the roof beams.
There are wild grains growing in the courtyard, and sunflowers growing on the well.
Gather grain and pound it into rice, and pick sunflowers to make soup.
The food will be cooked soon. I don’t know who to taste it.
When I walked through the door and looked east, my clothes were wet with tears.
Creative background
According to "Essential Interpretations of Ancient Yuefu Questions", "Fifteenth Military Expedition" had already entered the Jin Dynasty. It is difficult to ascertain whether it was ever used in music before it was used as a horizontal blow tune. This poem may have originally been a folk song from the great turmoil between the Han and Wei dynasties, written to complain about the cruel and complicated military service system.
Appreciation of the work
"Fifteen Years of Military Expedition" is a narrative poem that depicts a veteran who joined the army at the age of fifteen and returned from the army at the age of eighty, on his way back home and after he arrived home. The tragic scene exposed the damage to human nature caused by the unreasonable military service system in feudal society, and reflected the injustice and pain of the working people under the dark military service system at that time. The work is true, profound and makes people cry.
The beginning of the work is extraordinary: "You join the army at the age of fifteen, and you will not return until you are eighty." These two sentences bluntly say that the veteran joined the army at the age of fifteen and returned at the age of eighty, which seems ordinary. It's not surprising, it seems like it was said accidentally, but it is actually intriguing and shows his skill. He "joined the army on the fifteenth day" and where he went is not explained in the poem. What his military life was like and what the battle situation was like are also not explained in the poem. This leaves a lot of room for the reader's imagination. But one thing is clear, that is, he "joined the army" because of the war, and he stayed away for decades. The contrast between "eighty" and "fifteen" highlights the length of his "military expedition"; the echo of "beginning to return" and "military expedition" indicate that he never came back midway. Eighty years old is a fictitious word, describing the long time in the army and the heavy military service.
It is precisely because he joined the army in the 15th year and returned in the 80th year. During this period, he lost contact with his family for decades and knew nothing about the situation at home, so the veteran was eager to know the situation at home. This naturally leads to the following - the conversation between the veteran and the villagers on the way back home. The poem by Song Zhiwen, a poet of the Tang Dynasty, "I feel more timid when I'm close to my hometown, and I don't dare to ask people who are coming." It reflects his ambivalence on the way back home after a long absence from his hometown. This poem's writing style is different, but he reaches the same destination through different routes. Song Zhiwen's poem expresses his urgent desire to understand the situation at home on his way back home, while this poem is straightforward. Both show the true emotions of people who have returned home after a long absence. The answer of the "countryman" in this poem is very clever. He does not explicitly say who else is in the veteran's family, but just points to the numerous high graves covered with pines and cypresses in the distance and says: "That is your home." It means: "There is no one else in your home."
"Actually, the "countryside people" answered like this because they couldn't bear to tell the truth, fearing that the veteran would not be able to bear the pain of family ruin and death. Such ink is obviously a sad scene to describe grief, and it also echoes the following." Dao Feng Country people, 'Who is in the family?'" The protagonist's ideological context has changed from decades of war life to the wilderness and long ancient roads. The current situation of his relatives and homes has changed from a vague imagination to an eagerness to know and fear of knowing. Inquiry. Just as the protagonist's long-term war life is not described in detail, the work also omits descriptions of his exposure to wind and rain, his hurried travels, and his surprise encounters with fellow villagers. A question of "who is there at home?" The focus of the work is home. "When a young boy leaves home and his elder brother returns home, his local accent remains unchanged and his hair on his temples fades away. "After decades, how dare you expect that your family is safe and your relatives are still alive. Having one or two survivors is a blessing among misfortunes. So he only asked who else in the family was lucky enough to survive. However, the answer from the "countryman" But it’s like a basin of cold water being poured over one’s head while standing in a world of ice and snow: “Looking from a distance, it’s Jun’s house, with numerous pine and cypress tombs. "In these turbulent years, none of my relatives survived. Full of hope, full of heartfelt feelings, decades of wind, frost, rain, snow, and decades of accumulated feelings, I cannot confide or express them to others.
The reality before him is: "Rabbits enter from the dog's sinuses, pheasants fly from the beams; valleys are born in the atrium, and sunflowers are born in the wells." "Looking from afar, I saw a more desolate and miserable scene. The author did not say that the room was deserted, but caught the hare and saw the man crawling into the dog hole, thinking that he had gained something. The pheasant flew up and fell on the beam in the house, thinking that he had gained something. An's scene: The veteran did not directly describe the desolate and messy garden. He only took in two "shots" of sunflower seeds and grains growing randomly by the well and in the atrium. The house was empty and the garden was desolate, which made the image even more painful. . A dusty old man stood in front of a "home" that once had a cozy fire and a tidy garden. He was alone and alone. The home he had been looking forward to for decades but without any relatives to welcome him turned out to be worse than he imagined. Ten times, a hundred times... The author did not directly express emotions, but the work received a stronger lyrical effect than direct expressions.
The old man who is a little confused, a little confused, and a little sad is like the "Pine and Cypress Tombs". "Like not hearing or seeing, he became numb to the desolate homeland. So, he silently pounded off the husks of mature millet and picked the tender leaves of mallow. When the rice was cooked and the soup was boiling , he suddenly remembered that he didn’t know who to feed.
"When I went out and looked eastward, my clothes were stained with tears. "He walked out of the dilapidated door and looked to the east. He might still have hope. He saw someone or something. He might have seen long-lost relatives, or he might not have seen anything at all. He walked away from his fantasy in a daze. He came out with tears streaming down his face. He could no longer cry like a young man, only the tears that condensed decades of hardship, decades of longing, decades of anticipation, decades of battlefield hardships, and decades of vicissitudes of life. The words "tears stain my clothes" are full of rich, deep and painful emotional connotations. By the end of the poem, the emotional concentration of the author and the reader has reached a climax. The climax.
The whole poem highlights the image of the old soldier, and also focuses on portraying the image of "home". At the same time, the image of "countryside people" is also very vivid. The worried old man, the outspoken villagers who have no scruples, the home with decaying grass and ancient cypresses and deserted graves all together form a real and moving picture with a socially significant theme, which typically reflects the social reality of the Han Dynasty. Side. Especially the contrasting narration between the protagonist and his family pushes the theme and artistic level of the work to a new level: a man who has served in the military for decades is actually the only survivor of his family. Those relatives who did not serve in the military have lush pine and cypress graves. It is conceivable that their poor and miserable life during their lifetime is not as good as the soldiers who may die every moment; the work is specifically about the protagonist who has been fighting for the country for decades but failed. The misfortune and misfortune of being unable to return home, and being homeless when he returned home. Compared with his misfortunes and those of his relatives who had no choice but to walk into silent, dark, and cold graves, he felt miserable. He is the "lucky one". In this way, the work not only exposes the darkness and evil of the feudal military service system, not only expresses the misfortune of an eighty-year-old man, but also reflects the darkness of the entire social reality at that time, and expresses something deeper than personal misfortune. The misfortune of the entire people, the decline of society, and the turmoil of the times have sublimated the theme of the work.
This poem is structured around the veteran's return home experience and his emotional changes, which is clever and natural. The poem is both concise and profound, and the selection and tailoring of the content and the arrangement of the structure are all just right and original. It has well received the concept of "meaning beyond words", the main idea in words and unsaid, profound artistic conception, and long lasting charm. Artistic effect. The whole poem uses line drawing to depict scenes and people, with clear layers and simple language. It also uses sad scenes to describe sorrow, which is sincere and unique, and can also embody the artistic characteristics of the lyrical scene of Han Dynasty Yuefu.
Comments from famous experts
Lu Shiyong of the Ming Dynasty: "Straight and unbridled, like the meaning of Yuefu. "(Ding Fubao's "Notes on the Essence of Chinese Poetry")
Fang Dongshu of the Qing Dynasty: ""Fifteen Military Expeditions", this is just a description of the ability, but the scene of chaos and separation is unimaginable. This is the legacy of Xiaoya, and was later studied by Du Gongshi.
"(Volume 2 of "Zhao Mei Zhan Yan")
The influence of later generations
This is a poem that exposes the cruel enslavement and harm of the unreasonable military service system in feudal society to the working people. , Du Fu's famous "No Home Farewell" was also influenced by this poem.