1. "Ling": used before nouns or adjectives to express respect for other people's relatives, and has the meaning of "beautiful". For example:
Your Majesty and Your Majesty: Honorific titles for other people’s parents
Your Majesty Brother and Young Sister: Honorific titles for other people’s brothers and sisters
Your Majesty and Young Lady: Honorific titles for others Honorific titles for children
Lingqin: Addressing someone else's wife with respect
Lingqin: Addressing someone else's relative with respect
2. "Hui": A respectful term used to address the other party own actions. For example:
Hui Lin, patronage: Refers to the other person coming to you
Huicun: Asking others to keep their gifts
3. "Cui": Respect Words are used for other people's actions towards oneself. For example:
Consult, inquire: Refers to the other party asking about oneself
Consider: Refers to others missing oneself
4. "Gift": Respectful words, referring to something receive the gift. For example:
Give a lesson: someone else teaches you
Give a meal: someone else treats you with food
Give a reply: ask others to reply to you
5. "Please": a respectful speech, used to ask the other party to do something. For example:
Ask: I hope others will answer
Ask: I hope others will give me advice
6. "Gao": respectful words, referring to other people's things. Such as:
Gao Jian: refers to other people’s opinions
Gao Lun; other people’s wise opinions
Gao Zu: a respectful term for other people’s students
Gaoshou: Used to ask the age of an old person
Gaoling: Used to say the age of an old person
Gaojie: Refers to a person leaving his original position to take a higher position
< p>7. "Hua": Respectful words, referring to things related to the other party. Such as:Hua Han: calling other people’s letters
Hua Xia: other people’s birthdays
Hua Xia: other people’s houses
8. "Xian": Addressing each other, mostly used for peers or juniors. Such as:
Good brother, good nephew, etc.
9. "Feng" respectful words are used when one's own behavior involves the other party. Such as:
Gift: give away
Return: return
Advise: advise
Accompany: accompany
Commonly used Respectfully
Defending: Refers to retaining the last championship title in a competition. Hui Gift: Jing Ci, refers to a gift (property) from the other party; Hui Yun: Jing Ci, refers to the other person's permission to do something; Family Father: Qian Ci, referring to one's father to others; Mum: Qian Ci, referring to one's mother to others; Coming: Jing Ci, To say that the other party has come to ask for advice: a polite word to give advice (to me), such as "What do you think?" Forgiveness: a polite word to ask for someone's understanding. Borrowing light: a polite word to ask others for convenience or to ask for help. Borrowing: refers to borrowing money from other people. The power of "Jinlan" is often used as a greeting speech. Golden Wedding: European custom calls it the fiftieth anniversary of marriage. Jinlan: It can be used as a pronoun for brothers and sisters who have sworn sworn brothers and sisters, such as "Jie Jie Jinlan". Jinjian: Go to meet, (mostly refers to meeting the leader) Jinlan: To address people. To give advice (with a respectful or polite tone), such as "I have a word for you", "Boldly make a suggestion" Jinjian: that is, to come to see an audience: (book) to meet with (the monarch) Ask a question: a respectful speech, to express others (mostly elders or elders) superiors) to ask themselves. Chui Ai: (written) words of respect to express the love and care of the other party (mostly elders or superiors) (mostly used in letters) Long time no see: polite words, not seen for a long time Jiu Admiration: polite words, admired for a long time (said when meeting for the first time) Ask for the throne: Refers to plotting to seize power (neutral word) Li: (book) husband and wife, as if married and married Laobu: a respectful speech, used to thank others for visiting; a polite word, used to ask others to do things or to give way to your beloved (Yuan) ): Jing Ci, address the other party's daughter as your prince: Jing Ci, address the other party's son as your father-in-law: Jing Ci, address the other party's relatives as your father-in-law: Jing Ci, address the other party's mother as your father-in-law: Jing Ci, address the other party's father as a courtesy word. , used when the host sees off a guest, the guest asks the host not to send him away to be covered in dust: (Book) to be covered in dust, (referring to the monarch fleeing due to war) Taboo: In the old days, it refers to the name of an elder or a respected person. Neijian: refers to the female family members. Wife: calls one's wife to others. Shanfeng: polite words, used to ask the other party to accept one's request or gift. Shejian: humbly refers to one's own home, also called "Shaxia". Sheqin: one's relatives. Taiduan: Jingci, the old name for the other party, (mostly used in letters from agencies, groups, etc. to individuals) Taifu: Jingci, the old expression used to ask people Taijia: Jingci, the old name for the other party Taijian: the old letter formula, Used after the initial salutation to invite the other person to read the letter. Taishan, Taishui: father-in-law, mother-in-law TOEFL: polite words, relying on other people's wealth to make yourself lucky. Uncle: (book) father-in-law.
Qian Ci
Qian Ci is an indispensable expression of humility in people's daily communication and correspondence.
It belongs to the family of "family". Used to address one's senior or older relatives to others. For example, family father, family respect, family Yan, and family king are called father; family mother, family Ci: called mother; family brother: called elder brother; family sister: called sister; family uncle: called uncle.
A family with the word "house". Used to refer to one's lower-ranking or younger relatives to others. For example, brother-in-law is called younger brother; sister-in-law is called sister; nephew-in-law is called nephew; qin-in is called relative.
The "small" family. To speak modestly of oneself or someone or something related to oneself. For example, Xiaodi: a male refers to himself modestly among friends or acquaintances; Xiaoer: a modest description of his son; Xiaonu: a modest description of his daughter; Xiaoren: a person with a low status calls himself; Xiaosheng (mostly seen in early vernacular): a young scholar Self-proclaimed; Xiaoke (mostly seen in early vernacular): modestly referring to oneself; Xiaodian: modestly referring to one's own shop.
The "old" family. Used to describe oneself modestly or something related to oneself. For example, Lao Cou: modestly referring to oneself as uneducated; Lao Ruo: an elderly person modestly referring to oneself; Laofian: a young person referring to one's own face; Laoshen: an elderly woman modestly referring to oneself.
The "dare" family. To express a presumptuous request to others. For example, dare to ask: used to ask the other party questions; dare to ask: used to ask the other party to do something; dare to bother: used to trouble the other party to do something.
The "foolish" family. A modesty used to describe oneself. For example, foolish brother: calling oneself to someone younger than oneself; Yujian: calling one's own opinion. You can also use "yu" to describe yourself modestly.
The "clumsy" family. Used to take advantage of others' things. For example, Zhuobi: humbly refer to one's own words or calligraphy and painting; Zhuozhu, Zhuozu: humbly refer to one's articles; Zhujuan: humbly refer to one's own opinions.
The word "杝" belongs to the family. Used to describe oneself modestly or something related to oneself. For example, my person: humbly refer to myself; my surname: humbly refer to my surname; my place: humbly refer to my house and place; my school: humbly refer to my school.
The "despicable" family. Used to describe oneself modestly or something related to oneself. For example: I humbly describe myself; despise: humbly describe my own opinions; despise: humbly describe my opinions.
There are also humble houses: referring to one’s own home humbly; dog son: referring to one’s own son; stupid birds flying first: indicating that one has poor ability and is afraid of falling behind, and is one step ahead of others; offering advice: referring to one’s own superficial and incompetent skills in modesty. Mature opinions lead to wise, mature opinions from others, and so on.
Ancient age titles
In the process of learning ancient Chinese, we often come across some words expressing age titles, such as: "Weak Crown", "Old Age", etc. Students often find this difficult to understand. In fact, there are many words like this, which are all knowledge that we must understand in the process of learning ancient Chinese. The ancient people's age titles had different origins. Most of them were named according to the physiological characteristics of different ages, but some became fixed titles based on what the predecessors said.
Among all the age titles, the title of "ninety" is the most common and interesting. It is also called "fish back". Mackerel is a kind of fish, and the spots on its back are like the wrinkled skin of an old man. . In old age, age spots appear on the skin like the skin of a frozen pear, so it is also called "frozen pear".
There are also names based on physiological characteristics. For example, newborns are called "babies" because newborns need to be held in front of the chest for feeding. Ying can communicate with Ying, Ying is the chest. The baby is the one held in the chest. In addition to being called "mourning", the age of seven is also called "羾龀" and also called "ruining teeth". This is because it is the period when teeth are changing. The fifteen-year-old is called a "child", and "a mountain without grass or trees is called a child". In ancient times, adults reached adulthood at the age of sixteen. At the age of fifteen, men were not crowned with crowns, and women were not crowned with hairpins. The meaning used here is metaphorical.
In addition, the "year of establishing oneself", "the year of not being confused" and "the year of knowing one's fate" that we often talk about now come from the records of "The Analects of Confucius: Weizheng Chapter": "The Master said: Ten When you are five, you are determined to learn; when you are thirty, you are established; when you are forty, you are not confused; when you are fifty, you know the destiny; when you are sixty, your ears are attuned; when you are seventy, you can follow your heart's desires without hesitation."
"Book of Rites·" compiled by Han Dai Shengsuo. "Ten years of life are called young, twenty are called weak, thirty are called strong, forty are called strong, fifty are called mugwort, sixty are called senior, seventy are called old, and eighty and ninety are called old. "Old, a hundred years is called a period." There is also a saying that if you are guilty in old age, you will not be punished. However, later generations often use "Yuxue", "Weiguan", etc. as age titles. This is probably the reason why the vocabulary of later generations has developed from monosyllables to bisyllabics
Our country also has the tradition of counting the stems and branches. Ten years is a cycle, so there is a saying that the age of sixty is the "year of sixtieth". Du Fu has a poem that says: "Drinking debts are commonplace, but seventy and twenty are rare in life." Therefore, seventy is also known as "the rare year in ancient times".
Of course, these are not the only ancient age titles. There are also many that are scattered in various ancient books and have not been handed down because they are rarely used. The above-mentioned ones have been used by future generations due to their high frequency of use and strong vitality. Some of them have also entered our daily communication, such as: "Standing at thirty." For another example, from the words "baby" and "child", we can no longer see the difference between history and today.
In addition:
Infant: under one year old. Children: Two to three years old. Shi Nian, Shao Nian: The boy is eight years old.
General angle: a general term for childhood. The year of hanging bun: refers to children. Huangkou: Under ten years old.
Kindergarten: Ten years old. Age of dancing spoon: 13 to 15 years old. Zhixue: 15 years old.
Year of the Dancing Elephant: fifteen to twenty years old. Weak crown: twenty years old. Year of establishment: thirty years old.
The age of forty: forty years old. The age when you know destiny and know wrong: Fifty years old. Ershun, sixty years old: sixty years old.
Seventy years old: seventy years old. The year of the stick dynasty: eighty years old. Old age: eighty or ninety years old.
Qiyi: a hundred-year-old person. The first and sixth years: a girl is seven years old. The age of the golden hairpin: a girl is twelve years old
The golden hairpin age: a girl is thirteen years old; and the hairpin: a girl is fifteen years old.
The Year of Jasper and the Year of Broken Melon: A woman is sixteen years old.
The age of peach and plum blossoms: The woman is twenty years old. Flowers and Letters: The woman is twenty-four years old. The year of marking plum blossoms: getting married
The year of early childhood learning. The year of dancing spoons at the age of 10. The year of studying at the age of 13. The year of getting married at the age of 15 (single bun, bun, and bun). The year of strong family. .30 years old, the year of becoming an official. The Spring and Autumn Period is at its peak. 40 years old, Ai Lao. Serves as an official. 50 years old, the year of the country. 60 years old, the year of the country. 70 years old, the year of the country. 80 years old. Teeth. Mackerel back. Frozen pear. Yellow hair. 90 years old
The year of broken melon. The first division of melon characters. The age of jade. The woman is 16 years old. The year of wind and letter. The year of flower letter. 24 years old
< p>In our traditional medical literature, there are records about "Tian Nian" (the natural life span of human beings) - such as Huangdi's "Su Wen." "Ancient Innocence Theory" said: "Use your natural years and live a hundred years before passing away"; "Lingshu Jing." "Tian Nian" mentioned three times that a person's natural year is "a hundred years old", and also said that "a person can live to be a hundred years old and die"; another example is "Shang Shu. "Hongfan Pian" takes one hundred and twenty years as life span ----- It is estimated that the natural age of human beings is between one hundred and one hundred and twenty years old. This is roughly consistent with the calculations of modern science, indicating that the natural life span of human beings can live to over a hundred years old.However, factors such as heredity, natural environment, culture and education, natural and man-made disasters, diseases, accidents, and personal lifestyles and habits often cause people to have bad luck and leave regrets, so birthday wishes are generally, Most of the time, prayers are offered with metaphors of firmness. Popular words include "life as long as Nanshan Mountain", "life as long as pine trees", "longevity as bright as the sun and moon", "blessing as the East Sea", etc. In fact, in addition to these standards, there are some symbolic terms for longevity in social situations, which are more metaphorical and elegant!
"Xi Shou" refers to the age of seventy-seven: the cursive script [xi] looks like seventy-seven, so it refers to the age of seventy-seven. "Mishou" means eighty-eight years old: the word "rice" is broken down to look like eighty-eight years old, so it refers to eighty-eight years old. "White longevity" refers to ninety-nine years: one hundred minus one is ninety-nine. "白" is borrowed from the word "hundred" minus one horizontal line to refer to ninety-nine years. "Cha Shou" is a little bit difficult to understand. The cursor of the word "tea" looks like twenty, and the rest can be broken down into eighty-eight. The two add up to one hundred and eight, so it means one hundred and eight years old.
In addition, "sixty years old" is also called the year of hearing, the year of returning to calendar, and the year of sixty; "seventy years old" is also called the year of ancient times, the year of hanging chariot, and the year of stick country; The year of Chaozhang and the age of the octogenarian refer to "eighty or ninety years old"; the year of Qiyi refers to "one hundred years old".
The beginning of tooth decay---refers to the age when teeth are first changed, about seven or eight years old.
The age of study---fifteen years old (male).
The age of hairpin---fifteen years old (female).
Twenty-eight years old---sixteen years old.
The year of Huaxin---twenty-four years old.
The heyday of Spring and Autumn - the period of prime of life.
The year of establishment - thirty years old.
The age of forty.
The age of knowing one’s destiny---fifty years old.
The year when the ears are smooth---sixty years old.
The age of sixty---sixty years old.
The year of suspension---the year of retirement.
The year of the heart---seventy years old.
Seventy years old---seventy years old.
Old age---seventy to eighty.