When the ancients wrote articles, they did not read sentences, but continued sentences. For junior high school students who are just learning classical Chinese, how to correctly divide the reading rhythm of classical Chinese sentences has become a difficult problem for them. When reading clear sentences, correct pauses are one of the requirements for reciting classical Chinese. There are two types of pauses: one is the pause between sentences, which is based on punctuation marks to determine the length of the pause between sentences and the intonation: one is the short pause in the sentence , which is a mood pause divided into words or phrases based on the internal relationship between sentence components.
The correct way to pause in a sentence is to grasp the meaning and grammatical structure of the sentence. Therefore, to accurately judge the pause in the sentence, you can first translate the sentence into modern Chinese, and be precise when reading it aloud. To understand an article, treat words with closely integrated meanings as a "meaning unit". A certain pause is often required between "units" and "units": find the corresponding pause in classical Chinese sentences based on the mid-sentence pauses in modern Chinese. When analyzing the grammatical structure, you can first focus on the verb, connect the words before and after the verb, observe the entire sentence, look for the subject forward, the object later, and then look for other components. In this way, you can determine the grammatical structure of the sentence. Use this to determine the pause in the sentence. Here are some pause methods for reading ancient poetry aloud for reference:
1. There should be a pause after the particles and related words at the beginning of the sentence. There are some function words in classical Chinese that are placed at the beginning of sentences to express discussion, inference, rhetorical questions, etc. or to lead the whole sentence or even the entire paragraph, such as "ruo", "husband", "ruofu", "to", "as to", " "Gai", "Gu", "Wei", "Qi"... There should be a slight pause when reading after these words, and they should not be read together with the following words. For example: If the sun rises, the forest will bloom. "Ruofu" is the modal particle at the beginning of the sentence, and there should be a pause after it when reading aloud. The rhythm of reading this sentence is: Ruofu/The sun rises and the forest falls. Another example is "Heaven will give a great responsibility to / this person", "What is it / like earth and stone?" "Gai / Dasu is full of red cliff clouds."
2 There are many monosyllabic words in ancient Chinese. In ancient times, they were Two monosyllabic words, but in modern Chinese it is a two-syllable word (with the help of ancient and modern synonyms), so pay attention to read them separately. For example, (1) "Now Qi Di/Fang Qianli: (2) Can/With a battle." "Place" and "Ke" were two monosyllabic words in ancient times, but modern Chinese happens to be a polysyllabic word. The meaning of the words has changed and they must be read separately. It cannot be read consecutively. Another example: lead the people of Ziyi to come to this desperate situation. The ancient meaning of "wife" refers to "wife and children", not "to have children" as we call it today. The reading rhythm of this sentence is: rate/wife/son/people/come to this desperate situation. Another example: We can fight. "Ke" means can, "Yi" means "depending on". Different from the communicative verb "can" in modern Chinese, the rhythm when reading aloud is: can / 一一 battle. Other ancestors/fathers have accumulated, and sons/grandsons have abandoned them.
3. The first step in dividing the reading rhythm of a classical Chinese sentence is to analyze the relationship between the components of the sentence, sort out the backbone of the sentence, and understand what the subject, predicate, and object are. Pause according to the structural components and language order of the sentence, that is, "subject-predicate-object", "adverbial-predicate", and "verb-complement". That is to say, there should be a pause between the subject and the predicate, and between the verb and the complement (there is generally no pause between the attributive and the central word) to make the semantic meaning obvious. For example, the former emperor / did not regard / the minister as despicable, "the minister is despicable" is a subject-predicate phrase as the object, and cannot be read as "the former emperor / did not regard the minister / as despicable".
Some sentences have subjects, predicates, and objects, forming a subject-predicate structure, but what should I do if some sentences do not have a subject-predicate structure? Then use the "verb-object/verb-object" method to divide. For example, in "Peach Blossom Spring", the sentence "Leading the people from the wife's town came to this desperate situation" pauses. In this sentence, "sui" means "to lead" and is a verb, and "the people from the wife's town" means "to lead". The object of "leading", "leading the people of the city" is a verb-object structure. "Lai" is a verb, and "this desperate situation" is the place from which it came, and is the object of "lai". This is also a verb-object structure. Taking the whole sentence into consideration, this sentence consists of two verb-object structures, so the pause in reading this sentence is "I led my wife from the city/to come to this desperate situation."
How to divide longer sentences, such as "Those who can slander and ridicule in the ears of the public will be rewarded", is this method applicable? Again, don’t be in a hurry. Now let’s do some more analysis: This sentence means “Those who can discuss my faults loudly in the market and let me hear them will be rewarded with inferior rewards.” The verb is “discuss” and “let... listen” There are three verbs: "arrive" and "receive". Compared with the verbs in classical Chinese sentences, there are three verbs: "slander", "hear" and "receive". The preposition structure "yushichao" is the object of "slander", and " "He who has the ears of others" is the object of "hear", and "reward" is the object of "receive". In this case, "the one who can slander and ridicule the city and court" is a verb-object structure, and "the one who hears and has the ears of others" is the object of "hearing". The verb-object structure, "receive the reward" is also a verb-object structure, so the reading pause of this sentence is "the one who can slander the court / hear the ears of the few / receive the reward", or according to the "verb-object/object" principles of division.
4. The noun used as an adverbial and the central word should be read together. If they are read separately, the adverbial will be mistaken for the subject, changing the meaning of the sentence. For example, "one of the dogs is sitting in front", "big" is a noun used as an adverbial, and "dog sitting" should be read together. If it is separated, the adverbial will be mistakenly used as the subject, changing the meaning of the sentence. The correct pause is, "One/dog sits/in front".
In verb-object phrases, there should be a pause between the verb and object. For example: (1) Fear of being attacked by enemies from both front and rear. (2) May your Majesty ask his ministers to plan for the restoration of the palace.
For classical Chinese sentences with an introductory phrase placed after it, there should be a slight pause before and after it is read aloud. Such as: (1) Accepted/on the occasion of the defeat. (2) May your Majesty entrust your ministers to achieve the effect of revival.
5. It is necessary to understand the ancient country names, era names, official positions, titles, historical facts, and place names, otherwise it will lead to errors in reading pauses. For example, "Kuiji" is the name of the county and "Shanyin" is the name of the county. Yushan/Wang Yishuyuanfu/engraved. ("Yushan" is the name of the mountain, and "Wang Yishuyuan" is the surname Wang Yi and the subtitle Shuyuan. "Fu" is a good name for men in ancient times.)
6 Rhythm pauses should reflect omitted elements, and do not replace elements. Omissions are read as if there were no omissions. One drum makes the energy strong, then it weakens, and three times it becomes exhausted. The verb predicate "gu" is omitted after "zai" and "三". There should be a slight pause to reflect the omission of the predicate. It cannot be read as "one drum/makes energy, then again/fades, three and/exhausts".
7. Pauses should reflect the original structure of the sentence. For example, "Ask what time it is now", the original sentence has a verb-object structure, and the object is a subject-predicate phrase. If it is read as "Ask what time it is now", it will be read as a subject-predicate sentence, which will make it difficult to read. Another example is "two or three o'clock rain/in front of the mountain". If it is read as "two or three o'clock/rain in front of the mountain", it will be read incorrectly. The original sentence is an inverted sentence.
8. Modal particles such as "ye" and "hu" are used in sentences to reveal pauses. They should be paused after them when reading aloud. They cannot be mistaken for adverbs. Such as: (1) I have heard about it for a long time. It’s been a long time since teachers’ teachings were passed on. "Ye" is not an adverbial adverb before the predicate, and cannot be read as "I have heard of it/for a long time", "it has been a long time since the teacher's teachings have not been passed on"
(2) Overflowing/with Haoqi
9. When there are conjunctions such as "er", "ze" and "yi" in the sentence, usually pause in front of them
Except for sentences with subject-predicate structure and sentences with verb-object structure, There are also some sentences that express a turning point in meaning, which can be divided using this method: according to the principle of "before before, then before". For example, in the sentence "You can avoid troubles but don't do anything because of it" in "Fish I Want It", "Zhe" leads to the following "You can avoid troubles but don't do anything", "Zhe" leads to "Trouble can be avoided", and "er" leads to "there is nothing to do". According to the principle of "preferring to go before", the pause in reading this sentence is "from this / then trouble can be avoided / but there is nothing to do." "Another example is "Ten thousand bells are received without distinguishing etiquette and righteousness", according to the principle of "before and after", it can be divided into "Ten thousand bells/are received without distinguishing etiquette and righteousness". "If you enter, you will not be able to care about the world at home, but if you leave, you will be invincible to foreign patients." According to the principle of "from the front to the front," the reading pause can be divided into "If you enter, you will not be able to care about the world at home, and if you go out, you will be invincible to foreign patients."
But there are also sentences, such as "But when will I be happy?" How to divide them? Let's take a look: "Ran then" expresses a turning point, and the following "When will you be happy" is the content of the turning point. There is no content in the previous meaning before "Ran then". This sentence is just a turning point in the meaning of the next sentence. Only One level of meaning belongs to a single sentence, and its division can only be "Zehou".