Anyone who knows a little about Chinese history knows that Zhao Kuangyin, the "Song Ancestor" among the Tang Zong and Song ancestors, was the founding emperor of the Song Dynasty and the first wise emperor of the Song Dynasty. But everyone also knows that the father and son of the eighth emperor Song Huizong and the ninth emperor Song Qinzong behind this hero were actually captured by the Jin Kingdom and taken to the northeast. History calls it the "Shame of Jingkang". Isn't this a bit "insulting the ancestors"?
According to historical data, this is a famous event in Chinese history. It occurred in April of the second year of Emperor Qinzong’s reign in the Northern Song Dynasty (1127). The Jin army captured Tokyo (now Kaifeng City, Henan Province) and captured the Song Dynasty’s soldiers. More than 3,000 people including Emperor Huizong of Song Dynasty, Qinzong of Song Dynasty and his son, as well as the Zhao royal family, concubines, princes, nobles, civil and military officials, were escorted north to Heilongjiang in the northeast. On the day the city fell, Tokyo was looted. During the escort, the Jin people forced Emperors Hui and Qin to take off their dragon robes and kneel down to Jin Taizong Wanyan Sheng. "Song Prisoner's Notes" records that the women in the imperial court of the Northern Song Dynasty once "topless and covered with sheep fur" together with Song Huizong and Song Qinzong, performing the so-called "sheep-leading ceremony" of the Jurchen people. This is a surrender ceremony in the Kingdom of Jin. Prisoners, regardless of gender, must be naked to the waist, covered with sheepskin, and tied with a rope around their necks. They must be led around like a sheep in public, indicating that they will be slaughtered like a sheep. After arriving in the capital of the Jin Kingdom, Song Huizong and Song Qinzong were forced to wear mourning clothes and visit the temple of Jin Taizu Aguda, which meant that the Jin Emperor offered prisoners to his ancestors.
Historical records record this matter in a very serious tone: Jingkang's shame, also known as Jingkang Rebellion, Jingkang Disaster, and Jingkang Disaster. Yue Fei, the hero of the Southern Song Dynasty who fought against the Jin Dynasty, wrote angrily in the poem "Man Jiang Hong": "The shame of Jingkang has not yet snowed, and the hatred of the ministers, when will it be destroyed!". The humiliation of Jingkang led to the demise of the Northern Song Dynasty, which was like a heart-breaking pain to the Han people who had believed in orthodox rule for generations.
The Jin Kingdom think tank-like figure who planned and participated in defeating the Northern Song Dynasty army, breached the Kaifeng Imperial City in Tokyo, sacked Tokyo City, and kidnapped the two Song Dynasty emperors, Song Huizong and Song Qinzong, was Wanyan Xiyin. His stone statue still stands in the Riverside Park outside Linjiang Gate in Jilin City.
Many people only know that Shulan is a major agricultural and grain-producing county in Jilin, but they do not know that Shulan was once the hometown of the Wanyan Xiyin family, the Jurchen saints of the Song, Liao and Jin dynasties and the founding fathers of the Jin Dynasty more than 900 years ago. Wanyan Xiyin once assisted the Jurchen Wanyan tribe to establish the Jin Kingdom, annihilated the Liao Kingdom that the famous "Yang Family General" fought against all his life, and finally made the Jin Kingdom rule most of China.
Anyone who has read the history of the Song Dynasty and listened to "The Complete Biography of Yue Shuo" knows that the decline of the Song Dynasty is related to the rise of the Jin Kingdom in the north. Yue Fei is an anti-gold hero that everyone respects. While people admired Yue Fei, they also firmly remembered Jin Wushu (Wanyan Zongbi), the "chief of the Jin Kingdom". It seems that without Jin Wushu, there would not have been the Jingkang period when Emperors Huizong and Qinzong of the Song Dynasty were captured by the Jin Kingdom. Shame; it seems that without Jin Wushu, there would be no Southern Song Emperor Gaozong Zhao Gou who was forced by the Jin State to settle in the south of the Yangtze River, forming the history of the humiliating small court of the Southern Song Dynasty. However, the person who really contributed to the rise of the Jurchen tribe in the Song Dynasty, the establishment and prosperity of the Jin Kingdom, the annihilation of the Liao Kingdom and even the repeated defeat of the Song Dynasty was not Jin Wushu, but the founding father of the Jin Kingdom, Shangshu, Zuo Prime Minister and Minister. Wanyan Xiyin, a Jurchen saint who was talented in literature, military skills, wisdom and courage, created the Jin Dynasty's writing and the etiquette of governing the country. Because he is more qualified than Jin Wushu (Wanyan Zongbi).
Wanyan Xiyin’s hometown is Lengshan in the Jin Dynasty, which is today’s Shulan City in Jilin Province and the area adjacent to Heilongjiang Province. Wanyan Xiyin's family mausoleum was built in the "Qianshan" in the west between Dongcun and Jichang Village, a small town in Shulan City.
According to documentary records, the Heishui Mohe who lived in the Heilongjiang River Basin in the Tang Dynasty moved south to the Songhua River Basin in the early 12th century and gradually developed into the Jurchen Wanyan Tribe. The Wanyan Xiyin family most likely moved to Shulan during this period. In the "History of the Jin Dynasty" and "Songmo Jiwen" written by Hong Hao, the Minister of Rites of the Song Dynasty, Dajin Tongwen envoy, the place name of Lengshan appeared many times, which was a very important area in the Jin Kingdom. Wanyan Xiyin had been living in Lengshan before he followed Jin Taizu Wanyan Aguda. Many historians conclude that Lengshan in "Jin History" is the current Shulan city based on the fact that Wanyan Xiyin's tomb is located in Shulan.
The cemetery of the Wanyan Xiyin family is located in the mountain forest 12 miles northeast of the small town in the southeast of Shulan City. It can be seen from the satellite map that the cemetery is located in the embrace of "dry mountains" with rolling hills and dense forests. Taking the Wanyan Xiyin Cemetery located in the valley as a coordinate and overlooking the surroundings, the rolling hills are densely covered with lush forests. The two peaks from east to west are like two swimming dragons, winding from the top of the mountain to the left and right. Below, it forms a broad valley. In front of the tomb, there used to be a meadow with a very wide view, but now it is a pastoral. The five tombs of the Wanyan Xiyin family stretch horizontally for more than 10 miles, covering an area of ??about 130,000 square meters. The cemetery where the huge stone monument of Wanyan Xiyin stands is located in the second tomb area among the five tomb areas.
Judging from the geographical Feng Shui popular in the Song Dynasty, this cemetery is indeed surrounded by mountains and fields, surrounded by dragons. This is completely in line with the cultural quality and selection criteria of the Wanyan Xiyin family who are proficient in Han culture and admire Han culture!
Maps of Jilin Province published in the past mistakenly labeled this cemetery as the Tomb of Western Gaoli, and local people have also mistakenly called the Wanyan Xiyin family cemetery the "Tomb of Gaoli". In the 20th year of the reign of Emperor Guangxu of the Qing Dynasty (1895), Yang Tonggui, the prefect of Changchun, discovered Wanyan Xiyin's "Shinto Stele". The inscriptions seen at that time had been "overwhelmed and destroyed", and "the body of the stele was broken and collapsed." Chang Shun, the general of Jilin at that time, believed that this stele had important value in "repairing the historical gap", so he "ordered the forging man to collapse it and stand it up". Later, the inscription of Wanyan Xiyin's "Shinto stele" was included in the "Shinto stele" he majored in. Jilin Tongzhi" made this important ancient stele famous both at home and abroad. Mr. Luo Fuyi, a Chinese paleographer, also included the proofreading of the inscription in "Manzhou Jinshi Zhi".
Wanyan Xiyin is a Jurchen, whose real name is Gushen, also translated as Wushi and Wushi. The Wanyan Xiyin family is a lineage of the Wanyan family of the Jurchen tribe. At the beginning of the Northern Song Dynasty, the nomadic Khitan people in the Northeast rose up and established the Liao Kingdom. From then on, the Jurchens, a fishing and hunting people who had lived in the Northeast for generations, began to suffer from long-term enslavement by the Liao Kingdom. In the late Liao Dynasty, the government was in chaos, and the Liao court continued to exploit the Jurchens. In 1112, when Emperor Tianzuo of the Liao Kingdom went to a gathering in Changchun Prefecture, he wantonly insulted the chiefs of the Jurchen tribes, which aroused Wanyan Agu's hatred from the bottom of his heart, and he decided to resist the Liao Ting. In the fourth year of Tianqing's reign in the Liao Dynasty (1114), Wanyan Aguda raised his troops and swore to fight against the Liao. From then on, Wanyan Xiyin followed Wanyan Aguda, offered strategies many times, fought in the south and north, conquered the Liao Kingdom, made extensive military exploits, and became an important counselor of Wanyan Aguda. After the Jurchen victory in the first battle against the Liao Dynasty, Wanyan Xiyin and Wanyan Zonghan immediately came from the front to congratulate Aguda and persuade Wanyan Aguda to establish a country and proclaim himself emperor. In the fifth year of Tianqing's reign in the Liao Dynasty (1115), Wanyan Aguda proclaimed himself emperor and changed the Yuan Dynasty to the first year of "receiving the country". The Jin Dynasty was established in the northeast of the Song Dynasty. The capital was set in Huining Prefecture, Shangjing, which is now Acheng District, Harbin City, Heilongjiang Province. From then on, Wanyan Xiyin became an important founding official of the Jin Kingdom.
"Baidu Encyclopedia" summarizes the history of Wanyan Xiyin's participation in the invasion of the Song Dynasty by the Jin Kingdom. After the establishment of the Jin Kingdom, it began to massively destroy the Liao Dynasty and invade the Song Dynasty. After the destruction of the Liao Dynasty, Wanyan Xiyin followed Wanyan Zonghan for a long time to conquer the east and west of the Song Dynasty. However, the two have completely different attitudes towards Chinese culture. After the Jin soldiers returned to Xijing (Datong, Shanxi) from Yangzhou, the Song Dynasty sent Hong Hao as envoy to the Jin Dynasty. Wanyan Zonghan detained Hong Hao and did not allow him to return to the Song Dynasty. However, Wanyan Xiyin cherished Hong Hao's talents and allowed him to teach his children and grandchildren to read Confucian classics at home for nearly ten years. After Wanyan Zonghan and Wanyan Xiyin led the Jin soldiers to break through Bianliang (Kaifeng, Henan), the capital of the Northern Song Dynasty, Wanyan Zonghan led his troops to loot the Song Dynasty treasury and people's property, but Wanyan Xiyin was completely different. He led the soldiers to plunder the goods first. It is a collection of all the illustrated books in the Song Dynasty treasury and among the people.
Wanyan Xiyin was a man who was very fond of Chinese characters, but after the founding of the Jin Kingdom, Khitan characters were always used in all correspondence. "Chinese Encyclopedia" summarizes that the Jin people had no writing at the beginning, and as the country became stronger and stronger, they used Khitan characters to make good relations with neighboring countries. Wanyan Agu, Taizu of the Jin Dynasty, ordered Wanyan Xiyin to write his own Chinese characters and prepare the system. This was in line with Wanyan Xiyin's intention, so he imitated the regular characters of the Han people, followed the Khitan character system, and combined it with the native language of the Jin Kingdom to create the Nüzhi character (i.e. Jurchen character). In August of the third year of Tianfu (1119), the Jurchen characters were successfully created. Jin Taizu was very happy when he saw it, "I ordered it to be implemented. Give Xiyin a horse and clothes."
In front of Jilin University Lin Yu, vice president, senior professor, and expert on Jin history, said when inspecting the Wanyan Xiyin family cemetery in Shulan City: "Shulan is the place where Wanyan Xiyin created the Jurchen characters." Professor of Northeast Normal University, expert on Jin history, Mu Hongli, an expert on Jurchen writing, said: "Early before the founding of the People's Republic of China, the library of Peking University recorded such words, Wanyan Xiyin, the ancestor of Jurchen culture. Shulan is the hometown of Wanyan Xiyin..." Jin Shangjing, Heilongjiang Province Guo Changhai, the former director of the History Museum, an expert on Jurchen culture, and an expert on Jin history, said: "Acheng in Heilongjiang and the small town of Shulan have always had an indissoluble bond. As the birthplace of Jinyuan culture, they have the same long historical and cultural resources." Deng Wei, a senior professor at Liaoning University and an expert on Jurchen culture and Manchu culture, said: "As a scholar who has studied Jurchen culture for many years, I feel that the land of Shulan carries rich historical and cultural information. Jurchen culture can largely be understood It is Wanyan Xiyin culture. As the hometown of Wanyan Xiyin, Shulan has a unique advantage in building a Jurchen cultural brand..."
Why is it said that Wanyan Xiyin was made in the Jin Kingdom and the Song Dynasty" Where are the meritorious figures of "The Shame of Jingkang"? In Yuan Tengfei's "Three Dynasties of North Saibei" series of civil servants of the Jin Dynasty in "Hundred Schools Forum", it is said that Yan Xiyin is a famous figure in history. It is said that when he was the prime minister of the Jin Kingdom, he personally planned and captured the two emperors of the Northern Song Dynasty-Song Huizong and Song Qinzong, which were called "Jingkang Shame" in Han history. Huangfu, Dadingfu in Zhongjing, Liaoyangfu in Tokyo, Xijingfu in Nanjing, and Datongfu in Xijing) as the goal, the troops divided into two groups to launch the war to destroy the Liao Dynasty. In 1119, Wanyan Xiyin followed the Jin Army's Western Route Army to destroy the Liao Dynasty.
In 1120, the Western Route Army captured Linhuang Mansion in Shangjing, and the Liao Dynasty lost half of its land. In 1122, Wanyan Xiyin followed the deputy commander-in-chief Wanyan Zonghan and defeated King Xi of Liao Xiamo in Beian Prefecture (now west of Chengde, Hebei Province). Later, he defeated the Liao army at Gubeikou (now northeast of Miyun, Beijing), and pursued Yelu Yanxi, Emperor Tianzuo of the Liao Kingdom, in Yuanyangluo (now Angulinao, northwest of Zhangbei, Hebei) and Baishuilu (now Huangqihai, Chayouqian Banner, Inner Mongolia). ) and other places, captured Xijing of the Liao Kingdom (now Datong, Shanxi). At this time, Wanyan Xiyin was appointed as the commander-in-chief of the southwest and northwest routes.
In 1125, the Jin Kingdom launched a war to destroy the Song Dynasty, dividing its troops into east and west routes from Shanxi and Hebei. Wanyan Xiyin served as Marshal of the Jin Kingdom and served as the Right Supervisor of the Army. Together with Wanyan Zonghan and others, he led the West Route Army to take Taiyuan from Xijing (Datong) and rush to Kaifeng. As Li Gang and others led their troops to defend Tokyo (Kaifeng), the Jin Kingdom could not even attack, so they had to declare peace. However, in 1126, Emperor Taizong of the Jin Dynasty sent Wanyan Zongwang and Wanyan Zonghan to attack Kaifeng in two groups on the grounds that the Song court had broken the treaty, and captured the two emperors Huizong and Qinzong of the Song Dynasty, as well as the royal family members, civil and military ministers, queens, concubines, and princes of the Song Dynasty. More than 3,000 people, including Wang Sun, were escorted back to the north, which was known as the "Jingkang Incident" in history. Since then, the Northern Song Dynasty has perished. In 1129, Wanyan Zonghan and Wanyan Zongfu were ordered to pursue Zhao Gou, Emperor Gaozong of the Song Dynasty. Wanyan Xiyin led his army to attack Yangzhou and stationed troops in the north of the Yangtze River to support Wanyan Zongbi (Jin Wushu, the fourth prince of the Jin Dynasty) and other troops fighting in the south of the Yangtze River. Throughout the campaign to destroy the Liao Dynasty and attack the Song Dynasty, Wanyan Xiyin was not only the general who led the battle, but also an effective counselor who provided advice to Emperor Taizong of the Jin Dynasty. (Refer to "History of the Jin Dynasty" and "Baidu Encyclopedia")
In 1132, Jin Taizong discussed the matter of establishing an heir. Wanyan Xiyin, Wanyan Zonghan and Wanyan Zongqian urged Wanyan Dan (dǎn) to be appointed as his heir. "Knowing that Banbo is very powerful", Jin Taizong adopted their opinions. The Bojilie system of the Jin Dynasty decided the country's major political policies in the form of a collegial system with a small number of senior core officials. It was a political system that assisted the emperor and was similar to collective leadership. Due to the recommendation of Wanyan Xiyin and others, Wanyan Dan entered the leadership core of the Jin Kingdom. In 1135, Wanyan Quan ascended the throne as Emperor Xizong of the Jin Dynasty. At that time, Wanyan Xiyin was the minister Zuo prime minister and the minister in charge. He was added to Kaifeng Prefecture Yin Tongsansi, and was granted the title of King Chen. During this period, he advocated the study of Han culture, assisted Jin Xizong in imitating the Song Dynasty in modifying etiquette and systems, replaced the Jin Kingdom's "Skilled Ban Bo Ji Lie" system with the Tang and Song Dynasty's three provinces and six ministries system, and carried out comprehensive political system reforms in the Jin Kingdom. .
In June 1137, Jin Xizong, in order to eliminate Zong Han's influence, executed Zong Han's close confidant, Zuo Prime Minister Gao Qingyi, for corruption. Soon Zonghan died in anger and depression. In 1138, Wanyan Xiyin requested to retire, but Jin Xizong refused, but removed him from the post of prime minister and demoted him to Xingzhong Prefecture Yin. In the first month of 1139, Jin Xizong re-appointed the resourceful Wanyan Xiyin as Zuo Prime Minister and Attendant, and was granted the title of King Chen.
In Chinese feudal society, the political struggle for power within the court of any dynasty was very fierce and cruel. The Kingdom of Jin, which had just entered the feudal society from slavery society, also failed to escape from the secular world. In 1139, Wanyan Zongbi (Jin Wushu) planned to kill Wanyan Zongpan, the grand master and leader of the three provinces, and Wanyan Zongjun, the chief protector and leader of the three provinces. In 1140, Wanyan Zongbi secretly reported to Jin Xizong, and framed Wanyan Xiyin, who had made great contributions, "the traitorous accusation has been made, and the heart is without a king." Wanyan Xiyin was executed for this. 1 In 1143, after investigation, the Emperor of the Jin Dynasty believed that Wanyan Xiyin's death "was not his crime", and he rehabilitated him, and presented him with Kaifu Yitong Sansi and Xing Guogong, and reburied him. In 1151, he was posthumously named King of Yu. Its cemetery is south of Jichang Village, a small town in Shulan City, Jilin Province today. ("Chinese Encyclopedia") However, Wanyan Xiyin has been killed, which has caused great losses to the development of the Jin Kingdom. The Emperor of the Jin Kingdom pursued him and it was a helpless move that he regretted too late.
The trigger for Wanyan Xiyin's murder was - in September 1140, Wanyan Xiyin accompanied Jin Xizong on a southern tour to Yanjing. Wanyan Zongbi (Jin Wushu) also went to Yanjing to meet Jin Xizong after conquering Henan and Shaanxi. At the farewell banquet held when Wanyan Zongbi was about to return to the Marshal's Mansion, Wanyan Xiyin and Wanyan Zongbi had a disagreement over their words, which aroused Wanyan Zongbi's fury. When Wanyan Zongbi said goodbye to Queen Pei Manshi the next day, he detailed Wanyan Xiyin's "unruly words and deeds" last night. After Wanyan Zongbi left, the queen immediately reported the matter to Jin Xizong. Jin Xizong immediately sent people to recover Wanyan Zongbi, listened to his statement, and allowed Wanyan Zongbi to kill Wanyan Xiyin.
In this way, the Jurchen saint Wanyan Xiyin was killed together with his son. He was later buried in the Wanyan Xiyin family cemetery in Shulan, Jilin, at the foothills of Changbai Mountain and on the banks of the Songhua River.
Things are unpredictable, and heroes have misfortunes. Just as Su Dongpo, the famous poet of the Northern Song Dynasty, recited an emotional poem when he paid tribute to the history of the Three Kingdoms when "Red Cliff was burned": "The great river goes eastward, and the waves sweep away all the romantic figures of the ages." We might as well follow the dog's tail and continue the following sentence: "Shulan, Jilin, humanity It is Wanyan Xiyin of the Kingdom of Jin.
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