( 1)
Appreciation of Poetry: How to Deal with the "Contradiction" of Emotional Tone
In the appreciation of poetry, we sometimes feel that the emotional tone of some poems seems inconsistent and disharmonious, such as passion and gloom, joy and desolation, broadmindedness and gloom coexist. Sometimes it belongs to the natural presentation of the author's complex thoughts and extremely contradictory mood, such as Li Bai's "drinking", and sometimes it belongs to the misunderstanding of readers. These "contradictions" confuse readers' understanding of sentences, and more seriously, they "interfere" readers' in-depth thinking about the overall artistic conception and rich ideological content of poems, which always makes people feel stuck in their throat and unable to eat. How to resolve this "contradiction"?
Now take Du Fu's "Climbing Yueyang Tower" for analysis.
I heard that Dongting Lake is magnificent before, but today's wish has finally reached Yueyang Tower.
The vast lake tore Wu Chu apart, as if the sun, moon and stars were floating in the water.
There is no news from my friends or relatives. I am old and sick, drifting in a boat.
The battle of the north gate began again, and I cried through the railing.
First, the overall perception, grasp the tone
Reading poetry for the first time and grasping the emotional tone as a whole can make the understanding of poetry commanding. This comprehensive scanning understanding is not only a reference to solve "contradictions", but also a compass to solve "contradictions", which can keep the direction of solution from deviating. When you first read this poem, you will know that it is a masterpiece of lyric upstairs. It can be seen from the narrative of "I am old and sick, and I am alone with my boat" that this was written by him when he was lonely and wandering in the rivers and lakes in his later years. "But none of my relatives and friends have passed a word to me." Friends and relatives have no news at all, but they are all writing personal situations, lonely and desolate. "There are wars and mountains to the north of this wall", the mountain is Wan Li, and the world is still in a state of war and confusion, with turmoil and frequent wars. "How can I not cry by this railing?" I can't help feeling sorry for myself, worrying about my time, hurting my country and even crying to communicate. On the whole, it is not difficult to see that the emotional tone of this poem should be sadness, desolation and desolation.
Second, clarify contradictions and highlight problems.
But after reading the complete poem, I can't help wondering about the first two couplets. The first couplet, Yueyang Tower is high and Dongting Lake is wide. I've heard a long time ago. Today, I finally have the opportunity to board here. It seems to be a feeling of joy. For example, Ren Qiu thinks: "I have heard of it in the past, and I am happy to board it from the beginning." A detailed explanation of Du Fu's poems. Zhuan Xu, the vast Dongting Lake is the dividing line of Wu Chu. The sun, the moon and the stars are floating in the lake as a whole, and the artistic conception is broad and magnificent, which seems to conflict with the pathos of the whole poem. In this way, how can "happiness" and "strength" be coordinated with the "loneliness" and "trouble" behind them?
Third, taste words, analyze sentence patterns and highlight hidden information.
Poetry pays attention to the careful use of words, tempering sentence patterns, grasping key words (especially some verbs and adverbs), deducing the combination relationship between words, and deducing the characteristics of sentence patterns and the relationship between sentences, which can help us analyze and understand the implied information in detail and find out the meaning consistent with the whole poem. Adverbials of "past" and "present" can reveal the author's mood. Judging from the following text, "today" should be a time when a person is old and sick, and it should be a time when a country is in trouble and the situation is turbulent. "Yesterday" should be the past, the past. When was that? According to the relationship between sentences, two sentences are connected and correspond closely. It can be inferred from this that "yesterday" should be the time when you are young and strong and want to express your gratitude to the country. It is the time when the poet is full of ambition, "being a gentleman first, then being simple in folk customs". Taste these two words, and then compare the relationship between the sentences. It can be seen that the poet heard about the magnificence of Dongting Lake with strong feelings in his early years. He wanted to come here so much, but only now did he have the opportunity to realize his long-cherished wish in his later years in this country. Yesterday's News and Today's Story contain many feelings such as wandering around the world, lack of talent, vicissitudes of life, strong spirit and so on. The poet's heart is endless sadness. How can he be "happy for the first time"?
Fourth, combine writing skills to iron out the meaning of poetry and prose.
Poetry pays attention to borrowing scenery to express feelings, blending scenes, and often uses techniques such as comparison, contrast, irony and symbol. With the help of these writing skills, we can read the hidden meaning under the surface, so as to understand poetry correctly and profoundly. For example, The Book of Songs Picking Wei, I have been there, and there is another village with a bright future, which compares the sadness of the soldiers who went to war with the beauty of spring. Xin Qiji's Xi Jiang Yue Ji Xing, the first part: "If you are drunk and greedy, you have no time to worry about it. I have recently started to touch ancient books, and I believe there is nothing. " The conclusion of the poet's reading seems to be that all the words in the ancient books are not credible, and the ancient sages and sages have been scolded. But in a word, we can know that poets seek pleasure through drunkenness, and relieve their inner anguish and sadness through laughter after drunkenness. Understanding should be subordinate to the whole. Therefore, we can see that the so-called "nothing" is an angry language, a satire, an extreme speech deliberately made by the poet to vent his dissatisfaction with reality, and a satire on the nonsense after drunkenness. Du Fu's poems are lyrical, and the scenery in front serves the lyrical feelings in the back. Emotion is born of scenery and depends on it. Theoretically, the two poems should be harmonious and unified, so the first two couplets should be in harmony with loneliness and trouble. In writing, the first couplet is written by contrast. Connecting with the background of the times and the author's experience, we can see that this contrast can only be understood as expressing the poet's inner sorrow. Zhuan Xu wrote the vast giant image of Dongting Lake with his peculiar imagination of "rigidity" and "floating". This grandeur can not be understood as the poet's impassioned feelings, nor can it be understood that the emotional tone of poetry has become high-spirited. It should be written in contrast here. Lonely, old, weak, sick and disabled are constantly wandering between boundless heaven and earth, wandering in succession on the vast rivers and lakes. This broadness and grandeur embodies the poet's endless sadness.
Fifth, comb the structure, and finally.
Although the structure of poetry has made a great leap, most of them are arranged according to the idea of "connecting the preceding with the following". It is a common form of structural arrangement in ancient poetry, which is associated with things and people, things and feelings, scenery and feelings or one to another, and then comes down to the unity of people, things, scenery, things and feelings. In this poem, the lyricism of Lenovo embodies "loneliness" and "worry", so the narrative and scenery of the first two sentences should also be consistent with it. The plain narration of the first couplet contains a lot of sadness, and the magnificent images of rivers and lakes in the couplet are inherited from the first couplet and are also subordinate to the tone of the whole poem. Therefore, the grandeur of couplets can only be understood as a contrast with the poet's wandering loneliness.
(2)
Interpreting the Emotional Tone of Ancient Poetry
Firstly, the topic of poetry is investigated.
The title of a poem has obvious influence on the content of the poem, so the emotional tone of many poems can be seen through the title of the poem. Some words such as "resentment, sadness, hate, happiness, parting, parting, remembering, giving, answering, chanting and cherishing" in the poem title have obvious finishing touches. Take Lu You's book Anger as an example. From the title of this poem, we can taste that the author expressed his feelings and worries. For example, the poem "Peacocks Fly Southeast" written by Yuefu uses the method of arousing emotions, which implies the sadness of loving couples leaving.
Second, be familiar with poets.
Poetry expresses love and ambition. Poets often integrate their own life experiences and personal honor and disgrace into their own poems. This provides a basis for us to understand the implicit and profound meaning of poetry and grasp its emotional tone. For example, in Du Fu's poem "Shu Xiang", the poet lived in a turbulent Anshi rebellion, and his great political ambition to contribute to the country was not realized. He wrote this poem in the most difficult old age of his life. He came to Wuhou Temple to praise Zhuge Liang's intelligence and achievements. He was sad and lamented his unrequited love.
Third, capture images.
The anthropomorphic emotions such as "cold, hot, sad, resentful, sad, worried, happy and hurt" contained in the images of people, scenery and things shaped by ancient poems are often the "barometer" of the poet's emotions, that is, the window of the author's emotional world. However, the implicit artistic conception of ancient poetry is an artistic picture formed by the fusion of the poet's subjective feelings and the objective life picture. We can get the feeling of being there by means of direct lyricism, scene lyricism and scene blending, and by means of association, imagination and suggestion, and then analyze and infer the emotional colors, opinions and attitudes reflected by the objects in the poem. For example, Li Bai's poem "Yellow Crane Tower Farewell Meng Haoran to Yangzhou" depicts a picture of a poet standing by the river watching his friends go away. Through this painting, we can taste the parting feelings of the poet and Meng Haoran.
Fourth, grasp the key words
1. Find the eyes suitable for poetry
Poetry eye is a word and expression that embodies the emotion and characteristics of poetry. With poetic eyes, the image of poetry will be more vivid and the charm will be more intense. Therefore, if you find the right eye of the poem, you will find a key to understand the poem, that is, a key to open the thought, emotion and artistic conception of the poem. For example, Meng Jiao's poem "After Graduation" (in the past, filth was not enough to brag, but now it is dissolute. In the spring breeze, this proud horse runs at the speed of two beats. I visited all the sights of Chang 'an gracefully in one day. ), and the word "pride" is the eye of the poem, and its emotional tone is the incomparable joy of the poet after passing the imperial examination.
Looking for emotional words
Emotional words are the central words to understand a sentence or a couplet. According to the pattern of origin, inheritance, transformation and combination of the structure of ancient poetry, readers can grasp the ideological content of the emotional tone of the whole poem as long as they grasp the words with strong emotional color in the poem when reading ancient poetry. For example, in Du Fu's A Journey to the Mountain, readers can easily read the words of the poet who has been wandering for many years and is lonely and sad about his old illness as long as he grasps the word "ape mourning" in the first couplet, the word "falling trees and rustling" in the parallel, the word "sad autumn" and "sick body" in the neck couplet and the word "hardship and misery" in the tail couplet.
Explore allusions
Ancient poetry often uses allusions to express profound themes, which can enrich the connotation with fewer figures, give readers concrete and vivid images and enhance the expressive force and appeal of poetry. For example, Yuan Mei's poem Ma Wei (don't sing the song of everlasting regret, the world also has its own galaxy. In Shihao Village, the husband and wife say goodbye and shed more tears than in the Palace of Eternal Life. ), this poem uses two allusions, one is the tragic love story of Tang and Yang Guifei; Second, the profound disaster brought to the people by the war reflected in Du Fu's poem Shi Quguan. According to these two allusions, readers can appreciate that the theme of the poem is to expose the pain of husband and wife's separation and reunion caused by war, and realize the poet's infinite sadness and sympathy.
Five, identification skills
The emotional expression of ancient poetry is to present vivid, concrete and vivid images to readers. With language as the medium, it often uses various rhetorical and artistic techniques to express the poet's imagination and express implicit and rich inner feelings. For example, Li Bai's poem "Visit the Ancient Dynasty in Yue Dynasty" (Gou Jian, the King of Yue, broke Wu Gui, and the soldiers returned home. Maid-in-waiting is like a flower in Man Chun Hall, but only partridges are flying today. ), the first three sentences describe the victory, joy, glory, beauty, celebration and lively scene of Yue State. The poet used elaborate, exaggerated and figurative methods to render the past prosperity, which made people feel confused. However, at the end of the sentence, the pen suddenly turned, describing today's desolation and decline, making the contrast between ancient and modern times extremely strong. Through the lively scenes, that is, lamenting the joyful scenes, the poet describes the desolation by contrast, which strongly highlights the poet's feelings, chants and taunts about personnel changes and ups and downs. In addition, the poem ends with "partridge", which is both figurative and lyrical. "Partridge" is a bird that grows in the south, and its voice is sad. The poet used this bird instead of other birds, which is enough to conclude that the poet's intention is to lament his feelings.
(3)
Construction of "Formula" for Appreciation of Ancient Poetry
Appreciation of ancient poetry mentioned in the syllabus of Hunan college entrance examination in 2007 mainly examines the skills of choosing words and making sentences, grasping the image characteristics and connotation, creating the artistic conception of ancient poetry, emotional tone and expression skills. This requirement of the syllabus is the basis for us to construct the "formula" of poetry appreciation. In order to standardize the answers, the author puts forward three "formulas" for poetry appreciation in combination with the college entrance examination questions in other provinces and cities:
1. image+artistic conception+poet's feelings
In the annual college entrance examination poetry appreciation questions, there is often such a problem: to examine the examinee's understanding of the artistic conception, images and feelings expressed by poetry. This requires candidates to accumulate basic knowledge about the content and structural characteristics of ancient poetry in their usual study. For example, we often say that the theme sentence of poetry is generally at the end of rhyme, the last sentence of quatrains; The first song is about scenery, the second is about lyric, and so on.
2. Expression skills+image analysis+poet's feelings
There is also such a question in the college entrance examination poetry appreciation question: to examine the examinee's understanding and application of poetry expression skills. To solve such problems, candidates must accumulate relevant terms about poetry expression skills in their usual study. Candidates can review and prepare according to the tips in the following framework.
Expression: narration, description, lyricism, discussion and explanation.
Expression techniques: imagination, association, analogy, allusions, combination of reality and reality, combination of motion and static, contrast, contrast, fu, ratio and so on.
Rhetorical devices: metaphor, metonymy, personification, duality, exaggeration, etc.
The structure of writing: coordination from beginning to end, straight to the point, generalization first and then generalization, connection and turning, etc.
Lyric ways: direct lyric and indirect lyric
3. Language style+image (word) analysis+poet's feelings
There is also such a question in the college entrance examination poetry appreciation question: to examine the examinee's understanding and application of poetry words, language style and characteristics. Analysis of the language of poetry often has the following problems:
What are the linguistic features of this poem? ② Analyze the language style of this poem; ③ Talk about the language art of this poem; ④ Appreciate the language (a word) in the poem.
The first three kinds of questions can be answered according to the model of the third formula mentioned above: first, accurately point out its language features with one or two words, then analyze the language features with relevant sentences in the poem, and finally point out how the author expresses his thoughts and feelings. The fourth question can only be answered by the last two steps of the third formula: first, analyze a word in the poem that needs appreciation from the perspectives of art and ideological content, and then point out the poet's thoughts and feelings conveyed by this word.