Note: nearly 5000 words of historical dry goods, respect originality.
1644, 19 In March, Li Zicheng's Dashun Army captured Beijing, and Emperor Chongzhen hanged Jingshan Park, marking the demise of the Ming Dynasty in 276. At the same time, the history of changes in Nanming began from this moment. This year is Shen Jianian, and Guo Ruomo once wrote a famous article "The Three Centennial Festival of Shen Jia". Gu Cheng, the author of this book, believes that the historical division of the Southern Ming Dynasty should end with the demise of the Ming Dynasty and the end of the battle of Maolushan Mountain in Li Laiheng.
0 1
Various forces
Let me sort out the forces of all parties first.
Dashunjun
The battle of Shanhaiguan returned to Beijing. The battle of Tongguan marked the fall of An (the east and west armies retreated, the east road followed Li Zicheng, and the west road was led by Gao and Gao). In Jiugongshan, Hubei, Li Zicheng was killed by the township group, and the Dashun regime existed in name only. Later, the East and West armies joined forces in Jingzhou area, only to know the news of Chu Zhuangwang's death.
Nanming Taifu, Prince Taiwei and Ministry of War Shangshu put aside their prejudices and visited Li Zicheng's wife Gao, which led to the adaptation of Dashun Army and became a loyalty camp (hundreds of thousands of soldiers). After the demise of the Li Yong court, the Qing court organized the strangulation of thirteen families in Kuidong (Dashun army accounted for the vast majority) and gradually withered. In the third year of Kangxi, 654.38+ ten thousand troops besieged the Maolushan Mountain in Li Laiheng. Finally defeated and committed suicide, and the last army of Nanming was destroyed.
Daxi army
Zhang Ruchuan died in Phoenix Mountain in Xichong. Li Dingguo, Ai Nengqi decided to change Zhang's strategy of killing innocent people and learn from Chu Zhuangwang. 1647, Yunnan Tusi Shadingzhou rebelled, and the rest of the Great Western Army set out in the name of revenge of Guizhou Gongmu to pacify Yunnan and establish a foundation. 1652, officially merged with Ming and Qing dynasties. 1657, Sun Kewang was defeated by Li Dingguo and Liu Wenxiu for rebellion. 1658, Liu Wenxiu, king of Shu vomited three liters of blood and died of illness. 1662, Wendi was captured and killed, and he was heartbroken. /kloc-Li Dingguo, king of Jin who insisted on resisting Qing Dynasty in 0/7, died at the edge of Lancang River at the age of 42. The sons of Liu Wenxiu and Li Dingguo successively descended to the Qing Dynasty, and the army of Xiliang disappeared from history.
Nanming imperial court
The courts in Hong Guang, longwu and Li Yong held sessions successively. Including Lu Jianguo, which is not recognized by orthodoxy. Li Yong's imperial court persisted for sixteen years because of the western military's joint policy of resisting Qing Dynasty. Until 1662, Li Yong emperor Zhu Youlang was killed by Wu Sangui in Kunming. The demise of the imperial court in Li Yong marked the decline of the pro-Ming forces, otherwise it would not be difficult to establish another royal family in Zhu Ming.
Zheng shuishi
Zheng Zhilong, the company commander of Fujian, supported the Long Wu court. Zheng Zhilong was escorted back to Beijing, and his son Zheng Chenggong declared anti-Qing. Li Dingguo, king of Jin, made an appointment to attack Guangdong for the second time, and broke his word, which led to the passive failure of Li Dingguo's strategy. In its heyday, the battle of Nanjing was defeated, and since then, its combat ambition has begun to decline. 166 1 year to recover Taiwan Province province. 1662, Zheng Chenggong, the king of Yanping, died of anger. Because of the Qing San Francisco rebellion, Zheng Jing joined forces with Wu Sangui and so on. The record of Zheng's influence in the History of Nanming can only be written to death, otherwise it will not be chaotic.
02
solve a riddle
1. Are Nanming emperors incompetent?
In the past twenty years, the imperial courts of Hong Guang, Longwu, Lu Jianguo and Li Yong have appeared successively. Others are not counted because they exist for a short time, lack strength or are not recognized by most people. After all, after the death of Emperor Chongzhen, none of the three sons most likely to inherit the unification escaped from Beijing or their whereabouts were unknown. There are too many kings of Zhu who have ideas in their hearts to count. Comment first.
Hong Guang Emperor Zhu Yousong had a bad reputation. He ascended the throne by the strength of four towns, and the prestige of the imperial court was lost, which led to the arrogance of military commanders. There are poems. The so-called status, in fact, is nothing more than fear that Zhu Yousong will settle old scores on the throne. This is Zhu Yousong's life experience. He is the son of the Axe King, who was born to Emperor Wanli and Zheng Guifei.
This axe king is a great curse. Emperor Wanli wanted to abolish the Prince and establish the Axe King because he loved Zheng Guifei. Of course, the cabinet and ministers disagree. So a protracted cold war broke out. Emperor Wanli is a student of Zhang, and he is indifferent to all promotions, rewards and punishments. Emperor Wanli was in power for 49 years, and the 20-year cold war led to a large number of officials who were disheartened and left. In essence, in the struggle between imperial power and relative power, in the confrontation between human nature and Confucian ethics, the emperor is just an ordinary person.
At that time, Shi Kefa was the most competent and prestigious minister of Nanjing Ministry of War, who also served as the garrison and the actual power of the capital, but he was vacillating and hesitant on the issue of "establishing relatives and establishing sages". Zhu Yousong had to rely on Ma Shiying and four towns to create a fait accompli by force. Shi Kefa does have an unshirkable responsibility. And history later proved that Zhu Changfang, the king of Lu, known as the virtuous king, was no better than pot calling the kettle black.
At that time, Zhang Dai lambasted Zhu Yousong: since ancient times, the monarch of national subjugation, Hong Guang without me, the weakness of Emperor Xian of Han Dynasty, Liu Chan's dementia and Yang Guangzhi's debauchery have merged into one person.
Zhu of the Tang Dynasty was really outstanding among the governors of Nanming. He dared to use his personal expedition. In order to get through Jiangxi and control the ministries in the south of the Yangtze River, he was once prepared to take the oath to go out, but he was blocked by Zheng Zhilong, a warlord in Fujian, and had to fail.
In terms of strategic policy, it was changed from "uniting with Lu Pingkou" to "conquering Lu". In fact, it is also a broken corner of the fantasy of the Ming forces in Jiangnan. In order to deal with the harm of party struggle to state affairs since Wanli, the policy of eliminating party struggle and making good use of it is put forward. Among the rulers of Nanming, he was more concerned about the sufferings of the people. Personal character is also very rare among the kings of the Southern Ming Dynasty.
In this way, Zhu in the Tang Dynasty really looked like a master of ZTE.
If Zhu wanted to use personal expedition, he couldn't get it, but went to the front to inspire the army.
Li Yong Zhu Youlang is probably the best emperor who can run. From Hunan to Guangzhou, from Guangzhou to Guangxi, from Guangxi to Yunnan. Finally, he escaped from the country and fell into the hands of the king of Myanmar. Later, the king of Myanmar was afraid of Li Dingguo's army, and because of the clear situation of the Qing Dynasty's reunification, he dedicated it to Wu Sangui, and finally hanged himself in Kunming. Kunming people don't forget their old friends, collect ashes and bury them in Jiuhua Mountain.
Second, because TV often thinks that after the Qing Dynasty entered the customs, was it invincible? Is the Ming Dynasty really too weak to make a comeback? Give a few classic examples.
Jin Shenghuan, Li Chengdong and Jiang Xiang.
Anyway, Jin Shenghuan of Jiangxi Province. Jiangxi has been a battleground for military strategists since ancient times. After the Ming Dynasty, troops attacked Jiujiang in the north and Nanjing along the river. Unfortunately, because of Liu Tongchun's informer, Nanjing was ready and gave up. In a short time, some rebels in An Wei, Jiangxi Province were connected into one. The Regent of the Qing Dynasty, Dourgen, sent Tan Tai, the official flag of the Yellow Flag, as the general of the Southern Expedition, and the handsome army went south from Beijing. Including the later extinction of Li Chengdong, are all for this reason.
The battle of Datong can best reflect the fighting power of the Qing army. At that time, the Qing court also realized the hidden dangers and influences that Shanxi Province brought to Kyrgyzstan and Beijing anyway. To this end, Dourgen mobilized all the Manchu troops in Beijing, and attacked the city for the second time. It was not until the city ran out of ammunition and food that it was captured by infighting, which lasted for eight months. So how many similar cities were there in the Ming Dynasty? Probably a lot. I don't know how much I will lose if this goes on.
Why do you want to transfer troops from Beijing, not afraid of delaying fighters?
Manchuria was short of troops and its combat power declined. Manchu is only a minority in the wasteland, and when Dourgen entered the customs, Manchu fighters were only about 100 thousand. After the confrontation with Dashun Army, many troops were lost. The number of births can't keep up with the number of deaths, and Manchurian soldiers can't make up for it. After entering the customs, countless people died of smallpox or other diseases, and the commanders and generals who were good at fighting withered, such as the viceroy and Prince Yu (Dourgen brothers), who died of smallpox.
Relieve the surrender of the Han people and emphasize the difference between the old people in Liaodong and Manchu.
Since the Qing soldiers entered the customs, except Dashun Army, all the Ming troops fled or simply surrendered. Therefore, they were despised by Manchu people, who thought that they were just a slave of flattery. On the other hand, reuse old people in Ning Guan, such as child brides. Anyway, the Ming army just can't get the fairest treatment, including Jin Shenghuan and Li Chengdong.
If it weren't for my race, its heart would be different. Only then did I realize that the Ming army had dropped too many soldiers, fearing that it would cause the soldiers to respect themselves. Later, I finally realized the reality of the decline of Manchukuo's strength and adopted Han to control Han.
The Battle of Guilin, the Victory of Li Dingguo and Hengzhou
1652 was called a historic year by Nanming. Great victories have been achieved in Guangxi and Hengzhou this year. The former defeated Kong Youde, king of Dingnan, the Qing army, which led to Kong Youde's defeat and suicide. Prior to this, the Qing Dynasty sent Kong Youde, Shang Kexi, Pingnan Wang, and Jingnan Wang Geng Jimao (Geng committed suicide) to attack the two lakes and Guangdong, and Dingnan was the strongest.
The news that Kong Youde was defeated and died reached Beijing, which shocked the Qing court. It quickly changed the route of the Eight Banners sent before (when Li Dingguo attacked Guangxi on a large scale, he began to send Ni Kan, prince of Jin Jing, to the south as general Dingyuan), and ordered Pingnan and Jingnan San Francisco not to invade Guangxi easily out of anger, and to defend Guangdong and wait for reinforcements in an attempt to solve the problem.
1October 23rd, 165438+ met Li Dingguo's army. Seeing the Qing soldiers attacking from a distance, Dingguo decided to outwit them, ambush them in advance, pretend to be defeated and take the initiative to retreat. Ni Kan didn't expect the Ming army to be so fierce, so he ordered an attack at 56 o'clock, pursued for more than 20 miles, and fell into an ambush. At that time, under the command of the state, the whole army attacked, and the Ming army rushed to the Qing army from all directions and killed the sky, which was unstoppable. The Qing soldiers were besieged, panicked and made a mess, and the coach Ni Kan was also killed in the disorderly army.
The battle of Guilin, the victory of Hengzhou, has surpassed the battle itself. First of all, it is different from Jin Shenghuan and Li Chengdong province. Anyway, with the strong strength of the Ming army, the Qing army was defeated and the two provinces of Guixiang were recovered.
Secondly, the successive retreats of Kong Youde, the king of the South, and Ni Kan, the prince of Jin Jing, the head coach of the Qing army, brought great excitement and shock to both sides in the Ming and Qing Dynasties. From then on, all the soldiers who went south were on the brink of the abyss, breaking the myth that the Qing army had been invincible since it entered the customs, and the pro-Ming forces revived, hugging each other and crying.
After the reunification of the Qing Dynasty, Huang Zongxi said: Li Dingguo's two great generals shook the world, which has never been seen since Wanli. . . Gu was moved to tears by the achievements made by the Western Expedition Army in uniting with the Ming Dynasty to resist the Qing Dynasty, and also made a clear criticism on the opposition of some officials in the imperial court to the title of King Qin. If Sun and Li don't separate, you are finished!
Zheng Chenggong's Battle of Nanjing
Political and military status of Nanjing. In the Ming Dynasty, in addition to Beijing, Nanjing, as the capital, had a set of six yamen, Duchayuan and other yamen exactly like Beijing. After the demise of the Ming Dynasty, Nanjing was no longer the symbol of Longxing, but became the political center of Nanming.
Process. 1April 659 (16th year of Shunzhi and 13th year of Li Yong), Zheng Chenggong and Zhang Huangyan personally led the army to launch the Yangtze River Campaign. First of all, the war pretended to attack Ningbo, Zhejiang Province, attracting a large number of Jiangsu and Zhejiang Qing troops. Then left a disguise,100000 main navy went north, quickly occupied Guazhou, breached Zhenjiang, and the Qing army reinforcements from Nanjing were also defeated. Downstream, Nanjing is close at hand.
The Qing court received letters of aid from counties in the north and south of the Yangtze River. Nanjing is in danger, and there is no nest under the dangerous eggs. The emperor shunzhi Fu Lin was terrified out of her wits. At that time, he was clamoring to escape back to the Commissioner.
The reason why the Qing court thought so was not only the political significance of Nanjing, but also the strength of Zheng Chenggong. Zheng Chenggong's family has long controlled the control of the sea and rivers and has a strong economic accumulation (doing business at sea). Because of frequent international exchanges, the concept is very different from that of Ming and Qing Dynasties, and I realize the importance of advanced technology (buying strong ships and guns).
On the other hand, the Qing army is best at land warfare, and water warfare belongs to blind warfare, which is based on our advantages and disadvantages. After winning Nanjing, most of the clear generals will come to their senses anyway. After all, under the influence of orthodox Confucian culture, no one wants to surrender to barbarians. The reason why the Qing army went so smoothly depends on the internal struggle in Nanming.
Cause of failure.
1, extremely slow. It took two days and ten days to travel a hundred miles. The reason is that taking a harem to the war, although it plays a protective role, will not worry, but it will bring trouble to the speed of the trip.
2. surround and not attack. Nanjing was besieged for thirteen days, and not one arrow was fired. Overestimate personal prestige, thinking that fighting is not easy to win.
3. Don't trust the enemy and miss the opportunity. In the Qing Dynasty, the Nanjing Navy was in charge of loyalty, loyalty and delaying troops. Under the pretext of 30 days, he can surrender without hurting his wife and children.
4. Take your own shortcomings to attack each other's strengths. Give up the gun and go to Lushan to fight, thinking that you are condescending, and you are caught off guard.
5, regardless of primary and secondary. The urgent task of attacking Nanking is not to do so, but to send think tank generals Zhang Huangyan and Yang Rong to Zhenjiang to appease them. As the saying goes, pride goes before a fall, and so on.
Third, is Zheng Chenggong a narcissist or a national hero?
His attitude towards Lu Jianguo gradually swallowed up his soldiers, and he regarded Li Yong Palace as a new moon in the distance. Lu Jianguo's sphere of influence is the Qiantang River generation in eastern Zhejiang. After the defeat, he drifted to Zhoushan and other islands for a long time. It is convenient to contact Zheng Chenggong, but unfortunately he doesn't admit it and plans to annex his troops. The imperial court has been stationed in Yunnan and Guizhou for a long time, and it is not easy to get in touch with Zheng's Fujian navy.
Li Dingguo's success in the Second Guangdong-Guangxi War was largely due to Zheng Chenggong's failure to step forward.
03
Shining star
When there is no talent, when the human stars shine, we just can't make the best use of them.
Shi Kefa, bold enough, lack of strategy, big things can't be decided, small things do worry. He is indecisive and weak, but he seeks to be friendly in every way. Later, the military commanders of the four towns supported the troops and took the main responsibility.
He Tengjiao, the only bright spot is suicide. Driving away hundreds of thousands of Dashun troops in Qiang Bing, the Ministry of War ministers blocked Yinxi, and finally invited reinforcements to centrifuge. When the Qing soldiers attacked, Hunan collapsed instantly.
Sun Kewang, the only person who can bring peace and stability to the country, is too ambitious. After Zhang's death, he led the rebellion of Pingsha Dingzhou, the remaining part of Daxiliang Army, and decided to settle in Yunnan, which was indeed insightful and laid a solid foundation for later going out to Yunnan to counterattack the Qing army in Xiangguichuan. He followed Cao Cao's example, and carried the emperor to make the princes lose their souls. As a result, he turned against each other, defeated Li Dingguo and Liu Wenxiu, and fell to the Qing Dynasty alone. In the late Ming and early Qing dynasties, the famous king of Qin finally died under the dark arrows of the Qing soldiers.
Li Dingguo, the most outstanding strategist in the history of Nan Ming Dynasty. Kill Kong Youde, King of the South, and Ni Kan, King of Jinjing, and recover the whole province of Guixiang.
Even at the end of the Li Yong imperial court, several Qian Qian people defeated tens of thousands of troops of Wu Sangui, the king of the day, in the battle of Mopanshan (this was a real battle). If someone hadn't tipped him off, Wu Sangui might have died in this battle. Judging from the severity of the punishment imposed by the Qing army on the commander-in-chief of this campaign, the soldiers suffered serious losses, and it is conceivable how tragic the situation was at that time.
Organize two wars in Guangdong. If Zheng Chenggong had led the troops to attack at the appointed time and captured Guangdong today, Yunnan, Guizhou, Sichuan, Hunan, Guangdong, Fujian and Zhejiang would have been connected together, and there was only an isolated Jiangxi in the southeast, which could not bear the soldiers of the world. Who will win the contest with the thirteen Kuidong families who have lived in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River for a long time is still unknown!
Liu Wenxiu, another all-rounder, is selfless. Of the three kings (Sun Kewang, King of Qin, Li Dingguo, and Liu Wenxiu), Wu Sangui, whose overall situation is paramount, was almost defeated by him. Since the change of Sun Kewang, Li Dingguo fought for power and profit, and the Qing army stepped up its attack and died of depression.
On my deathbed, I said, "The northern army is pressing hard, and the country is in danger. Please come to Shuzhong to pay thirteen soldiers. I have 160 thousand cellar money, so I can pay. " My wife's family should be whipped to obey the king. Then he went to camp in Luoyang, Shaanxi Province, and he turned defeat into victory. The minister's heart is just a small heart, and he is still watching when he dies. "
Photography: Gu Cheng
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