Indus valley civilization is also called Indus civilization or Harappa civilization.
The earliest known urban culture in the Indian subcontinent was first discovered in 192 1 year in Harappa, Punjab province, and 1922 in Mohenzo-Daro, Sindh province, India (now both places belong to Pakistan).
Later, it was located 480 kilometers (300 miles) west of Karakoram, near Sutkendo on the Arabian coast, at the foot of Simla Mountain, northeast of Lubo Karakoram 1 600 kilometers (1000 miles), and 800 kilometers (500 miles) southeast of Karakoram in the south of the west coast. It is more widely distributed than the earlier Mesopotamian civilization and Egyptian civilization.
sphere of influence
Indus civilization includes two big cities, Harappa and Mohenjo-heroes of the legal world, and more than 100 small towns and villages. Fiona Fang, two big cities, is more than 5km (3 miles) in length, so it can be inferred from its scale that it is the political center of two big countries or a great empire with two cities as its capital in turn (there is a system of one country and two capitals in Indian history), but it is also possible that Harappa became the capital after Mohenjo, a legal hero, because Mohenjo, a legal hero, was destroyed by floods more than once. In Katiyawa and the southern cultural area further south, it developed a little later than the main Indus region. This culture has characters, about 250 ~ 500 characters, some of which have been tried to be explained, and this language is temporarily classified as Dravidian. The central period of this civilization is about 2500 ~ 1700 BC, but the culture of the southern region that appeared before 2000 may last even later.
source and course
Indus civilization obviously evolved from neighboring places or ancient villages. Adopting the irrigation farming method in Mesopotamia, on the one hand, there is enough technology to harvest crops in the vast and fertile Indus valley, on the other hand, it can control the annual floods, which will not only make the land fertile, but also cause disasters. Once the new civilization is firmly established in the plain area, it can cope with the immediate problems, which will undoubtedly make the people well-fed and increase the population. The next step, of course, is to expand along the banks of the river. Although there are sporadic businesses here, people still make a living from agriculture. In addition to planting wheat and six rows of barley, they also found feed beans, mustard greens, sesame seeds, some jujube stones and some traces of the earliest planting of cotton. Domestic animals include dogs, cats, cattle, short-horned cattle, poultry and so on. You may have raised pigs, camels and buffaloes. Elephants may also be domesticated, and ivory is widely used. Because there are no minerals in alluvial plains, minerals are sometimes shipped from other places. Gold is imported from southern India or Afghanistan, silver and copper are imported from Afghanistan or northwest India (now Rajasthan), celestite is imported from Afghanistan, turquoise is imported from Iran (Persia), and jade-like muscovite is imported from southern India.
The appearance of indus valley civilization was later than the Nile Valley Civilization (4000 BC) and the Two Rivers Valley Civilization (4000 BC). About 2600 BC–1500 BC. Archaeological work was carried out in Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa in the Indus Valley, with a population of over 40,000. There is an artificial mound in the center of both cities as the Acropolis. There is a big barn on this mound. For its residents, just like the central bank, it has discovered the ruins of the ancient city, found a large number of stone tools, bronzes and crop remains, and unearthed a large number of seals, but so far no one can interpret the words on the seals, or even determine whether they are words or image symbols.
Discovery process
The Indus River is one of the longest rivers in the world. But before the18th century, people never thought that this inaccessible river hidden in the desert had a glorious yesterday comparable to that of ancient Egypt. And compared with other ancient civilizations, it is completely unprecedented.
The Indus civilization first attracted people's attention when the Harappa site was excavated in18th century. Found the remains of the metropolis here. /kloc-In the middle of the 9th century, when Indian archaeologist Cunningham visited Habala for the second time, he unearthed a strange seal, but he thought it was just a foreign object and only wrote a simple report. After 50 years, no one pays attention to this website anymore. As expected, a large number of sites belonging to the same civilization were found in Punjab, including Harappa, which is 65,438+600 km long from east to west and 65,438+400 km long from north to south. This discovery shocked the archaeological community because the ancient civilization covering such a large area is unique in the world.
1922, an accidental opportunity made people discover the site of Mohenjo-Legal Hero located 600 kilometers south of Harappa. The objects unearthed here are similar to those unearthed in Harappa, and people remember the seal unearthed in Harappa 50 years ago. Archaeologists began to pay attention to the vast area between the two sites. These sites are located in the Indus Valley, so they are called Indus Civilization. According to research, the site was built 5000 years ago or even earlier. However, it's not just its size and age that is exciting. Soon, people found that although these sites belonged to the same civilization, their living standards were different. What is the reason?
Die letzte Spur - Alexandra, 17 Jahre
When and why the Indus civilization ended is unknown, so it is really unnecessary to assume that it has a consistent end time for such a widely spread culture. However, the demise of Mohenjo-the hero of the legal world is well known, and it is dramatic and sudden. In the middle of the first two thousand years, it was attacked and plundered by invaders, leaving this dead city in its original place. Who is the intruder remains to be proved. This history seems to be consistent in time and space with the ancient Aryans attacking the Indus region mentioned in the ancient book Rigveda. It describes that newcomers attack the "walled city" or "fortress" of the aborigines, and Indra, the Aryan god of war, "wears away a robe like time". To be sure, before Mohenjo-the hero of the legal profession suffered a fatal blow, the economic and social situation had been seriously depressed, most areas were flooded more than once, and the buildings were getting worse and worse, and people were overcrowded. The fatal blow seems to come suddenly, but the city is indeed heading for extinction. There is evidence that the culture of the Indus valley after this civilization is extremely poor, and a small part of it has absorbed the heritage of the Indus culture and elements from Iran and the Caucasus mountains. In fact, in general, it was influenced by the Aryan invasion. For hundreds of years, the urban culture in the northwest of the Indian subcontinent has been dead.
However, the situation in the south and further south of Katiawa seems to be quite different. The actual cultural convergence between the late Indus civilization and the bronze age culture can still be seen here, which is also the characteristic of the culture in the central and western India from BC 1700 to BC 1000. These cultures formed an important bridge between the primitive indus valley civilization and the Iron Age culture developed in India about 1000 years ago.
The reasons and details of the decline of Indus civilization are still unclear. So far, it is generally believed that the decline is mainly due to Aryan invasion; However, it has been suggested that this civilization may actually be submerged by mud. According to this statement, underground volcanic activity caused a lot of mud, silt and sand to gush out of the ground, blocked the river course, formed a big lake, and drowned Mohenjo-the hero of the legal circle. Decades later, the river dam gradually wore out, and the river flowed through the dam, and the river restored its original waterway. However, Mohenjo-the city of Yinghao was destroyed. Judging from the layers of silt in Mohenjo-Darrow, this disaster has occurred at least five times. Finally, it brought irreparable losses to the center of Indus civilization, making the northern border area very weak and unable to resist the invasion of Aryans, and making the southern border area too weak and unable to resist the assimilation of local culture.