1. Wang Jian:
An outstanding military strategist of the Qin Dynasty, he was another famous general of the Qin State after Bai Qi. His son Wang Ben played a great role in assisting Qin Shihuang in the war to unify the six kingdoms. Except for Han, the other five kingdoms were destroyed by Wang Jian and his son.
Wang Jian loved the art of war when he was a boy and served Qin Shihuang in battles. There is a story about Wang Jian: Qin Shihuang asked Li Xin how many people he would need if he wanted to destroy Chu. Li Xin said 200,000 would be enough. Qin Shihuang asked Wang Jian again, and Wang Jian said: "It must be six hundred thousand." So Qin Shihuang said, "General, you are old, no longer good, and timid. Li Xin is better, he is brave and invincible!" Wang Jian smiled after hearing this and resigned. The official returned to his hometown. Later, Li Xin was killed by the Chu State and fled without leaving any trace of his armor.
Qin Shihuang was furious after hearing the letter. Then he felt that what Wang Jian said was indeed reasonable. So he corrected his mistake and went to Wang Jian with a low face to apologize, saying: "I was stupid and believed Li Xin's lies. Now Many soldiers died, please come and save me, general, or I will be doomed." Wang Jian said politely, "No, I'm sick and can't go. You can find someone else." Qin Shihuang begged in vain. After a long time, Wang Jian finally relented and said, "You can use me, but you must give me an army of 600,000." After asking for things, Wang Jian's intelligence was revealed again. Along the way to the battle, he sent letters to Qin Shihuang again and again asking for things. His subordinates He couldn't stand it anymore and said, "General, you were not like this before. Why do you fall in love with glory when you are old?" Wang Jian laughed, "You are wrong. The emperor is suspected of being seriously ill and is not employing people professionally. Now the general will All the military forces of the State of Qin are entrusted to me. If I don’t have to ask the king for land and houses many times as an excuse to provide for future life for my descendants, should I ask the king to sit in the palace and be suspicious of me? There are too many, and if I don’t ask for something from the emperor, with his suspicion, he still won’t try to kill me!” This shows his wisdom. As for the war, of course it was no problem, we won a great victory!
2. Li Si
Zi Tonggu (280 BC to 208 BC), a famous politician, writer and calligrapher in the Qin Dynasty. A native of Shangcai, Chu (now southwest of Shangcai, Henan).
In his early years, he was a county official. Later, he learned the art of emperors from Xunzi and entered the Qin Dynasty. At first, he was appointed as a Lang by Lu Buwei. Later, he persuaded the King of Qin to destroy the princes and become an emperor, and was appointed as a long history. In the tenth year of the Qin Dynasty (237 BC), he ordered the expulsion of guest ministers from the six countries. The article "Remonstrance and Expulsion of Guests" was appreciated by the Qin Wangzheng, and he was promoted from Tingwei to Prime Minister. He successively proposed to Qin Shihuang to implement the system of prefectures and counties, abolish the feudal system, and establish book burning. He strongly advocated "clear laws and regulations, and made laws and regulations" and made outstanding contributions to the unification of writing. But he also acted as an accomplice in Qin Shihuang's implementation of harsh punishments. After the death of Qin Shihuang, Li Si and Zhao Gao conspired to support Qin II's ascension to the throne. After they were framed by Zhao Gao for their dissent, they were executed by the dissolute and extravagant Qin II - "Ju Si's five punishments" and "cutting Xianyang City in half".
There are three major events in Li Si’s life that I have to say
1. "Book of Remonstrance and Chasing Guests"
Sima Qian once described Li Si in this way in "The Biography of Li Si" The causes and consequences of the letter: "The King of Qin worshiped Si as his guest. Zheng Guo, a Korean man, came to Qin to use it as an irrigation canal, and he was aware of it. The Qin clan was large. All the ministers said to the King of Qin: 'Anyone from the princes who comes to trouble Qin is probably their master. You Jian Yu Qin Er, please use all strategies to expel guests." At that time, the king of Qin had issued an order to expel guests, and Li Si was also among those who were expelled. However, with this letter, the king of Qin was able to withdraw the order and change the order from expelling guests to retaining guests. Guests and heavy guests, we have to admit that "The Book of Remonstrance and Chasing Guests" has played a huge role and can be called a classic.
2. Burning books and entrapping Confucians
Since Shang Yang’s reform, the Qin State has always used Legalist theory as the guiding ideology for governing the country. After Qin Shihuang unified the world, he also governed the country according to Legalism. ’ Li Siyi was also in the process of chasing. Si Nai wrote a letter saying: "The King of Qin got rid of the order of expelling guests and restored Li Siguan. During the nine years he was emperor, his main energy was used to establish the central autocratic power, delineate the national territory, unify the written language, weights and measures, and build The Great Wall paid little attention to cultural and ideological aspects. Chun Yuyue used Confucianism to advise Qin Shihuang, which was not conducive to Qin's centralized rule. Therefore, Li Si, who was good at understanding Qin Shihuang's intentions, proposed a plan to combat Confucian influence and consolidate the unified regime. The above-mentioned idea of ??burning books was agreed and approved by Qin Shihuang. Therefore, Qin Shihuang ordered the burning of books. Many ancient documents and books in the pre-Qin period were burned, causing huge losses to Chinese culture.
In the second year after the book burning, that is, the thirty-fifth year of Qin Shi Huang (212 BC), two sorcerers secretly slandered Qin Shi Huang and fled. When Qin Shihuang learned about this, he was furious and sent a censor to investigate. After the trial, more than 460 people were framed and killed. This is the historical "confucianism" incident.
3. Qin Seal Script
Before the unification of the Qin Dynasty, the various vassal states had been divided for a long time, resulting in a situation where the languages ??had different sounds and characters had different shapes. Qin Shihuang had been longing for a standard font to replace the previously popular variant characters, so he found out that Li Si was good at calligraphy and gave him the task. Li Si cut out the complexity of the large seal script and simplified it, and compiled a set of characters with simple strokes and neat shapes, called Qin seal script. After Qin Shihuang saw these new calligraphy styles, he was very satisfied, so he made it a standard font and ordered it to be used throughout the country.
The small seal script, also known as the Qin seal script, is the symmetry of the large seal script. It gives people a feeling of hardness and softness, roundness and strength, and plays a great role in the standardization of Chinese characters. The emergence of Xiaozhuan is a great progress in the history of Chinese character development.
At that time, people were not very familiar with the structure of Xiaozhuan, and it was difficult to write satisfactorily. Li Si, Zhao Gao, Hu Wu and others wrote models such as "Cangjie Pian", "Yuanli Pian" and "Erudition Pian" for everyone to copy.
3. King Wu of Qin (Ying Dang)
King Wu of Qin is the son of King Huiwen of Qin. After the death of King Qin Huiwen, Prince Yingdang ascended the throne and became King Wu of Qin. King Wu of Qin was tall and strong, with superhuman strength, strong in martial arts and fond of war. He often took pleasure in fighting. He promoted anyone with extraordinary bravery to generals and placed them beside him. Wu Huo and Ren Bi were famous for their bravery and strength, so King Wu of Qin made an exception and promoted them to generals and gave high officials generous salaries. Meng Ben, a native of Qi State, was extremely powerful and brave enough to be crowned Haidai: He was not afraid of tigers and wolves when traveling on land, and he was not afraid of dragons when traveling on water. One person could subdue two bison at the same time. Hearing that King Wu of Qin valued warriors from all over the world, Meng Xi went to Xianyang to meet King Wu of Qin and was appointed as a general, enjoying the same treatment as Wu Huo and Ren Bi.
As early as the time of King Huiwen of Qin, Zhang Yi proposed a plan to Qin: the Qin army marched eastward to the Central Plains, first taking Yiyang, a strategic military town in South Korea and the gateway to Luoyang, the Zhou capital, and using Yiyang as a springboard to control the east and west Zhou Dynasties. The Emperor of Zhou used the possession of the Nine Tripods as a symbol, and used the Emperor to command the princes and establish the overlordship of the Central Plains. Since King Qin Huiwen was concentrating his forces to destroy Shu in order to consolidate the rear area, Zhang Yi's plan was temporarily put aside. After King Wu of Qin came to the throne, Shu had been destroyed, the rear was consolidated, and the country's power was at its peak. King Wu of Qin wanted to launch an external expedition, so he naturally thought of Zhang Yi's preface. He said to Prime Minister Qi Liji on the right and Gan Mao on the left: "I was born in Xirong and have never been to Luoyang, the capital of Zhou Dynasty. I don't know how prosperous the Central Plains is. I hope that one day I can drive into the Zhou Dynasty to travel and see the emperor's weapons with my own eyes. Jiuding. If I can get my wish, I will be willing to die. I wonder who among you can attack Yiyang and enter the Central Plains for me?" Chuiliji replied: "The city of Yiyang in South Korea has strong soldiers, and the road is long and dangerous. If Wei and Zhao send troops to rescue them, In Yiyang, the Qin army is alone in a dangerous situation. Once it fails, the consequences will be disastrous."
King Wu of Qin was very unhappy after hearing this. At this time, Gan Mao said: "To attack Han Yiyang, we must first break the alliance between Han and Wei. As long as Wei helps Qin, Zhao will not be able to cross Wei to save Han. If Han is isolated, Yiyang City may be captured by the Qin army." King Wu of Qin was overjoyed. , that is, Gan Mao was sent as envoy to Wei. Gan Mao lured his country to enjoy the benefits of conquering Korea, and established an alliance with the King of Wei for the Qin and Wei Dynasties to conquer Korea. Gan Mao was afraid that King Wu of Qin would change his mind after listening to Chuili Ji's words during the attack on Yiyang, so he sent a special envoy to Shou to report to King Wu: "King Wei has agreed to cooperate with Qin to attack South Korea. Although he has the support of Wei, he still cannot It would be better to attack Yiyang." King Wu was very confused after hearing this. He rushed to Xirang in person to summon Gan Mao and asked why Gan Mao changed his plan to attack Korea. Gan Mao said: "The city of Yiyang is strong and the soldiers are well-prepared. The Qin army risked thousands of miles to attack Yiyang, and it will never be effective in a short time. If the attack on Yiyang is prolonged, someone will definitely slander him in front of the king. The king will listen to the villain. As he said, I will not only fail to attack Yiyang, but also my reputation will be ruined." King Wu said firmly: "I will not listen to the villain's words, and I am willing to establish an alliance with you to relieve your worries." So the king and his ministers signed the alliance face to face. Then Gan Mao was appointed as the general and led 50,000 troops to attack Yiyang. Ganmao attacked Yiyang for five months, but to no avail. At this time, the right prime minister Qiliji said to King Wu: "It has been five months since the Qin army attacked Yiyang City. They are exhausted and have lost all their energy. If they continue to hold out, I am afraid the situation will change. It is better to fight back." King Wu After hearing this, he sent someone to summon Gan Mao's squadron back to the court. Gan Mao wrote a letter and asked someone to bring it to King Wu. King Wu opened the letter and saw that there was only the word "Xi Rang", and he suddenly realized. So he sent 50,000 reinforcements and ordered Wu Huo to lead him to help Gan Mao.
Gan Mao received fresh troops and greatly increased his strength. He took Wu Huo as the vanguard to repel the Korean reinforcements, captured Yiyang Gucheng, and killed 70,000 Korean troops. South Korea's vitality was severely damaged and it hurriedly sought peace from Qin.
The Qin army occupied Yiyang, and the gate of Luoyang, the capital of Zhou, was opened. King Wu of Qin personally led Ren Bi and Meng Ben to attack Luoyang with elite troops and strong generals. The Emperor of Zhou was unable to resist, so he had to go out to meet the Qin army. King Wu of Qin went straight to the Ancestral Temple of Zhou Dynasty to view the Jiuding. I saw nine tripods lined up in the hall. This Nine Cauldrons were originally made by Dayu who collected tribute gold from nine states in the world. Each tripod represents a state, including Jing, Liang, Yong, Yu, Xu, Qing, Yang, Yan, and Ji. On it are engraved the mountains and rivers of the state, the tributes of the land, The number of gifts. King Wu looked at each one one by one. When he saw the Yongzhou Ding, he said to the ministers: "Has anyone lifted this tripod?" The guardian of the tripod replied: "Since the tripod was created, no one has heard of or seen it being lifted. This tripod weighs as much as Who can lift a thousand pieces?" King Wu asked Ren Bi and Meng Ben: "Can two of us lift it?" Ren Bi knew that King Wu relied on strength to win, so he politely declined: "I can only lift a hundred pieces. This cauldron is so heavy that I am not qualified for it." Meng Ben stretched out his arms and walked to the cauldron and said, "Let me try to lift it. Don't blame me if you can't lift it." After that, he tightened his belt and raised his hands. With his sleeves, he grabbed two tripod ears and shouted "Get up!". The tripod was half a foot above the ground and fell heavily. Meng Ben felt dizzy and couldn't stand. Fortunately, he was held by the left and right and did not fall. On the ground. King Wu laughed when he saw it: "You can lift the cauldron high to the ground, how can I not be as good as you?" Ren Bi advised: "My great king has a body of ten thousand chariots, don't try your strength easily." King Wu was stubborn and refused to listen. He took off his brocade robe and jade belt, tightened his belt, and strode forward. Ren Bi pulled King Wu and tried to dissuade him. King Wu said angrily: "You can't lift, why don't you want others to lift?" Ren Bi didn't dare. Please advise again. King Wu stretched out his hand to grab the tripod's ears and thought: "Meng Ben can only lift it from the ground. After I lift it, I have to move a few steps to show the height." So, he took a deep breath, exerted all his strength, and shouted: "Get up!". The cauldron was lifted half a foot, and King Wu then moved his left foot. Unexpectedly, his right foot could not support it alone. He tilted his body and the cauldron fell to the ground, hitting his right foot. King Wu screamed and fell to the ground. Everyone hurriedly stepped forward and moved the tripod away. They saw that the bones of King Wu's right foot were crushed and blood flowed into a pool. When the imperial doctor arrived, King Wu was already unconscious, but he was still talking to himself: "My wish is over, but I will have no regrets even if I die." At night, King Wu died of exhaustion. King Nan of Zhou Dynasty was shocked when he heard the report and went to cry in person. The Prime Minister on the right, Chuili, returned to Xianyang with the coffin in a hurry, and made Ying Ji, the half-brother of King Wu, king, who was King Zhaoxiang of Qin. After the burial, Qiliji investigated the responsibility, cut Meng Ben into five pieces, and killed his clan; he rewarded Ren Bi for his ability to dissuade, and was promoted to the prefect of Hanzhong; he also admonished King Zhaoxiang of Qin, and investigated Gan Mao for instigating King Wu to enter the Zhou Dynasty. Gan Mao heard the news and fled to Wei for fear of being punished. He did not dare to return to Qin until his death.
4. Meng Tian
The beacon smoke sets in the desert and the sun rises across the yellow sand.
Wielding his arms, he stormed directly into the Huns' formation, and rode his horse to drive away the Hulu camp.
On the battlefield alone, there are nine bends, and the dangerous barbarians are blocked and the Great Wall is built.
The general still has a thousand-year pen, singing and playing the guzheng.
Meng Tian (? - 210 BC), a famous general during the Qin Shihuang period, was known as "China's No. 1 Warrior". Han nationality, native of Qi State, Shandong. Legend has it that he once improved the writing brush and was the earliest developer in the northwest of the motherland. He was also the first person to develop Ningxia in ancient times.
Meng Tian was born into a family of famous generals. My grandfather, Meng Ao, was a famous general of the Qin State, serving King Zhao of Qin and reaching the rank of Supreme Minister. In the second year of King Zhuang Xiang (248 BC), he defeated Han, attacked Zhao, and captured the city of Wei, making great military exploits for the Qin Dynasty. His father, Meng Wu, was General Pi of Qin. He worked with Wang Jian to destroy Chu and made many military exploits. As a young man, Meng Tian studied criminal law and served as a clerk in hearing prison lawsuits.
In the twenty-sixth year of the First Emperor (221 BC), Meng Tian was named a general and attacked Qi. For his contribution to defeating Qi, he was worshiped as Neishi (the highest administrator of the Qin Dynasty capital). His younger brother Meng Yi is also the supreme minister. The Meng brothers were deeply favored by Qin Shihuang. Meng Tian was in charge of foreign affairs, and Meng Yi was often a conspirator. They were known as "loyal and trustworthy" at the time. Other generals did not dare to compete with them.
After Qin unified the six kingdoms, Meng Tian was ordered to lead an army of 300,000 to attack the Xiongnu in the north. Recover Henan (now the area around Yikezhao League in the south of Hetao, Inner Mongolia), and set up thirty-four counties from Yuzhong (now north of Yijinhuoluo Banner in Inner Mongolia) to Yinshan. He also crossed the Yellow River, occupied Yangshan Mountain, and moved people to enrich the border counties. Later, the Great Wall was built from Lintao in Longxi (now Minxian County, Gansu Province) in the west to Liaodong (now in Liaoning Province) in the east, connecting the original Great Walls of Yan, Zhao and Qin. The Great Wall took advantage of the terrain and natural dangers to set up fortresses, effectively curbing the Huns' southward advance.
Later, he was sent to open a straight road for Qin Shihuang to tour the world, from Jiuyuan County (today's southwest of Baotou City, Inner Mongolia) to Ganquan Palace, cutting off mountains and filling deep valleys, with a total length of 1,800 miles. Unfortunately, it was not completed. Meng Tian campaigned in northern Xinjiang for more than ten years and intimidated the Xiongnu.
In the winter of the thirty-seventh year of the First Emperor (210 BC), Qin Shihuang fell ill while traveling in Kuaiji, so he sent his companion Meng Yi to offer sacrifices to the mountains and rivers to pray for blessings. Soon after, Qin Shihuang died of illness in a sand dune, and the news of his death was blocked. Zhao Gao, the governor of the CRRC, was favored by his son Hu Hai. He wanted to make Hu Hai his son, so he secretly planned a coup with Prime Minister Li Si and his son Hu Hai to make Hu Hai the crown prince. Because Zhao Gao had violated the law earlier, Meng Yi was ordered to enforce the law impartially, which aroused Zhao Gao's resentment towards Mengshi. When Hu Hai came to the throne, he sent envoys to kill the young masters Fusu and Mengtian on fabricated charges. Fusu committed suicide, and Mengtian had doubts in his heart and asked for a retrial. The envoy handed Meng Tian over to the officials, sent Li Sishe to replace Meng Tian in charge of the army, and imprisoned Meng Tian in Yangzhou. After Hu Hai killed Fusu, he wanted to release Meng Tian. However, Zhao Gao was deeply afraid that Meng's favor would be used to his advantage again, which would be detrimental to him, so he insisted on destroying Meng's family. They spread the issue about establishing a prince. Meng Yi once slandered Hu Hai in front of the First Emperor, so Hu Hai imprisoned Meng Yi. Ziying strongly remonstrated and believed that the Meng brothers should not be killed. Hu Hai refused to listen and killed Meng Yi. He also mobilized people to go to Yang Zhou to kill Meng Tian.
The envoy said to Meng Tian: "You have committed too many crimes, and Meng Yi deserves to die even if he is sitting next to you." Meng Tian said: "From my ancestors to my descendants, I have been born and died for the Qin Kingdom for three generations. I am the leader. An army of 300,000 people. Although I am imprisoned, I am powerful enough to betray. But I know that I should die righteously. The reason why I do this is that I dare not insult the teachings of my ancestors and dare not forget the kindness of my ancestors. . In the past, when King Cheng of Zhou was young, Zhou Gongdan went to court on his back and swore his loyalty to the Lord, finally bringing peace to the world. When King Cheng grew up, he heard rumors and King Cheng finally fled to Chu. After realizing it, he killed the slanderer and invited Zhou Gongdan back. Therefore, the "Book of Zhou" said: "The king must think carefully when doing things." My Meng family was loyal to the king and was killed. This must be the reason. There were evil officials who rebelled and internal strife. King Cheng of Zhou made mistakes but was able to correct his mistakes, and finally made the Zhou Dynasty prosperous. Xia Jie killed Guan Longfeng, and Shang Zhou killed Prince Bigan without regrets. In the end, the body will die and the country will perish. Therefore, I believe that making mistakes can be corrected, and listening to advice can lead to awakening. These words of mine are not to seek forgiveness, but to prepare for sacrifice for loyalty. I hope that your majesty will consider the correct governance for the sake of all the people in the world." The envoy said, "I was just ordered to execute you and did not dare to report the general's words to the emperor." Meng Tian sighed and said, "How did I offend God? I didn't do anything. He was executed for his crime?" He remained silent for a long time and then said: "I should have been punished for my crime. I started from Lintao, went to Liaodong to build the Great Wall, and dug more than 10,000 miles of ditches. It was impossible not to dig out the earth's veins during this period. This is my crime. What a sin!" So he committed suicide by taking pills.
Sima Qian sighed in "Historical Records": "The Qin generals of the Meng clan are loyal and virtuous in internal history. The Great Wall was first built, and thousands of miles of borders were settled." "At the beginning of the Qin Dynasty, the princes were destroyed, and the heart of the world was undecided, and the wounded were injured. Before the disaster, Tian was a famous general. He did not use this time to forcefully remonstrate, to arouse the people's anxiety, to provide for the elderly, to maintain harmony among the people, and to achieve great success. "Meng Tian's great military exploits were to the Qin Dynasty, and he was to the Great Wall. His great achievements are amazing
5. Lu Buwei
Lü Buwei, - 235 BC, a famous businessman, politician, and thinker in the late Warring States period, defended the country in Puyang (now Anyang, Henan) County) people. Lu Buwei was a big businessman in Yangdi (now Yuzhou City, Henan Province). He traveled around, buying at low prices and selling at high prices, so he accumulated a fortune worth thousands of gold. He is well-known for his "strange things to live in". He once assisted Qin Shihuang to ascend the throne and served as the prime minister of the Qin Dynasty. He also organized his disciples to compile the famous "Lu Spring and Autumn Annals". He was also a representative figure of Zajia thought.
Lü Buwei met Qin King Sun Yiren (later renamed Chu) who was held hostage by Zhao in Handan, the capital of Zhao, and thought it was a "rare thing to live in", so he gave him a large sum of money and persuaded Prince An Guo of Qin to favor Mrs. Ji Huayang and establish a son. The descendants of Chu and Lu Buwei fled back to Qin. The king of An succeeded him as King Xiaowen, and Zi Chu became the crown prince. The following year, Zi Chu ascended the throne (i.e., King Zhuang Xiang) and appointed Lu Buwei as prime minister and was granted the title of Wen. Xinhou, who lived in Luoyang, Henan, had 100,000 households. The young prince Zheng was established as the king, and he respected Lu Buwei as the prime minister. He had 3,000 diners under his family, and ordered diners to make up his family. "Lu's Spring and Autumn Annals", also known as "Lü Lan", contains more than 200,000 words in eight chapters, six treatises, and twelve chapters. It combines various schools of thought in the pre-Qin Dynasty, "including Confucianism and Mohism, combined with law", so it is called "Miscellaneous School" in history. ".
When he was in power, he captured the lands of Zhou, Zhao, and Wei, and established Sanchuan, Taiyuan, and Dongjun. He made a significant contribution to the Qin Dynasty's cause of annexing the six countries. Later, he was implicated in the rebellion and was dismissed from his position as prime minister, and lived in the fiefdom of Henan. Soon after, the King of Qin ordered him to move his family to Shu. Lu Buwei was afraid of being executed, so he drank poison and died. (Translated from "Historical Records·Biography of Lu Buwei")
Life:
Prime Minister of Qin in the late Warring States Period. A native of Puyang, Weiguo (now southwest of Puyang, Henan Province). He was originally a wealthy merchant from Yangzhai. In Handan, the capital of Zhao, Lu Buwei met Zi Chu, the prince of Qin, who was held hostage in Zhao. He thought it was "a rare thing to live in", so he gave him a large sum of money and persuaded Prince An Guojun of Qin to favor Mrs. Ji Huayang and make Zi Chu his legitimate heir. Later, Chu and Lu Buwei fled back to Qin. Lord An Guo succeeded him as King Xiaowen, and Zi Chu became the crown prince. The following year, Zichu ascended the throne (i.e., King Zhuangxiang), appointed Lu Buwei as prime minister, and granted him the title of Marquis of Wenxin. He fed 100,000 households in Luoyang, Henan. After the death of King Zhuang Xiang, the young Crown Prince Zheng was established as the king. He respected Lu Buwei as the prime minister of the country and was known as "Zhongfu". There are 3,000 diners and 10,000 children at his door. Ming Shike compiled "Lu's Spring and Autumn Annals", which contains eight readings, six treatises, and twelve chapters with more than 200,000 words. It combines the theories of various schools in the pre-Qin Dynasty, "including Confucianism and Mohism, combined with law", so it is called "Miscellaneous School" in history. When he was in power, he captured the lands of Zhou, Zhao, and Wei, and established Sanchuan, Taiyuan, and Dongjun. He made a significant contribution to the Qin Dynasty's cause of annexing the six countries. Later, he was implicated in the rebellion and was dismissed from his post as prime minister, and lived in the fiefdom of Henan. Soon after, the King of Qin ordered him to move his family to Shu. Lu Buwei was afraid of being executed, so he drank poison and died.
Introduction to "Lu's Spring and Autumn"
"Lu's Spring and Autumn" is an ancient encyclopedia-like masterpiece compiled by Lu Buwei, the Prime Minister of the State of Qin. It has eight readings, six treatises, Twelve centuries, more than 200,000 words. Lu Buwei himself believed that it included the history and present of everything in the world, so it was called "Lu's Spring and Autumn Annals"
Lü Buwei was a famous prime minister who served in the Qin State at the end of the Warring States Period. Lu Buwei made great contributions because he spent his family wealth to help Qin Wang Sun Yiren, who was a hostage in Zhao State, to establish a direct heir. After Yiren later succeeded to the throne as Queen Zhuangxiang of Qin, he was appointed prime minister.
At that time, there was Lord Xinling in Wei, Lord Chunshen in Chu, Lord Pingyuan in Zhao, and Lord Mengchang in Qi. They all treated virtuous officials and made friends with guests. And we have to compete in this regard. Lu Buwei thought that the Qin State was so powerful that it was a shame to be inferior to them, so he also recruited literati and bachelors and gave them generous treatment. There were as many as 3,000 diners under his disciples. Different from the Fourth Young Master, Lu Buwei did not pay much attention to brave men and warriors when recruiting followers, but he paid great attention to literary talents. It turns out that Lu Buwei has his own opinions. He has always been good at strategy and looks down on those simple-minded brave men. Besides, the Qin State has so many fierce generals and a powerful army that there is no need to recruit more soldiers to kill. There is another reason. At that time, many eloquent people wrote books and published their opinions, which were widely circulated. They were not only famous all over the world, but also passed down to future generations and immortalized in history. This fact especially made Lu Buwei jealous. Lu Buwei was originally a businessman and did not have the conditions to write books and novels, but he could realize his ambitions and wishes with the help of these disciples who were good at writing and writing. At that time, there were many talented debaters in various princely states, like Xunqing, who wrote books and established theories that were popular in the world.
When everything was ready, Lu Buwei asked everyone in his disciples who could write to write down what they heard, saw and felt. When the articles were handed in, they were all kinds of things, covering everything from ancient times to the present, up and down, heaven and earth, all things in the world, rise and fall, scholars, farmers, industry and commerce, three religions and nine streams, and many articles were repeated. Lu Buwei selected several article masters to select, classify, and delete these articles, and combined them into a book called "Lu's Spring and Autumn Annals". To be cautious, after the book was completed, Lu Buwei asked his disciples to revise it several times until he was truly satisfied. Lu Buwei attached great importance to this book. He believed that this book, known as "Lü's Spring and Autumn Annals", was a masterpiece. He boasted that it was a wonderful book that covered "heaven and earth, all things, ancient and modern times". For example, in the "Preface", which is the general preface to the whole book, the discussion of the twelfth century can also be seen: "Everyone in the twelfth century is disciplined and governed by chaos, survival and death, and knows the good and bad luck of longevity and death. If this is the case, there is no escape from what is right or what is right.”
In order to strive for excellence and expand its influence, Lu Buwei also came up with a wonderful way to promote the book. He asked someone to copy the entire book neatly and hang it at the city gate of Xianyang, claiming that if anyone could change a word, he would be rewarded with a thousand gold coins. After the news spread, people flocked to it, including tourists and guests from all over the world, but no one could change the words in the book.
Of course, this does not necessarily prove that every word in "Lu's Spring and Autumn" is perfect, but it may be because people are in awe of Lu Buwei's power and no one is willing to come forward. However, the sensational effect of such a move was huge, and the fame of "Lu's Spring and Autumn" and Lu Buwei spread far and wide to the Eastern countries. It is worth mentioning that this book was written during the Warring States Period. It preserves many ancient anecdotes and ideas, and has certain reference value.
"Lu's Spring and Autumn Annals" brought together various schools of thought in the pre-Qin Dynasty, "including Confucianism and Mohism, combined with law", so it was called "Miscellaneous School" in history. Lu Buwei borrowed the help of his disciples to write "Lü's Spring and Autumn Annals". Although he mainly relied on the light of others to improve his image, he did a great thing in cultural undertakings and made indispensable contributions.
6. Zhang Han (? 205 BC), also named Shaorong. A general in the late Qin Dynasty. Qin II was the Shaofu at that time.
In September of the first year of Qin II (209 BC), he was ordered to lead the convicts and slave-born sons of Lishan (now southeast of Lintong, Shaanxi Province) to attack Chen Sheng's uprising army Zhou Wenbu. They won repeated battles, allowing the Qin court to on one's last legs. They also successively attacked and destroyed the rebel Tian Zang and other troops in Xingyang (now northeast of Xingyang, Henan), and pushed directly into Chen (now Huaiyang), forcing Chen Sheng to escape. Later, he attacked and killed the anti-Qin armed leaders Wei Jiu, Tian Dan, and Xiang Liang, and then moved across the Yellow River (Yellow River) to attack Zhao. He was defeated by Xiang Yu in the Battle of Julu. He was defeated again by Xiang Yu in the Battle of Zhang? and surrendered. He entered the Pass with Xiang Yu and was granted the title of King Yong. During the Chu-Han War, in August of the first year of the Han Dynasty (206 BC), Zhang Han suffered repeated defeats against Liu Bang's army and retreated to Feiqiu (now southeast of Xingping, Shaanxi). In June of the second year, Cheng Po committed suicide.
Historical events:
In the first year of Qin II (209 BC), Hu Hai, the second emperor of the Qin Dynasty, visited prefectures and counties in the east. He listened to the slander of the traitor Zhao Gao and killed ministers along the way. Implicated. As a result, the whole court was shocked, frightened and uneasy, and everyone who came to remonstrate thought it was slandering the court. From then on, the ministers were flattering and flattering, and the people were frightened. In April of the next year, Afang Palace was rebuilt. The people of the world are living in dire straits due to the conscription of men and grain; the harsh laws and harsh laws, and the overcrowding of prisoners in prisons. People everywhere suffered from the rule of the Qin Dynasty officials and revolted one after another. In July, Chen Sheng rebelled in Jingdi and proclaimed himself King of Chu. The people of Shandong killed the local guard Lingcheng and established themselves as princes and kings in response to Chen Sheng. The military minister Zhao Xie proclaimed himself the King of Zhao, Wei Jiu the King of Wei, and Tian Dan the King of Qi. Liu Bang revolted in Peixian County, and Xiang Liang (Xiang Yu's uncle) raised troops in Kuaiji. There were so many people who rebelled that they could not be counted. In the name of crusading against the Qin Dynasty, people from all walks of life united with each other and marched towards the Qin court.
In the winter of the second year of Qin II (208 BC), Zhou Zhang and other generals sent by Chen Sheng arrived at Xishui, with hundreds of thousands of troops. The second Hu Hai was greatly shocked and plundered. He discussed with his ministers what to do? Zhang Han, the Shaofu, said: "The thieves have arrived here, and the soldiers are strong. It is too late to mobilize the troops from the nearby county. There are many prisoners in Lishan. I hope to pardon them and give them weapons to attack the thieves." "So the Second Emperor granted a general amnesty to the whole world, and sent Zhang Han as a general, with orders to lead 700,000 prisoners and slaves from Lishan (southeast of Lintong, Shaanxi Province today) to attack Zhou Zhang. After defeating Zhou Zhang's army, Zhou Zhang escaped from the border and fled to Cao Yang. Zhang Han pursued him and defeated Cao Yang. Zhou Zhang was defeated again and fled to Cishengchi. More than ten days later, Zhang Han defeated Cimianchi and Zhou Zhang committed suicide. After defeating Zhou Zhang, Zhang Han marched towards Xingyang (now northeast of Xingyang, Henan Province).
Xingyang general Tian Zang sent generals Li Gui and others to guard Xingyang City. He led his elite troops to the west to fight the Qin army. They fought with the Qin army in Baocang, and Tian Zang died in the battle. Zhang Han continued to march into Xingyang City, attacked the city, and was defeated. Li Gui and others died in the battle.
Then Zhang Han defeated Deng Shuo one after another and defeated Wu Xu, forcing Chen Sheng to escape to Chengfu. Chen Sheng ordered Zhang He to go out to the west of the city to meet Zhang Han, and he personally supervised the battle from the city tower. In the battle in the west of the city, Zhang He died. From then on, Chen Sheng did not dare to fight again and stayed in seclusion. Under the powerful offensive of Zhang Han's siege, in the twelfth lunar month, Chen Sheng was killed by his personal Zhuang Jia, and Kaicheng surrendered to Qin.
After Chen Sheng was pacified, Zhang Han led his troops to continue eastward to attack Wei Jiu's Wei State, and defeated the Wei army and the Qi army that came for reinforcements in Linji City. Wei Jiu burned himself, and Qi King Tian Dan was killed. Tian Dan's cousin Tian Rong gathered up the remaining soldiers and retreated to Dong'a. Zhang Han's army passed through Li County (now Xiayi County, Henan Province), and Xiang Liang sent generals Zhujishi and Yu Fanjun to fight with him. Yu Fanjun died in battle, Zhujishi's army was defeated and fled to Huling. Zhang Han pursued Tian Rong to Dong'a. Xiang Liang led Xiang Yu, Liu Bangying, Chen Ying and other troops to rescue Dong'a. Zhang Han was defeated and retreated to Dingtao.
Xiang Liang pursued to Dingtao, sent his generals to defeat the Qin army in Chengyang (now northeast of Heze County, Shandong) and Puyang, and sent Xiang Yu and Liu Ji to attack Yongqiu (now Qixian County, Henan), defeating the Qin army. Army, kill Li You. Before Dingtao was captured, Xiang Liang was already becoming proud.
Zhang Han attacked the Chu army in Dingtao at night, and Xiang Liang was defeated and killed.
Zhang Han defeated Xiang Liang's army, attacked and killed the anti-Qin armed leader Qi Wang Tian Dan, and eliminated Wei Wang Wei Jiu in Linji. All the famous generals in the Chu region were dead. Zhang Han thought that Chu's enemies no longer had to worry, so he crossed the Yellow River and attacked Zhao from the north, defeating the Zhao army. At this time, Zhao Xie was the king of Zhao, Chen Yu was the general, and Zhang Er was the prime minister. King Zhao, Zhang Er and Chen Yu all ran into Julu City. Later, Chen Yu went out from Julu to collect his troops, and gained tens of thousands of soldiers from Changshan, stationed in the north of Julu City.
Zhang Han ordered Wang Li and Shejian to besiege Julu. Zhang Han stationed himself to the south of Julu and built tunnels to transport grain. Qin general Wang Li besieged the Zhao army in Julu City. This army surrounded by Julu is the so-called "Hebei Army".
Zhang Han and others led their troops to surround Julu. At this time, General Xiang Yu of Chu State led the soldiers of Chu State to rescue Julu. Xiang Yu led his entire army across the river, scuttled the ships, smashed the cooking utensils, burned down the camps, and carried three days of rations to show that the soldiers fought to the death and no one had any intention of coming back alive. As soon as the army arrived, they surrounded Wang Li, encountered the Qin army, fought nine battles, cut off the Qin army's corridors, defeated the Qin army, killed Su Jiao, and captured Wang Li. Shejian refused to surrender to the Chu army and burned himself. die. When the Chu army attacked the Qin army, all the princes and generals were watching the battle on the camp. The soldiers of the Chu army were all equal to ten. The shouts of the Chu soldiers shook the sky, and the soldiers of the princes were frightened. After defeating the Qin army, Xiang Yu summoned all the princes and generals. When they entered the camp gate, they all walked on their knees and did not dare to look up. From then on, Xiang Yu established himself as the overlord of Western Chu. He became the king of nine counties in the Liang and Chu areas, established his capital in Pengcheng, and all the princes were subordinate to him.
In the Battle of Julu, the Qin army was defeated by Xiang Yu and the Qin army retreated. Zhang Han retreated to Jiyuan and stationed himself, while Xiang Yu stationed on the south bank of Zhangshui River. The two armies were in a stalemate and there was no fighting.