The first word "Wen" means a written article.
"speech" means writing, expressing and recording. "Classical Chinese", that is, written language, is relative to "oral language", which is also called "vernacular".
The last word "Wen" means works, articles, etc., which means the genre. "Classical Chinese" means "articles written in written language", which is also called stylistic writing.
and "vernacular" means: "articles written in common plain spoken language". For example, like now, "Have you eaten?" .
In ancient China, it was different to express the same thing in "oral language" (spoken language) and "written language" (written language). For example, if you want to ask someone if they have eaten, you can express it in oral language as "Have you eaten?" , and expressed in written language, but it is "rice?" . "Fanbu" is classical Chinese. Here, the noun "Fanbu" is used as a verb, meaning to eat.
Before 1919, all China's articles were written in classical Chinese. Now we generally refer to "ancient Chinese" as "classical Chinese".
the structure of classical Chinese (1) the so-called judgment sentence is a sentence pattern that judges the subject with nouns, pronouns or noun phrases as predicates. Its common forms are as follows: 1. "Those who are ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
such as: "Lian Po, Zhao Zhiliang will also." [Exercise 1] List such judgments in classical Chinese that we have studied.
(the number of sentences is more than 3) ① Chen Shengsheng is also from Yangcheng. (2) a ridge porch, old south pavilion also.
③ Nanyang Liu Ziji, Gao Shangshi also. (4) those who are stunned, Zhou Jingwang has no shot.
⑤ seven strategies and four repositories are the books of the son of heaven. ⑥ In the palace, everything is integrated.
⑦ Liang, my enemy, the prince of Yan, my position. Today the three, I also hate.
pet-name ruby: if you blame Qin, you will lose your strength, and you will be ruined. Attending, the effect of fighting also.
2. Use adverbs "nai", "namely", "then", "all", "yes", "sincerity" and "Wei" to express judgment. For example, "This is the autumn when ministers serve."
[Exercise 1] List such judgments in the classical Chinese we have studied. (The number of sentences is more than 3) ① When you ask what the world is today, you don't know if there are Han people.
② I don't know what year it is today. (3) that is, those who are now in the tomb.
④ Liang's father is Xiang Yan, the general of Chu. ⑤ This is the grand view of Yueyang Tower.
⑥ Either you die or you migrate. All landowners this is good, loyal and pure.
⑧ This is a critical autumn. Pet-name ruby now, I am a fish.
attending, I am a madman in Chu, and the wind sings and laughs at Kong Qiu. 3. Use negative adverb "Fei" to express negation.
For example, "The downfall of the six countries is not bad for the soldiers, but bad for the war." [Exercise 1] List such judgments in classical Chinese that we have studied.
(the number of sentences is more than 3) ① Climb high and recruit, the arm is not lengthened, but the person who sees it is far away. (2) the city is not high, the pool is not deep, the soldiers are not strong, and the rice is not too much.
(3) It's not about crossing the Tai Mountain to the North Sea. (2) Passive sentences In classical Chinese, the subject of some sentences is the receiver of the action, which is a passive sentence.
its common types are as follows: 1. "See", "See ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… For example, "I often laugh at a generous family."
[Exercise 1] List such passive sentences in the classical Chinese we have studied. (The number of sentences is more than 3) I am afraid that I will be bullied by the king.
(2) Qin Cheng is afraid of not getting it, but only seeing bullying. (3) so confused in Zheng Xiu, bullying in yi cheung.
④ Li Zipan, seventeen years old, is good at ancient Chinese prose, and all the six arts are well-known in Xi Zhi, regardless of the time, and he learns from spare time. 2. The expression "for" and "for ..." is passive.
for example, "parents and clans are all wiped out." (1) and die, laugh for the world.
(2) for the country, there is no ambassador to be robbed by Ji Wei. (3) for the group from the income.
(4) fear is the first thing to do. (5) After that, Chu Ri was cut, and for decades, it was destroyed by Qin.
(3) Inverted sentences The inverted sentences in classical Chinese are relative to the sentence order of modern Chinese. Based on this, we divide the inverted sentences in classical Chinese into prepositional object, attributive postposition, adverbial postposition, subject-predicate inversion and so on. 1. prepositional object's so-called prepositional object, which is usually used as an object, is placed in front of the predicate verb to show emphasis.
for example, the word "zhi" in "the letter of disapproval" is the prepositional object. Prepositional object is usually divided into four situations.
(1) In interrogative sentences, interrogative pronouns are used as objects, and prepositional object. Such as: "What is the king doing here?" "Wes, who are we going home with?" (2) In the negative sentence, the pronoun is the object, prepositional object.
For example, "People in ancient times were full of bullying." (3) Advance the object with the help of "Zhi" and "Shi".
for example, "I don't know the sentence, but I'm puzzled." "It is urgent to study hard, and it is rare to see it."
(4) prepositional object in the prepositional phrase. Such as: "Otherwise, why is the book here?" 2. Attributive Postposition Usually attributive should be placed in front of the head word, but there are many sentences in classical Chinese that put attributive after the head word.
For example, "Earthworms have no advantage of their minions, but their bones and muscles are strong. They eat earth on the top and drink yellow water on the bottom, and they are also attentive." Among them, "benefit" and "strength" are all post-attributes.
in classical Chinese, attributive postposition has the following situations. (1) Use "zhi" to postposition the attribute.
For example, "How many people are there in a big world?" (2) Use the postposition of "zhe". For example, "a horse can travel a thousand miles, and a stone will be eaten at once."
3. In classical Chinese, prepositional structures as adverbials are often placed after sentences as complements. For example, "the poor speak better than the rich" and "the rich" are prepositional phrases placed after sentences as complements.
4. the inversion of subject and predicate is rare, and it is often to express strong exclamation. For example, "I'm sorry, you don't like it."
"Beautiful, I am young chinese." [Exercise] Judge the sentence patterns in the following sentences.
(1) to protect the people and be king, it is impossible to resist. (2) the king is no different from the people's love for the king.
(3) What kind of virtue can make you king? (4) how do you know I can also? ⑤ What a shame! It's so vulgar! ⑥ If you want to visit Suzhou and Bai Letian, you will be a fool. 8 mortals who can't teach their children don't want to be trapped in their sins.
(4) Elliptic sentences in classical Chinese, there are widespread cases of ellipsis, and a grasp of ellipsis will help to fully understand the meaning of the sentence. Elliptic sentences in classical Chinese usually include: 1. Omitting the subject.
(1) carry forward the past and save the province. Such as: "The wild of Yongzhou produces different snakes, which are black and white."
(2) carry forward the past and save the province. For example, "Pei Gong said to Zhang Liang," (Gong) I went to the army, and Gong entered.
' "(3) self-report. Such as:. 2. What's the difference between classical Chinese and modern Chinese?
Classical Chinese
First, the separation of language and writing. Linguistic research holds that written language is produced and developed on the basis of spoken language, and they influence and promote each other and have a very close relationship. Classical Chinese was formed on the basis of pre-Qin spoken language, but with the passage of time, it gradually widened the distance from the spoken language of later generations. From the Han and Wei Dynasties to the Ming and Qing Dynasties, due to the official implementation and the need of imperial examinations, scholars deliberately imitated the language of the "Four Books and Five Classics" to write poems and articles, focusing on elegance. In this way, as a written language, the distance between classical Chinese and the language actually used by people is getting bigger and bigger, resulting in the phenomenon of separation of speech and writing.
second, it lasts for a long time. Until the May 4th Movement, classical Chinese, as the dominant written language, was passed down from generation to generation, and its language components remained basically unchanged. For example, some basic sentence patterns and the usage of common function words in the pre-Qin period have been preserved in the classical Chinese of past dynasties, and even the most active words in the three elements of language have strong stability in classical Chinese: the ancient meanings of some words have long disappeared in spoken English, but they can still be used in classical Chinese. Although later generations will inevitably mix some spoken language at that time in imitation, which will bring some subtle changes to classical Chinese, on the whole, classical Chinese has basically maintained its original appearance in vocabulary system and grammar system.
third, the writing is concise. Most of the important ancient books in China are written in classical Chinese, and many of the immortal works have always been known for their simplicity and conciseness. It can be said that classical Chinese itself contains concise factors: first, monosyllabic words are dominant in classical Chinese, while disyllabic words and polysyllabic words are less; Second, classical Chinese is often omitted, and it is common to omit subjects, objects, predicates and prepositions. In addition, the famous writers in the past dynasties paid more attention to tempering the language and stressing "micro-words and righteousness", so the style of classical Chinese was formed.
fourth, ancient Austria is difficult to understand. Due to the age, classical Chinese, which is divorced from spoken Chinese, is becoming more and more difficult to understand. Wriggled sentences, uncommon ancient words, and many strange names and regulations … all these have become elusive "myths" in the eyes of beginners. Therefore, annotating ancient books and solving difficult problems has always been one of the tasks pursued by scholars.
Modern Chinese is easier to understand than classical Chinese. 3. The difference between classical Chinese and modern Chinese
Chinese has been divided into classical Chinese and vernacular Chinese since ancient times, while classical Chinese is the official language, which belongs to written language. Vernacular Chinese is the language used by ordinary people in conversation, and ordinary people don't know anything about classical Chinese. It is even more impossible to use classical Chinese as a daily conversation. However, vernacular Chinese is the Chinese language that accounts for an absolute majority of the population and frequency in China's history. Modern Chinese evolved from this parallel Chinese language, mainly referring to the language system established after the May 4th New Culture Movement. In particular, the grammar system. We can see from the existing Tang and Song vernacular literature, the drama in Yuan Dynasty, and the ancient literary works like Sanyan Liangpai in Ming Dynasty that the ancient vernacular is not as different from the modern one as the classical one. If we can't verify their pronunciation, at least their grammar and usage of words are clear on paper. The ancient vernacular has hardly changed much from the modern vernacular to the modern one after the May 4th Movement, but only the modern one. 4. What's the difference between ancient Chinese and modern Chinese?
Hello, Chinese has been divided into classical Chinese and vernacular Chinese since ancient times.
classical Chinese is relative to vernacular Chinese. The first "article" means a written article.
"speech" means writing, expressing and recording. "Classical Chinese", that is, written language, is relative to "oral language", which is also called "vernacular".
The last word "Wen" means works, articles, etc., which means the genre. "Classical Chinese" means "articles written in written language".
and "vernacular" means: "articles written in common plain spoken language". In ancient China, it was different to express the same thing in oral language and written language. For example, if you want to ask someone if they have eaten, you can express it in oral language as "Have you eaten?" And using books and language to express it is "rice?" .
"Fanbu" is classical Chinese. In ancient China, all articles were written in written language.
So, now we generally refer to ancient Chinese as "classical Chinese". Classical Chinese is the treasure of China culture, and the ancients left us a lot of classical Chinese. In China, the study of classical Chinese plays a very important role in the Chinese curriculum of middle schools.
what is classical Chinese? 1. Classical Chinese is wonderful. Of course there is no doubt about it.
Classical Chinese is the main part of China's traditional culture. This shows that the history of modern civilization in China is still very short, and it is necessary to deconstruct or interpret traditional culture, because the inheritance of traditional wisdom is based on the correct interpretation of classical Chinese.
2. Classical Chinese is knowledge. This is right, because classical Chinese is no longer a language, it is purely a text.
But classical Chinese is knowledge, and so is Oracle Bone Inscriptions, so why not learn from Oracle Bone Inscriptions? By the way, it is precisely because Oracle Bone Inscriptions is a more primitive writing, so classical Chinese is the basis for further study of Oracle Bone Inscriptions and other traditional advanced writing (learning). 3. Classical Chinese is also a skill.
Chinese expression, description, combination, transformation, metaphor, comparison and deduction ... fully bear the style of Chinese civilization in the expression of ideas. Master the physical structure of classical Chinese, have a profound understanding of modern Chinese, and have a "law" to follow in the construction of new Chinese.
4. "Classical Chinese" is the opposite of "vernacular Chinese". The structure of this word is as follows: classical Chinese-Chinese.
the first "text" is "writing" and "speech" is language. "Classical Chinese" refers to "written language".
it shows two meanings: first, it indicates that the classical Chinese text is a language; Secondly, the language was later written. The "written" language also has two meanings: first, a culture that can have language but no words, for example, most ethnic minorities only have language but no words; Secondly, the function of language quits life and becomes history in the form of words.
The literal meaning of "classical Chinese" should be: a style of a written language. The latter "text" refers to style.
So is there any "future" for classical Chinese besides archaeological research? In other words, what life application value will there be? I think there is. When the traditional form of life fades out of modern society, people just ignore the social life in some marginal areas, which leads to the suspicion or neglect of classical Chinese in modern applications.
For example, in religious construction, some inscriptions will still be written in classical Chinese, still written in calligraphy and engraved with tools. The application of seal script is also mostly the same.
The term "classical Chinese" can also contain the relationship between language and writing in cultural history. In a certain form, once a language, including dialects, is "literate" and written, its language charm will be reduced, while its writing function will be doubled.
Because language is usually passed down orally and is closely related to life, language has not yet entered the cultural state. It is a reservation of life experience and has no expansion performance of words. In the process of reading classical Chinese, we will inevitably have an illusion: did ancient people say the same thing? I think this can be "felt" by the difference in expression between written language and spoken language in the present tense, and there is no big difference in structural rules between them.
It can also be speculated that the ancient people's speech was just more casual, albino and popular than classical Chinese, and "three words and two beats" can also be used as a reference. As for reading classical Chinese now, of course, it does not mean repeating what the ancients said, but reciting or silently reading a style.
when reading classical Chinese, I feel a very clear.