The topography of Ningbo inclines from southwest to northeast, with hills in the southwest, and Ningshao alluvial plain in the northeast and middle. The main mountain ranges are Siming Mountain and Tiantai Mountain. The victory of mountains and seas and the beauty of rivers have created Ningbo's unique natural conditions and rich product environment.
First, the origin of the name "Ningbo"
The history of Ningbo can be traced back to the Xia Dynasty over two thousand years BC. According to local records, "there is a corydalis kingdom in summer, named after the red corydalis mountain, and then added the city as Yin." There are two places in Jinchi, one is Tiantong and Baochong in Yinxian, and the other is Fenghua. This is the original origin of the name "Yin".
After Qin Shihuang unified China, he abolished the enfeoffment system, set up the county system, and formally established three counties, namely Yin, Shaanxi and Huiji. It is said that many overseas people came to Ningbo to collect goods at that time, so they called the nearby mountain Shanshan and set up Jixian County. Straight is the combination of the word "trade city", which means a place for trade.
During the Han dynasty, the scope of these three counties was roughly as follows: Yinxian county included the present urban area, the southwest suburb of Fenghua and the southeast area, and the county was ruled by Fenghua Baidu; Yixian county includes the place east of jiangdong district and north of Shanshan, and the county is governed in Shanshan; The decree covers the area from Jiangbei to Cixi, and the county government is near Chengshandu, Zhashan Township, Jiangbei District. From the Han Dynasty to the Southern and Northern Dynasties, the architecture and scope changed little.
During the Sui Dynasty, both Yin and Zhi counties were compiled into chapters, and the county was located in Xiaoxi (now Yinjiang Bridge in Yin County). During the Wude period of Tang Dynasty, the sentence was changed to Yinzhou, and it was later renamed as the magistrate of a county. Until the establishment of the state government in the 26th year of Kaiyuan in the Tang Dynasty (AD 738). Because there is Siming Mountain nearby, it is called Mingzhou. Counties Fenzhi, Fenghua, Cixi and Wengshan (now Dinghai County) belong to Mingzhou. State governance began in Xixi and then moved to Sanjiangkou. During the Yuanhe period, Wanghai Town was set up in the east of Jixian County.
During the Five Dynasties, the prefectures and counties were unified, Yixian was renamed Yinxian, Wanghai Town was changed to Wanghai County, and then Dinghai County, and Xiangshan was also classified as Mingzhou. In the sixth year of Xining in the Northern Song Dynasty (AD 1073), Guochang County (now Dinghai County) was established. In this way, the scope of Mingzhou roughly includes Yin, Ci, Zhen, Feng, Xiang and Ding counties in Ningbo.
Mingzhou was an important foreign trade port in China during the Tang and Song Dynasties. There is a record in "Siming Zhi" that "overseas countries are mixed, and Jiabo sent it". 1974 The exquisite Tang porcelain unearthed from He Yi Road was exported through Ningbo Port. In the Tang Dynasty, a special foreign trade management organization, the Municipal Shipping Department, was established in Mingzhou. At that time, Japan, North Korea and some Southeast Asian countries came ashore from Mingzhou to pay tribute and trade. In the Song Dynasty, Mingzhou, Quanzhou and Guangzhou were also called the three major foreign trade ports in China, and they were also important bases for China to build seagoing vessels, which could accommodate 500 to 600 people. Mingzhou was changed to qingyuan prefecture in the Southern Song Dynasty and Qingyuan Road in the Yuan Dynasty.
After Zhu Yuanzhang pacified Fang Guozhen, it was changed to the state capital of the Ming Dynasty, because "Qingyuan" means to celebrate the Yuan Dynasty. In the 14th year of Hongwu (A.D. 138 1), the word "Ming" in Mingzhou had the same name as that in Ming Dynasty, so it was changed to Ningbo Prefecture. Since Zhenhai County was also called Dinghai County at that time, Mingzhou was very close to Zhenhai, meaning "Dinghai Boning". This is the origin of the name "Ningbo" today.
Second, Ningbo culture and specialties.
(1) Ningbo gang Ningbo people are a family.
The well-known "Ningbo Gang" is a group name gradually formed and developed by Ningbo businessmen in their commercial activities, and it is a famous commercial gang in history.
Bravely create great things. There is a saying that there is no city without peace. This shows the entrepreneurial spirit of Ningbo people. Starting a business requires both lofty goals and long-term perseverance. Just like creating a building, the goal is to build the overall design of the building, and the hard work is to build the reinforced sand and gravel of the building. Ningbo is located on the seashore, with a vast territory and few people. A large number of industrialists have emerged among those who have been out doing business for a long time. They took root in Ningbo and started businesses in Shanghai, Tianjin, Han, Hong Kong and Taiwan. Some of them have moved overseas, such as Wu Jintang, Wang, Kuancheng, Run Run Run Shaw and Yingchang. From the life experiences of these Ningbo businessmen, we can find the spirit of self-improvement, hard work and enterprising spirit of Ningbo people. In the development history of Shanghai, Ningbo people created more than 50 firsts, such as the first bank, the first stock exchange and so on. Their career has grown from scratch, from small to large, from weak to strong, and has made important contributions to local economic and social development.
Serve the mulberries. This is a spirit of patriotism. Wherever Ningbo people engage in industry in other places, there are almost all organizations of Ningbo Association, and these associations all have the same purpose, helping the villagers and serving the mulberry. This concept is particularly evident in Ningbo business gangs. When they left their hometown, traveled all over the country, worked hard and made achievements, they did not forget to serve the country and benefit their hometown folks. Take Shao Yifu's homesickness as an example, which can be proved from his "three treasures": a clay product the size of a silver dollar is surrounded by a circle of rice, with the word "hometown" embedded in the middle and the word "longevity" on the reverse side; A silver antique key with four words engraved on it: "Mulberry key"; A stone paperweight with the handwriting of Shaw's ancestors on it. Shao Yifu's life motto is more clear: "I want to do more things for the prosperity of the country." He donated more than 654.38 billion yuan to science and education in all parts of the motherland. Opening to the outside world, being brave in making achievements and serving the mulberry are also the important connotations of the Zhejiang spirit of "self-improvement, perseverance, courage to innovate and stress practical results", and they are also the concrete embodiment of the Zhejiang spirit in a region. As a native of Ningbo, I sincerely wish Ningbo spirit to show great strength in promoting Ningbo's economic development and improving the cultural literacy of Ningbo's fellow villagers.
(B) "Ninghai Lion Dance" is a unique dance art in Ningbo.
Ninghai is known as the "hometown of lion dance". Lion dance originated from Buddhism, began in Tang Dynasty and prevailed in Ming and Qing Dynasties. When people worship their ancestors, they often place their good wishes for harvest and peace through the custom of lion dancing. Lion dance is generally held in the first month or festive festival by a specially organized lion class. Every time a lion class comes to the village to perform, there are special people to announce, blowing horns, beating gongs, beating drums and setting off firecrackers, which is very lively and indicates good luck. First, show it to ancestors and gods in ancestral temples and temples to show magnanimity and piety, and then form the climax of lion dance in the square. Ninghai lion dance has its own unique style. There are martial lions that show the brave character of mountain lions, and literary lions that show the docile character of coastal lions, while the area between mountains and seas combines the two styles and becomes a lion dance with both civil and military skills.
(c) "China Fishing Festival", a vivid practice of fishing culture.
Since ancient times, fishermen in Ningbo have had the folk custom of fishing and offering sacrifices to the sea. The local government and people of insight upgraded the fishermen's spontaneous ceremony to a grand ceremony of marine culture, integrating culture, tourism and economic and trade activities, giving them rich cultural connotations and distinctive fishing village characteristics. The traditional ceremony of offering sacrifices to the sea expresses the fishermen's desire for peace at sea; The action of "Blue Protection Volunteers" embodies people's awareness of protecting the marine ecological environment. The grand occasion of gongs and drums and Qian Fan's competition attracted hundreds of thousands of tourists from all over the country.
Ningbo Xiangshan Peninsula has 800 kilometers of coastline. Xiangshan County is a big fishery county in China, and fishery plays an important role in the local marine fishery economy. In order to arouse fishermen's anxiety about the decreasing marine resources and educate them to protect them consciously, since 1998, Xiangshan county party committee and county government initiated the China Fishing Festival, and decided to hold a grand fishing ceremony on the day when fishing in the East China Sea ended, so as to send fishermen to the sea.
On the basis of reforming traditional customs, the activities of fishing festivals are endowed with positive elements, reflecting the spiritual outlook and social and cultural characteristics of contemporary fishermen. Through ceremonies such as offering sacrifices to the sea, releasing fish fry and the sea, and sailing, the government and all sectors of society bid farewell to the fishermen and wish them a safe and successful return. Guide fishermen to love the ocean and protect and rationally develop marine resources.
The fishing festival is called "fishing" and invites guests from all over the world to hold cultural activities with the theme of "sea". Take the fishing festival as a literary stage, and play symphonies that promote economic development, such as developing and protecting the ocean, economic and trade negotiations, coastal tourism, and academic exchanges.
(IV) Ningbo Fashion and International Fashion Festival
Features of Ningbo clothing: First, Ningbo is the birthplace of modern clothing in China, and the earliest suits, shirts and tunics in China were made by Ningbo tailors. Secondly, Ningbo is one of the largest clothing producing areas in China, and its clothing output accounts for about 12% of the whole country. Thirdly, Ningbo is one of the most important clothing export cities in China, with its own clothing export reaching nearly $3 billion every year. Fourthly, Ningbo has the largest number of national clothing brands, including Youngor, Shanshan, Romon, Taiping Bird, Tang Shi and Perochen. Fifth, Ningbo has the only clothing museum in China; 6. Ningbo has a national first-class fashion institute.
Ningbo International Fashion Festival is a comprehensive large-scale cultural and economic activity sponsored by Ningbo Municipal People's Government. Relying on Ningbo, the largest clothing industry gathering base in China, through holding a series of activities such as clothing culture, clothing trade and art exchange, Ningbo's external influence has been expanded, citizens' cultural life has been enriched, and Ningbo's international economic cooperation and cultural exchange have been promoted. Up to now, Ningbo International Fashion Festival has been successfully held for ten consecutive times, and it has been rated as one of the "Top Ten Festivals with the Most International Influence in China", and it is the only fashion festival in China that has won this honor.
(e) "Cradle of China Culture", Hemudu Cultural Site in Ningbo.
It is a cultural site in the early Neolithic period. Located in the northeast of Hemudu Village, Luojiang Township, Yuyao, Ningbo, it covers an area of 40,000 square meters. 1973 Start excavation. There are four continuous cultural layers, among which the third and fourth layers are the earliest Neolithic cultural layers found in the lower reaches of the Yangtze River and the southeast coastal areas, about 6000-7000 years ago. Unearthed cultural relics are very rich, including a large number of relics of artificially planted rice, tens of thousands of pottery and bone utensils engraved with exquisite decorative patterns. Among them, artificially cultivated rice is the earliest crop discovered in China so far. The discovery of a large number of cultural relics in Hemudu site proves that there was a relatively developed primitive culture in the lower reaches of the Yangtze River as early as 6000-7000 years ago.
(6) "smelly wax gourd" with unique flavor
"Smelly wax gourd" is the favorite home-cooked dish of Ningbo people. Unique flavor, wonderful fragrance, invigorating spleen and appetizing, suitable for all ages. "Smelly wax gourd" is cut into pieces with wax gourd, cooked and cooled thoroughly, and then sprinkled with seasonings such as refined salt and sesame oil. The way to eat is very strange. It is rare in the world to soak the cooked wax gourd blocks in "smelly brine".
(7) Ningbo Tangyuan
Tangyuan was originally named Yuanxiao. According to research, Ningbo Tangtuan began in Song and Yuan Dynasties and has a history of more than 700 years. It is made of first-class glutinous rice, which is rich in local area, ground into powder and stuffed with delicate and pure white sugar, black sesame seeds and high-quality pig fat. It has the characteristics of fragrance, sweetness, freshness, smoothness and waxy taste, so it enjoys a good reputation at home and abroad. In Ningbo, on the morning of the first day of the first month, every family, men, women and children will eat jiaozi in Ningbo to show joy, reunion and good luck. Some overseas Chinese always like to eat bowls of jiaozi during festivals to express their homesickness. From 1982, Ningbo Tangtuan became the first snack variety exported overseas by Zhejiang Province. 1997 was selected as a famous snack in China.
(8) Ningbo Xikou Melaleuca Cake
The making of multi-layer cakes in Xikou began in Guangxu period of Qing Dynasty, with a history of 100 years. It is square, divided into 27 layers, with distinct layers, golden green, crisp and refreshing, salty with sweetness, salty with freshness, and unique flavor, which makes people feel fragrant after eating.
Xikou Melaleuca Cake has won many national and provincial famous and excellent product awards, and has become a tourist food for Chinese and foreign tourists to taste and give to their relatives and friends, especially overseas tourists who have left their homes. They all like to let their relatives and friends take some home to comfort their homesickness. Melaleuca cakes are not only sold well in eastern Zhejiang, but also exported to Japan, Southeast Asian countries, Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan.
(9) "Run all over the three customs and six docks and eat all over Fenghua taro"
Ningbo Fenghua taro is a famous traditional local product in Ningbo. Before Fenghua, the taro produced by Ge was the most famous. Taro is rich in starch, vitamin C, calcium, phosphorus, iron and other ingredients. There are many ways to eat taro, such as braising in soy sauce, steaming, baking with salt or pickles, and stewing ribs. Steamed taro with ribs has become a famous dish on the dining table in Ningbo, with a unique taste.
Third, Ningbo historical celebrities
(A) "Born with talent, then five unique" in the south of the city.
Yu Shinan, Bo Shi, from Yuyao, Ningbo. One of the four great calligraphers in the early Tang Dynasty. When I was a teenager, I learned from Gu. After ten years of unremitting thinking, my article is civilized in the world. At first, he was a trusted minister of Yang Di. After entering the Tang Dynasty, he was a bachelor of Hong Wen Pavilion, served as secretary supervisor, and was named Yongxing County (the world name was Yongxing). Won the respect of Emperor Taizong. After his death, he gave Li Shangshu a painting in Lingyange, one of the twenty-four heroes. Emperor Taizong once wrote: "Heather is a talented person, so there are five unique skills." One is loyalty, the other is friendship, the third is blogging, the fourth is rhetoric, and the fifth is writing. "
When Yu Shinan was a child, he studied with Zhiyong and got a biography of the Wang family. Therefore, his writing style is full and plump, soft outside and rigid inside, and his veins are smooth. His works were rare in the Yuan Dynasty. Nowadays, in addition to posts, there are Confucius Temple Monument, Theory of Breaking Evil, epitaph of Princess Runan, Lanting Preface, etc. One of the Three Prefaces to Imitate the Tang Lanting was handed down as Yu Shinan's ink.
(2) "Master of Mind" Wang Shouren
Wang Shouren, Zi Boan, a native of Yuyao, Ningbo, was an important thinker in the Ming Dynasty. Because he built Yangming Cave in Yuyao, he was called Mr. Yangming by the world. The theory he founded was not only famous for a while, but also influenced the ideological circle for hundreds of years. He developed Lu Xiangxian's subjective idealism and became a major school in the history of Neo-Confucianism, occupying an important position in the history of China's thoughts. He believes that "everything is nothing more than my heart" and "knowing is righteousness" and puts forward the theory of "to conscience". Emphasizing "the unity of knowing and doing" requires overcoming bad thoughts in time in the process of inner activities, but from the perspective of moral cultivation, it also emphasizes that you can't just say and don't do it, and doing it is true knowledge. His theory had a great influence after the middle of Ming Dynasty, and it was also very popular in Japan, which was called "Yangming Studies". His works were compiled into 38 volumes of Wang Wen's Book of Success by his teacher, among which the most important philosophical works are Biography and Da Wenxue.
(C) "Loyal Soliton" Huang Zongxi
Huang Zongxi was a historian and thinker in the late Ming and early Qing Dynasties. Yuyao people in Ningbo. The word Taichong, named Nanlei, is respected by scholars as Mr. Lizhou. His father died of persecution by eunuchs and was imprisoned in Lindong Party. Emperor Chongzhen ascended the throne, and Zong Xi went to Beijing to avenge his father, so he was called "lonely loyalty". In the second year of Qing Shunzhi (1645), the Qing army went south, the regime collapsed, and Zhu Yihai, king of Lu, was in charge of Shaoxing. He sent troops to Yuyao, called on villagers to fight against the Qing Dynasty, and called Yuyao "Shi Zhongying". King Lu's regime entrusted him with the post of censor. After the defeat, he returned to his hometown, taught and educated people, and wrote to the end, and he did not work for the Qing court until his death. Huang Zongxi has made great achievements in a wide range of research fields, especially in historical attainments. During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, he believed that "the country can be destroyed, but history cannot be destroyed." He attaches importance to history and law, and emphasizes truthfulness and credibility. Confucianism in Ming Dynasty is China's first systematic monograph on the history of academic thought. Philosophically, qi is the foundation, without qi it is unreasonable, and reason is the principle of qi, but it is also believed that the heart is qi and the world is beneficial. Politically, he deeply criticized the feudal autocratic monarchy system, put forward that it is better to have a monarch than to have no monarch, and advocated abolishing the monarch law and establishing the law of the world for the people. He also put forward the idea of taking the school as a deliberative body. He is good at the study of calendar, geography, mathematics and edition catalogue, and applies the income to the practice of historical management to distinguish the authenticity of historical events and correct the gains and losses of historical books. He has many excellent ideas, which have an influence on the whole Qing Dynasty. His life's writings are roughly classified according to history, Confucian classics, geography, calendar, mathematics and poetry, with more than 50 kinds and nearly a thousand volumes. He is the author of Confucianism in Ming Dynasty, Study of Song and Yuan Dynasties, History of Ming Dynasty (not seen so far), Wenminghai, Deduction of Dali Period, Annals of Siming Mountain, etc.
(4) Wan Sitong, editor-in-chief of Ming History.
Wan Sitong, Ji Yeren, No.1 Teachers College, was born in Yinzhou, Ningbo. A famous historian in Qing Dynasty and an important member of "East Zhejiang School". When I was young, I was educated by Huang Zongxi, read a lot of history, and devoted myself to studying the history books such as Ming History, especially familiar with the anecdotes of the Ming Dynasty. I once wrote a book, Draft of Ming History. Emperor Kangxi of Qing Dynasty wrote a letter to compile the history of Ming Dynasty, in which Wan Sitong participated as a civilian. Although he didn't receive a title and salary, he was actually the editor-in-chief of Ming History. Great achievements in history.
(5) Peking Opera Masters. week
Zhou, a famous scholar Chu, whose stage name is Kirin Tong, was born in Cixi, and was a famous Peking Opera actor and an old worker. Born into an artist's family, he studied drama in Chen Changxing at the age of seven and began to perform in Hangzhou under the stage name of a seven-year-old child. Before and after the May 4th Movement, influenced by the ideological trend of the New Culture Movement, he performed new dramas such as Song Jiao Ren and Learning to Fight King Kong, and criticized Yuan Shikai. Long-term performance in Shanghai, influenced by He Feng; He cooperated with Wang Hongshou, Wang Xiaonong and Pan to edit and transplant many plays. He has the courage to innovate and change in art, inherited and developed the realistic performance method of national opera, shaped many typical figures with distinctive personalities, formed his own artistic style, and has a wide influence, and is known as the "forest school" in the world. Representative works include Four Gentlemen, Xu Ce Running the City, Xiao He Chasing Han Xin under the Moon, Qingfeng Pavilion, etc. He has served as vice president of China Opera Research Institute, president of East China Opera Research Institute, president of Shanghai Peking Opera Theatre, vice chairman of Chinese Dramatists Association, vice chairman of Shanghai Federation of Literary and Art Circles, and chairman of Shanghai Branch of Chinese Dramatists Association. Published Zhou Drama Collection, Zhou Drama Selection, Zhou Stage Art and other monographs to record his stage art.